1.

Active cooling – An active cooling system is one that involves the use of energy to cool something, as opposed
to passive cooling that uses no energy. Such systems circulate a coolant to transfer heat from one place to another.
The coolant is either a gas, such as in air cooling of computers, or a liquid such as in a car engine. In the latter case,
liquid is pumped to transfer heat from the engine to the radiator, which in turn is cooled by passing air over it. Other
active cooling systems make use of a refrigeration cycle.
2. Anisotropy is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different
directions, as opposed to isotropy. It can be defined as a difference, when measured along different axes, in a
material's physical or mechanical properties
3. Age hardening -spontaneous hardening of a metal which occurs if it is quenched and then stored at ambient
temperature or treated with mild heat.
4. Alloy is a combination of a metal with at least one other metal or nonmetal. The combination must be part of a solid
solution, a compound, or a mixture with another metal or nonmetal in order for it to be considered an alloy. The most
common way to combine metals into an alloy is by melting them, mixing them together, and then allowing them to
solidify and cool back to room temperature.
5. Backlash – sometimes called lash or play, is a clearance or lost motion in a mechanism caused by gaps between
the parts. It can be defined as "the maximum distance or angle through which any part of a mechanical system may be
moved in one direction without applying appreciable force or motion to the next part in mechanical sequence",[28]p. 1-8.
6. Ball screw – is a mechanical linear actuator that translates rotational motion to linear motion with little friction. A
threaded shaft provides a helical raceway for ball bearingswhich act as a precision screw. As well as being able to
apply or withstand high thrust loads, they can do so with minimum internal friction.
7. Bearing – is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and
reduces friction between moving parts.
8. Belt – is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts
may be used as a source of motion, to transmit powerefficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are looped
over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel.
9. Belt friction – is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around
a bollard. When one end of the belt is being pulled only part of this force is transmitted to the other end wrapped
about a surface. The friction force increases with the amount of wrap about a surface and makes it so the tension in
the belt can be different at both ends of the belt. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction equation.[34]
10. Bending – In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a
slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
11. Brittleness – A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without significant plastic deformation.
Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even those of high strength.
12. Buckling – is instability that leads to a failure mode. When a structure is subjected to compressive stress, buckling
may occur. Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways deflection of a structural member. This may occur
even though the stresses that develop in the structure are well below those needed to cause failure of the material
of which the structure is composed.
13. Boiler - is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The
heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications,[41][42] including water
heating, central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.
14. Clutch – is a mechanical device which engages and disengages power transmission especially from driving
shaft to driven shaft.
15. Coefficient of thermal expansion – describes how the size of an object changes with a change in temperature.
Specifically, it measures the fractional change in size per degree change in temperature at a constant pressure.
Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric, area, and linear. The choice of coefficient depends
on the particular application and which dimensions are considered important.
16. Coil spring – also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and
subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of
an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which returns to its natural length when unloaded.
17. Cold working is the plastic deformation of metals below the recrystallization temperature. In most cases of
manufacturing, such cold forming is done at room temperature. Sometimes, however, the working may be done at
elevated temperatures that will provide increased ductility and reduced strength, but will be below the
recrystallization temperature.

18. Compression ratio – The static compression ratio, (symbol ),[44] of an internal combustion
engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion
chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity. It is a fundamental specification for many common
 combustion engines.
19. Compressive strength – or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads
tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to elongate. In other words,
compressive strength resists compression (being pushed together), whereas tensile strength resists tension (being
pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, tensile strength, compressive strength, and shear strength can
be analyzed independently.
20. Compressibility the capacity of something to be flattened or reduced in size by pressure
21. Conservation of mass – The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for
any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time,
as system's mass cannot change, so quantity can neither be added nor be removed. Hence, the quantity of mass
is conserved over time.
22. Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as
its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical and/or
electrochemical reaction with their environment.
23. Crankshaft – is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating motion and rotational
motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion; whereas in
a reciprocating compressor, it converts the rotational motion into reciprocating motion. In order to do the
conversion between two motions, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces
whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of the connecting rods from each cylinder
attach.
24. Deformation can be caused by strain, which can be classified into two components: shear and normal. The
level of compression, or stretch, along the line fiber or element of the material is considered normal strain.
