energies

Article
Performance Improvement for Small-Scale Wind
Turbine System Based on Maximum Power Point
Tracking Control
Ramadoni Syahputra 1, * and Indah Soesanti 2, *
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta,
Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia
2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
* Correspondence: ramadoni@umy.ac.id (R.S.); indahsoesanti@ugm.ac.id (I.S.); Tel.: +62-856-014-05653 (R.S.)




Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 14 October 2019; Published: 17 October 2019


Abstract: This paper proposes a strategy for performance improvement of small-scale wind turbine
systems using maximum power point tracking control (MPPT). In this study, wind-turbine systems
which use permanent magnet synchronous generators and converter devices are modeled in
Simulink-Matlab software. In order to increase the power generated, MPPT is used based on
the extended perturb and observe (PO) method. This algorithm has the ability to improve the speed
of the turbine without oscillation. To analyze the ability of the PO-based MPPT in maximizing
output power, performance examination of wind turbine systems in Simulink-Matlab software was
conducted. The study is carried out with a 3000 W wind turbine device serving various electrical loads
of 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, and 300 Ω, and each ohm varies with a wind speed of 4, 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and
10 m/s. The overall turbine system performance found that the maximum increase in system output
power occurs when it is loaded with 200 Ω with a wind speed of 6.5 m/s. During this combination of
200 Ω and 6.5 m/s, there are high increments of output power at 135.62% caused by the installation of
MPPT controllers, with an average output power increase of 50.77%. The results of this study proved
that PO-based MPPT has successfully improved the performance of wind-turbine systems.

Keywords: Small-scale wind turbine system; MPPT; Extended perturb and observe method;
Renewable energy

1. Introduction
Due to energy issues related to potential, inventory, technology, and environmental impacts, the
necessity for renewable energy has become increasingly urgent. This fact is attributed to the easy
availability of fossil energy and its proven negative impact on the environment [1]. People are realizing
the importance of renewable energy as a source of electricity to power our world. Indonesia, as a
tropical country, has also paid serious attention to renewable energy [2], with the government creating
a goal of deriving 23% of national electricity from renewable energy sources by 2025. This contribution
will be increased to 31% by 2050.
Recently, the Indonesian government has encouraged the development of wind power technology
in an effort to reduce carbon emissions. A wind turbine in Indonesia has become increasingly popular
owing to the fact that the location has wind potential. Wind is one of the most readily available
renewable energy sources in Indonesia, most prevalently on the southern coast of Java and Sumatra
Island, and the eastern islands. Based on data from the National Energy Blueprint, Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, the potential of wind energy is 9.29 GW, but the
utilization is still around 0.5 GW, 5.38% of the existing potential [3,4].

Energies 2019, 12, 3938; doi:10.3390/en12203938 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2019, 12, 3938 2 of 18

Wind generates electrical energy through turbines, which are characterized by various types
according to shapes and shafts. The wind turbine is connected with a generator that converts kinetic
into electricity. Generators commonly used in conjunction with low- to medium-scale wind turbines
are called permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) [5,6]. The output of power generated by
a PMSG varies depending on wind speed [7]. In order to maximize the output power of the generator,
the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used to stabilize the maximum power [8,9].
Methods for MPPT that are commonly used include gradient approximation, artificial neural
network method, fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and the perturb
and observe (PO) methods [10–14]. In the study of [15], stand-alone wind turbines and MPPT using
the gradient approximation method is carried out. This works by measuring the voltage and current,
then changing the duty cycle in the direct current (DC)–DC converter to obtain the maximum power.
The alternating current (AC) output voltage used single phase full bridge inverter. Simulation results
show that the maximum power ratio without MPPT is 79.41%, while with it, the maximum power
is 94.51%. The results of this study indicate that wind turbines have a higher average power when
using MPPT.
Furthermore, research [16] shows that MPPT technology is used to regulate the output voltage of
the generator through a DC–DC converter circuit, where the switching technique uses pulse width
modulation (PWM) by adjusting the duty cycle. The change of the duty cycle value depends on
the wind speed. Therefore, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) algorithm is used to set the cost as well
as accelerate the PWM control-switching response. The results showed that with FLC-based MPPT
technology, the efficiency of power output is increased from 45.5% to 87%.
The objective of this study is to improve the performance of generators in wind-power plants
so that the power generated is always maximum. The technique used is the control strategy using
the MPPT controller. In this MPPT, a control method is applied, namely the extended PO method.
The PO-based MPPT algorithm has been widely used in searching for maximum power values [17] due
to its simplicity. Furthermore, the use of the PO does not require wind speed information and turbine
parameters, and it is faster and more efficient in searching the maximum point of power. However, it
has the disadvantage of producing oscillations under steady-state conditions due to constant duty
cycle changes. Therefore, modifications were made in the study, combining the PO and predictive
method. Both methods work alternately according to current and voltage conditions on the input side
of the converter. Predictive methods are used to determine the magnitude of step changes in the PO
algorithm, the larger the voltage, the larger the step size used, and vice versa. The combination of the
PO and predictive method applied to the MPPT technique for optimizing the generator output power
of wind power systems is the novelty of this research. The technique used in the MPPT is the extended
PO algorithm. The algorithm contains the foundations of standard PO, with changes to the step size
value of each iteration according to the response of the system based on the predefined C constant.
The modification of the method results in faster convergence of the computation.

2. Small-Scale Wind-Turbine System

The Indonesian government has encouraged the development of wind-power technology in an
effort to reduce carbon emissions. The wind turbine in Indonesia has become increasingly popular
owing to the fact that the location has wind potential. Indonesia is located in a tropical climate area,
with moderate wind potential at speeds ranging from 3 m/s to 15 m/s [18]. Wind-turbine systems are
commonly used for smaller scales [19]. The turbine works to convert the kinetic energy in the wind to
mechanical energy via rotation by generating a torque. The magnitude of the kinetic energy depends
on air density and wind speed [7]. Equation (1) expresses the electric power of the wind-turbine system
as follows:
P = 0.5 Cp ρ A v3 (1)

As can be seen in Equation (1), the coefficient of Cp generates a fraction of the kinetic energy
converted into mechanical energy caused by the wind turbine. Some factors contribute to determining
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 3 of 18

As can be seen in Equation (1), the coefficient of Cp generates a fraction of the kinetic energy
converted
the into power,
wind-turbine mechanical
such asenergy caused
the ratio by the
of tip speed λ. This
windwindturbine.
speed Some factors on
ratio depends contribute to
the angle of
determining
the pitch bladethefor
wind-turbine power, such
the turbine controlled byas
thethe ratioThe
pitch. of tip speed
speed λ. This
ratio wind
can be speedasratio
defined depends
a correlation
on the angle
between of the speed
the linear pitch blade
of thefor the turbine
turbine blade controlled
and the windby the pitch.which
velocity, The speed ratio
can be can be defined
expressed by the
as a correlation
following Equationbetween
(2): the linear speed of the turbine blade and the wind velocity, which can be
expressed by the following Equation (2): λ = r ω/v (2)
= r ω/v that a wind turbine system is as follows, (2)
Substituting Equation (2) in (1), the electricλ power
Substituting Equation (2) in (1), the electric power that a wind turbine system is as follows,
P = 0.5 Cp λ ρ A (r/λ)3 (ω)3 (3)
P = 0.5 Cp λ ρ A (r/λ)3(ω)3 (3)
Further torque can be calculated using the following Equation (4):
Further torque can be calculated using the following Equation (4):
PP =
= 0.5
0.5 C ρ AA(v/λ)
Cp ρ (v/λ) (4)
(4)
p