However, the level of distortion related to the plane layers sliding over one another is shear strain. This kind
of strain can be applied through shortening, elongating, angular distortion or volume changes.
25. Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which resources or energy is converted into useful
mechanical forms, or the mechanisms so as to obtain useful output from the machines in the desired form as per
the needs of the human beings. Machine design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or it can
lead to up-gradation or improvement of the existing machine. For instance if the existing gearbox is too heavy or
cannot sustain the actual loads, entirely new gearbox can be designed. But if the same gearbox has the potential
to lift more loads, it can be upgraded by making certain important changes in its design.
26. Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that
movement
27. Diesel engine- internal combustion enginein which ignition of the fuel, which is injected into the combustion
chamber, is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to the mechanical compression
28. Elasticity – In physics, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original
size and shape when that influence or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when adequate forces are
applied to them. If the material is elastic, the object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are
removed. Hooke's law states that the force should be proportional to the extension. The physical reasons for
elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and shape
when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the
original lower energy state. For rubbers and other polymers, elasticity is caused by the stretching of polymer
chains when forces are applied.
29. Energy – the ability to do work.
30. Engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.[1][2] Heat engines,
like the internal combustion engine, burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to do work. Electric
motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air, and clockwork
motors in wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles,
use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion.
31. Factor of safety (FoS), also known as (and used interchangeably with) safety factor (SF), expresses how much
stronger a system is than it needs to be for an intended load. Safety factors are often calculated using detailed
analysis because comprehensive testing is impractical on many projects, such as bridges and buildings, but the
structure's ability to carry a load must be determined to a reasonable accuracy.
32. Fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by cyclic loading that results in progressive and localized structural
damage and the growth of cracks. The nominal maximum stress values that cause such damage may be much
less than the strength of the material, typically quoted as the ultimate tensile stress limit, or the yield stress limit.
33. Fillet /ˈfɪlɪt/ is a rounding of an interior or exterior corner of a part design. An interior or exterior corner, with an
angle or type of bevel, is called a "chamfer".
34. Fluid Mechanics the science which deals with the study of behaviour of fluids either at rest or in motion.
35. Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it
a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol F
36. Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. The blows
are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die. Forging is often classified according to the
temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type
of hot working).
37. Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding
against each other.[2]
38. Gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or in the case of a cogwheel, inserted teeth (called
cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque
39. Gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage.
40. Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange
of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such
as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.
41. Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some
distance x scales linearly with respect to that distance. That is: where k is a constant factor characteristic of the
spring: its stiffness, and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
42. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC[1]) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental
comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a
subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat
transfer.
43. Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the
mechanical properties and use of liquids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid counterpart of pneumatics,
which concerns gases. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the
applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In its fluid power applications, hydraulics is used for the
generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids.
44. Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies "fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a
fluid on an immersed body".[1]
45. Inertia is the resistance, of any physical object, to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the
object's speed, or direction of motion.
46. Idler-wheel is wheel which serves only to transmit rotation from one shaft to another, in applications where it
is undesirable to connect them directly. For example, connecting a motor to the platter of a phonograph, or
the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear train of an automobile.
47. Joule is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.[3] It is equal to the energy transferred to
(or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of the force's motion
through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m)
48. Kinematics is a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies (objects), and systems
of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the forces that cause them to move.[1][2][3] Kinematics, as a field of
study, is often referred to as the "geometry of motion" and is occasionally seen as a branch of mathematics.[4][5][6]
49. Leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Originally called
a laminated or carriage spring, and sometimes referred to as a semi-elliptical spring or cart spring
50. Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and/or wear in a contact between
two surfaces.
51. Moment is usually defined with respect to a fixed reference point; they deal with physical quantities as measured
at some distance from that reference point. For example, the moment of force acting on an object, often
called torque
52. Moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that
determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis
53. Machinability refers to the ease with which a metal can be cut (machined) permitting the removal of the material
with a satisfactory finish at low cost. The factors that typically improve a material's performance often degrade its
machinability.
54. Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may
be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf.
55. Mechanical properties are physical properties that a material exhibits upon the application of forces. Examples of
mechanical properties are the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness and fatigue limit.
56. Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location, usually meaning stream, phase, fraction or
component, to another.
57. Newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac
Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion.
58. Pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's
modulus and ultimate tensile strength. It is defined as one newton per square metre.[1] It is named after the
French polymath Blaise Pascal.
59. Pinion is a round gear—usually to the smaller of two meshed gears—used in several applications,
including drivetrain and rack and pinion systems.
60. Piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders.
Its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston
rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the
piston for the purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder.
61. Percent elongation is a measurement that captures the amount a material will plastically and elastically
deform up to fracture. Percent elongation is one way to measure and quantify the ductility of a material. The
material's final length is compared with its original length to determine the percent elongation and the
material’s ductility.
62. PERCENT REDUCTION OF AREA - A measure of the difference of the cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen
before and after fracture. Percent reduction of area is a ration that expresses how much the specimen narrowed
when compared to its original size. It is calculated by dividing the difference between the original and new cross-
sectional areas at the point of failure by the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen.
63. Physical property is any property that is measurable, whose value describes a state of a physical system.[1] The
changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states.
Physical properties are often referred to as observables.
64. Plasticity describes the deformation of a (solid) material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response
to applied forces.
65. Pneumatics is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air.Pneumatic systems used
in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases.
66. Poisson's ratio, denoted by the Greek letter ⱱ ('nu'), and named after the French mathematician and
physicist Siméon Poisson, is the negative of the ratio of (signed) transverse strain to (signed) axial strain. For small
values of these changes, ⱱ is the amount of transversal expansion divided by the amount of axial compression.
67. Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to
increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys
of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels and stainless steels. In superalloys, it is known to
cause yield strength anomaly providing excellent high-temperature strength.
68. Power is the rate of doing work or of transferring heat.
69. proof stress is a level of stress at which a material undergoes plastic deformation. More
specifically, the proof stress is often defined as the point when the material undergoes an amount of
plastic deformation equal to 0.2 percent.
70. Red-Shortness the tendency of steel to form cracks during hot pressure treatment, such as forging, stamping, and
rolling, in the temperature range corresponding to red or yellow heat (850°-1150°C).
71. Relaxation is the observed decrease in stress in response to strain generated in the structure. This is primarily
due to keeping the structure in a strained condition for some finite interval of time and hence causing some amount
of plastic strain.
72. Residual Stress -the stress present in an object in the absence of any external load or force.
73. Rimmed steel is a low-carbon steel. This steel contains an amount of iron oxide such that
continuous generation of carbon monoxide during solidification is not inhibited. Rimmed steel is
virtually free from voids, and is easily bendable and cleanable.
74. Refrigeration is the process of cooling a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature
below the ambient one.In other words, refrigeration means artificial (human-made) cooling[1][2]. Heat is removed
from a low-temperature reservoir and transferred to a high-temperature reservoir.
75. Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical
power. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel
called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable, and efficient[1]means of power transmission
76. Rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear (the pinion) engaging a linear gear
(the rack), which operate to translate rotational motion into linear motion. Driving the pinion into rotation causes the
rack to be driven linearly. Driving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to be driven into a rotation.
77. Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test measuring the
depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload
(minor load).
78. Shear stress, often denoted by τ (Greek: tau), is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section.
Shear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section of the material. Normal stress, on
the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cross section on which it
acts.
79. simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.[2] In general, they can
be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force
80. Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads (force and torque, or "moment")
acting on physical systems that do not experience an acceleration (a=0), but rather, are in static equilibrium with
their environment.
81. Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to
its wheels and allows relative motion between the two.[1] Suspension systems must support both road
holding/handling and ride quality
82. Solution Heat Treatment is a treatment in which an aluminum alloy is heated to a suitable temperature and held
at this temperature for a sufficient length of time to allow a desired constituent to enter into the solid solution,
followed by rapid cooling to hold the constituent in the solution.
83. Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force.
84. Strain hardening is an important strengthening process for aerospace alloys that involves plastically deforming
the material during manufacturing to greatly increase the number of dislocations. During manufacture the metal is
deformed into the final component shape.
85. Stress the stress applied to a material is the force per unit area applied to the material. The maximum stress
a material can stand before it breaks is called the breaking stress or ultimate tensile stress.