Based on
Based on (4),
(4), itit can
can be
be concluded
concluded that
that the
the value
value of
of the
the ratio
ratio of
of speed
speed atat which
which thethe coefficient
coefficient of of
power reaches
power reaches aa maximum
maximum is is possible.
possible. Wind turbines
turbines can
can generate
generate maximum
maximum electrical
electrical energy
energy by
by
optimizing the
optimizing the tip
tip speed ratio λ,
speed ratio λ, achieved
achieved byby adjusting
adjusting the
the pace
pace of
of the
the blade
blade according
according to to the
the wind
wind
speed. Figure 1 shows the power generated at different winds
speed. winds with
with aa pitch
pitch angle
angle of ◦
of 00°,, indicating
indicating
divergent speeds leading
divergent leading to toaadifference
differenceininoutput
outputpower.
power.The Themechanical
mechanical power is dependent
power is dependent on the
on
rotation speed, as shown by the winds ranging from 4 m/s to 10
the rotation speed, as shown by the winds ranging from 4 m/s to 10 m/s. Based on m/s. Based on this example, the
the
nominal wind
nominal wind speed
speed that that produces
producesnominal
nominalmechanical
mechanicalpower
power(1 p.u.== 33 MW)
(1p.u. MW) isis 99 m/s.
m/s. A A complete
complete
list of
list of quantity
quantity symbols
symbols is is presented
presentedin inTables
Table A1 and Table
A2 in A2the in the Appendix.
Appendix A.

◦
Figure 1. Wind
Figure 1. Wind turbine
turbine characteristics
characteristics with
with pitch
pitch angle
angle of
of 00°..

3. Maximum Power Point Tracking Control (MPPT) Control Using Extended Perturb and Observe
3. Maximum Power Point Tracking Control (MPPT) Control Using Extended Perturb and Observe
(PO) Algorithm
(PO) Algorithm
3.1. MPPT Control for Small-Scale Wind-Turbine System
3.1. MPPT Control for Small-Scale Wind-Turbine System
Figure 2 shows the typical diagram of a wind turbine system, composed of a turbine and PMSG
Figure
generator 2 shows
that the to
both serve typical diagram
convert of amechanical
wind into wind turbine system,
energy, composed ofconverter
a generator-side a turbinethat
andrectifies
PMSG
generator that both serve to convert wind into mechanical energy, a generator-side converter
the 3 phase AC electrical voltage into DC, and a boost converter. There is also an MPPT Controller that
rectifies
which the 3 phase
maximizes AC electrical
the output voltage
power, and into DC,
a grid-side and a boost
converter converter.
that turns Therevoltage
dc electrical is alsointo
an ac
MPPT
[20].
Controller which maximizes the output power, and a grid-side converter that turns dc
Furthermore, the output from the inverter can be integrated into the grid of the distribution system. electrical
voltage into ac [20]. Furthermore, the output from the inverter can be integrated into the grid of the
distribution system.
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18

voltage into12,ac3938
Energies 2019, [20]. Furthermore, the output from the inverter can be integrated into the grid of the
4 of 18
distribution system.

Figure 2. Typical diagram of wind-turbine system.

A wind turbine is a pieceFigure of equipment

2. Typical for converting wind energy into mechanical energy. As
Typical diagram of wind-turbine system.
expressed in Equation (4) that the power produced by the wind turbine (P) is the result of a process
of half the winddensity
A mass
wind turbineisof
turbine isaathepiece
piece ofequipment
airoftype equipment
(ρ) withforthe for converting
area
converting wind energy
of cross-sectional
wind energy into
coverage
into mechanical
mechanical andenergy.
(A) energy. theAspower
As expressed
expressed in in Equation
Equation (4) (4)
thatthat
the the power
power produced
produced by by the
the wind
wind
of the wind velocity (v ). Wind energy drives the turbine rotor connected to the generator to create
3 turbine
turbine (P)
(P) is
is the
the result
result of
of aa process
process
of halfenergy.
electrical the mass Thedensity
maximum of the air type (ρ)
type
output (ρ) with the
with
power thethe
of area
area of cross-sectional
of
wind cross-sectional
turbine is limitedcoverage to (A)
the and
powerthe power
power
coefficient
wind velocity (v ).). Wind 3 Wind energy
energy drives
drives thethe turbine
turbine rotor
rotor connected
connected to to the generator
generator to create
of the 3
(Cp), a function of tip speed ratio λ, rated from 25% to 45%. Based on the experimental results, this
electrical energy. The maximum output power of the wind turbine is limited to the power power coefficient
coefficient
value will not exceed 59.3%. A generator is a tool to convert mechanical energy into electricity,
(Cp),), a function of tip speed ratio λ, rated from 25% to 45%. Based
function of tip speed ratio λ, rated from 25% to 45%. Based on the experimental results, on the experimental results, this value
this
changing
will not
the torque
exceed
(T) and rotational speed of the rotor (ω) it receives from the blade into the
voltage
value will not 59.3%.
exceed A59.3%. generator is a tool toisconvert
A generator a tool to mechanical energy into electricity,
convert mechanical energy into changing
electricity,
(V) and current
torque (T)the
changing (I) values.
andtorque
rotational The
(T) andspeed output of
of the rotor
rotational this
speed generator
(ω)ofit the
receives is 3-phase
rotorfrom
(ω) itthe AC voltage.
blade into
receives fromvoltage
the blade(V)into
and voltage
current
The PMSG
(I) values.
(V) and current does
The output not
(I) values. require
of this an
Thegenerator excitation
output ofisthis system
3-phase because
AC voltage.
generator its source
is 3-phase AC voltage. is provided by a permanent
magnet on ThethePMSGrotor [7],not
does therefore
require an eliminating
excitation systemthe need for voltage
because its source control,
is providedsimplifying
by a permanentthe overall
system.
magnet A PMSGon the is usually
rotor employed
[7], therefore to generate
eliminating the needelectrical energy
for voltage in wind
control, turbines
simplifying thewith
overalllow to
medium
system. AA PMSG
power PMSG isis usually
capacity. usually employed
It isemployed
suitableto tofor
generate electrical
small electrical
generate scale power energygenerators,
energy in wind
in wind turbines
turbines with
hencewith usefullow toin the
medium power
power capacity.
capacity. It is
It suitable
is for
suitable small
for scale
small power
scale
Indonesian region where wind speeds are not too high. The advantage of using a PMSG is its low generators,
power hence
generators, useful
hencein the Indonesian
useful in the
region
cost,Indonesian where
durability, wind
region speedswind
where
simplicity, areandnot too
speeds
morehigh. Thetoo advantage
are straightforward
not high. The of using a PMSG
advantage
clutch is its
of using
grid, low cost, durability,
a PMSG
however, ais its low
significant
simplicity,
cost, and more
durability, straightforward
simplicity, and clutchstraightforward
more grid, however, a clutch significant
grid,disadvantage
however, is
a its need for
significant
disadvantage is its need for smaller power factor and efficiency compensators [21].
smaller powerisfactor
disadvantage its need andfor efficiency
smaller compensators
power factor and [21].efficiency compensators [21].
The wind-energy system extracts wind energy and converts it to electrical energy. The output
wind-energy system
The wind-energy system extracts
extracts windwind energy and converts it to electrical energy. The output
power of the wind energy system varies depending on the wind speed [22,23]. When wind speed is
power of the wind energy system varies depending on the wind speed [22,23]. When wind speed is
below the expected
below the expected value,
value, anan MPPT
MPPTisisrequired
required to to produce
producemaximummaximum power.
power. TheThe generator
generator loadload
is is
adjusted
adjustedwhen whenthethe turbine
turbine ratings
ratingsare aresmaller
smaller thanthan the thewind
windspeeds.
speeds. Figure
Figure
Figure 3 shows
3 shows the the
idealideal
power power
curve in turbines
curve in
inturbines
turbines with
with
with varying
varying
varying wind
windwind speeds.
speeds.
speeds. RegionRegion II illustrates
illustrates
I illustrates
Region areas areasareas
where where
MPPT
where MPPT
maximizes
MPPT maximizes
turbine
maximizes
turbine
power,power,while while
Region Region
II II
portrays portrays
its
turbine power, while Region II portrays its regulation. its
regulation. regulation.