86. stress concentration (often called stress raisers or stress risers) is a location in an object where stress is
concentrated. An object is stronger when force is evenly distributed over its area, so a reduction in area. The most
materials contain small cracks or contaminants that concentrate stress. Fatigue cracks always start at stress
raisers, so removing such defects increases the fatigue strength.
87. Stress Relieving is a heat treating process that consists of heating the steel to a temperature below the critical
range to relieve the residual stresses resulting from hot rolling, welding, shearing, or gas cutting.
88. Stainless steel is a steel alloy, with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass and a maximum of
1.2% carbon by mass.
89. Spheroidizing is a form of heat treatment for iron-based alloys, commonly carbon steels, in order to convert
them into ductile and machinable alloys. It is conducted at temperatures that are slightly below the eutectoid
temperature (temperature at which the solution is a solid solution rather than liquid), followed by a slow
cooling process.
90. screw is a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt typically made of metal, and characterized by
a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external thread). Screws are used to fasten materials by digging in and
wedging into a material when turned, while the thread cuts grooves in the fastened material that may help pull
fastened materials together and prevent pull-out.
91. Shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to transmit
power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a machine which
absorbs power.
92. Service factor - SF - is a measure of periodically overload capacity at which a machine can operate without
damage.
93. Sheave is a pulley with a grooved wheel for holding a belt, wire rope, or rope. The grooved wheel
spins on an axle or bearing inside the frame of the block. This allows the wire or rope to move freely,
minimizing friction and wear on the cable.
94. Shot peening is a cold working process used to produce a compressive residual stress layer and
modify mechanical properties of metals and composites. It entails impacting a surface with shot with
force sufficient to create plastic deformation.
95. Slenderness ratio divides the distortion of a column of any material into the elastic and inelastic
regions of the stress-strain.
96. specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.
97. specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material.
98. spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy.It compressed or stretched from its resting position, it
exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length.
 99. sprocket[1] or sprocket-wheel[2] is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs,[3][4] that mesh with a chain, track or other
perforated or indented material.[5][6] The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial
projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed
together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth.
100. Spur gear a gearwheel with teeth projecting parallel to the wheel's axis.
101. Tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or Ftu within equations,[1][2][3] is the capacity of a material or structure to
withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size.
102. Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature, and their relation
to energy, work, radiation, and properties of matter.
103. Torque, moment, moment of force or "turning effect" is the rotational equivalent of linear force.[1] The concept
originated with the studies of Archimedes on the usage of levers. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can
be thought of as a twist to an object.
104. torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting its end along its axis; that is, a flexible elastic object that
stores mechanical energywhen it is twisted. When it is twisted, it exerts a force (actually torque) in the opposite direction,
proportional to the amount (angle) it is twisted.
105. toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.[1] One definition of
material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined
as a material's resistance to fracture when stressed.
106. transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power.
Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to
provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device
107. turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
108. Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys. Tempering is
usually performed after hardening, to reduce some of the excess hardness, and is done by heating the metal to some
temperature below the critical point for a certain period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air.
109. transverse strength - A measure of the capability of a stone bar (or beam) supported at its ends to bear a
weight or load at its center and the strength of a specimen tested in transverse bending; normally synonymous
with modulus of rupture but also used to refer to breaking load.
110. Transformation range
the temperature range within which austenite forms when a ferrous metal is heated,or within which it
disappears when the metal is cooled.
111. viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the
informal concept of "thickness. Viscosity can be conceptualized as quantifying the frictional force that arises between
adjacent layers of fluid that are in relative motion. For instance, when a fluid is forced through a tube, it flows more
quickly near the tube's axis than near its walls.
112. Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.
113. valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed
as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
114. velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of reference, and is a function of
time. Velocity is equivalent to a specification of an object's speed and direction of motion (e.g. 60 km/h to the north).
Velocity is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of bodies.
115. Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an
alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials.[1] The Vickers test is often easier to use than other
hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter can be used
for all materials irrespective of hardness.
116. V-BELTS As power transmission experts for over a century, Gates is driving your vehicles’ belt drive with our automotive V-
belts for your passenger cars, light duty trucks, and personal vehicles. Gates V-belts are engineered to run maintenance-free
to keep your vehicles moving without the need for lubrication or retensioning. We’ve designed our V-belts for wear, corrosion,
and heat resistance with OE quality fit and construction for reliable, long-lasting performance.
117. Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces.
118. wheel is a circular block of a hard and durable material at whose center has been bored a circular hole through which
is placed an axle bearing about which the wheel rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or torque to the wheel
about its axis, thereby making together one of the six simple machines.
119. Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is the strengthening of a metal or polymer by plastic
deformation. Work hardening may be desirable, undesirable, or inconsequential, depending on the context.
120. Wrougt steel – is steel that has been hammerd, rolled , or drawn in the process of manufacturer; it may be plain
carbon or alloy steel.
121. Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content in contrast to cast iron. It is a semi-fused mass of
iron with fibrous slag inclusions, which gives it a "grain" resembling wood that is visible when it is etched or bent
to the point of failure
122. Wahl’s factor - The stiffness is defined as the load per unit deflection therefore. Shear stress. WAHL'S FACTOR :
In order to take into account the effect of direct shear and change in coil curvature a stress factor is defined,
which is known as Wahl's factor
123. welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are
formed by welding two or more workpieces according to a particular geometry. There are five types of joints
referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee.
124. Wire rope is several strands of metal wire twisted into a helix forming a composite "rope", in a pattern known as
"laid rope". Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as "cable
laid".
125. Working stress - Safe working stress is known as the maximum allowable stress that a material or object will be
subjected to when in service. This stress is always lower than the Yield stress and the Ultimate Tensile Stress
(UTS). The ratio of Working Stress to the Yield Stress or UTS is known as the Factor of safety.
126. worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm meshes with a worm gear. The two elements are
also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the
term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
127. yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic
behavior. Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins
to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. Prior to the
yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
128. Young's modulus or Young modulus is a mechanical property that measures the stiffness of a solid material. It
defines the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material in
the linear elasticity regime of a uniaxial deformation.
129. Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight
to improve its mechanical properties. Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low alloy steels and high
alloy steels. The difference between the two is disputed.
130. Annealing is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase
its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable.
131. axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels,
rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings
or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported
132. band brake is a primary or secondary brake, consisting of a band of friction material that tightens concentrically
around a cylindrical piece of equipment to either prevent it from rotating, or to slow it. This application is common
on winch drums and chain saws and is also used for some bicycle brakes.
133. beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of
deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support
points.
134. Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears
themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but
can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.
135. bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are closely related to screws.
136. brake torque is the use of optimal ignition timing to take advantage of an internal combustion engine's
maximum power and efficiency. There is always an optimal spark timing for all operating conditions of an engine.
MBT is ideal at wide-open throttle, but not desirable when the engine is at idle.
137. Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter,
loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science.
138. Carbonitriding is a metallurgical surface modification technique that is used to increase the surface hardness of
a metal, thereby reducing wear. During the process, atoms of carbon and nitrogen diffuse interstitially into the
metal, creating barriers to slip, increasing the hardness and modulus near the surface.
139. Carburizing, carburising, or carburization is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon
while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide.
The intent is to make the metal harder.
140. Case-hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal object while allowing
the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer of harder metal at the surface.
141. Chain a connected flexible series of metal links used for fastening or securing objects and pulling or supporting
loads.
142. Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate test which
determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture.
143. column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through
compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a
compression member.
144. combined stresses. Any state of stress that cannot be represented by a single component of stress; i.e., one that is more
complicated than simple tension, compression, or shear.
145. coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of
misalignment or end movement or both.
146. creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under
the influence of persistent mechanical stresses.
147. Cyaniding - A process in which an iron-base alloy is heated in contact with a cyanide salt so that the surface
absorbs carbon and nitrogen. Cyaniding is followed by quenching and tempering to produce a case with a desired
combination of hardness and toughness.
148. cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming
the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket.
149. Decarburization is the process opposite to carburization, namely the reduction of carbon content. The term is
typically used in metallurgy, describing the reduction of the content of carbon in metals.
150. design factor is defined for an application (generally provided in advance and often set by regulatory building
codes or policy) and is not an actual calculation, the safety factor is a ratio of maximum strength to intended
load for the actual item that was designed.