Figure 3. Ideal power curve in wind turbines with varying wind speeds.
Figure
Figure 3. Ideal
3. Ideal powercurve
power curvein
inwind
wind turbines
turbineswith
withvarying
varyingwind speeds.
wind speeds.
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 5 of 18
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18

MPPT is
MPPT is the
the method
method of of tracking
tracking the
the maximum
maximum power
power value
value of
of aa power-plant
power-plant system
system [24,25],
[24,25], in
in
order to
order to produce
produce higher
higher levels
levels of efficiency. The
The working
working principle
principle isis to
to increase
increase and
and decrease
decrease the
the
adjusting the
voltage by adjusting the duty
duty cycle
cycle on
on the
thepower
powerside
sideconverter.
converter. However,
However, withwith MPPT,
MPPT, the
the maximum
maximum
power output fromfrom the
thegenerator
generatorcan
canbebeoptimized.
optimized.TheThemethods
methods used
used in in
MPPT
MPPTvary according
vary to the
according to
algorithm used; this study used an extended
the algorithm used; this study used an extended PO. PO.

3.2. Extended
3.2. Extended Perturb
Perturb and
and Observe
Observe Algorithm
Algorithm
The PO
The PO algorithm
algorithm can can be
be used
used toto determine
determine thethe optimal
optimal point
point ofof aa system
system [17].
[17]. In
Inthis
thisstudy,
study, the
the
optimal point
optimal point isis the
the maximum
maximum power power value
value that
that aa PMSG
PMSG generator
generator can can achieve
achieve in in aa wind
wind turbine
turbine
system. The maximum power value is obtained by adjusting the dc
system. The maximum power value is obtained by adjusting the dc voltage on the generator side voltage on the generator side
converter, which in turn changes the output power. To monitor and manage
converter, which in turn changes the output power. To monitor and manage these changes, a certain these changes, a certain
step-size (∆D)
step-size (ΔD)andandtimetime need to be
need to specified: that that
be specified: is theisoutput power power
the output generated compared
generated to previous
compared to
electrical power, so that the power changes (∆P) and the next variable ∆D can
previous electrical power, so that the power changes (ΔP) and the next variable ΔD can be determined. be determined. If the
generated
If powerpower
the generated increases, then the
increases, thenvariable ∆D will
the variable ΔD bewill
fixed,
beiffixed,
it decreases, then thethen
if it decreases, ∆D the
willΔD
change.
will
The working
change. principleprinciple
The working of this extended PO algorithm
of this extended can be seen
PO algorithm can inbe the
seenflow chart
in the flowin chart
Figures 4 and 5,
in Figures
4with
andseveral
5, withparameters in the initial
several parameters in thevalue to value
initial calculate the change
to calculate theofchange
step size value
of step in each
size valueiteration
in each
done. Furthermore,
iteration it is necessary
done. Furthermore, to identifyto
it is necessary the limit ofthe
identify thelimit
duty ofcycle
thein running
duty cyclethis algorithm
in running to
this
algorithm to maintain the ability of the buck converter. Figure 4 shows the standard PO method,5
maintain the ability of the buck converter. Figure 4 shows the standard PO method, while Figure
showsFigure
while the extended
5 showsPO themethod
extended used
POinmethod
this study.
used in this study.

Figure
Figure 4.
4. Flow
Flowchart
chart of
of the
the standard
standard perturb
perturb and
and observe
observe (PO)
(PO) algorithm.
algorithm.

Based on the analysis

Based analysisand
andliterature
literaturestudy,
study,the
thestandard
standardversion
versionof of
thethe
POPO
algorithm (Figure
algorithm 4) has
(Figure 4)
disadvantages,
has including
disadvantages, the time
including thetaken
timetotaken
reach to
a relatively
reach a slow convergence
relatively and high oscillation
slow convergence and high in
maximum power
oscillation search. power
in maximum However, this weakness
search. However,can thisbeweakness
overcomecan by be
changing the value
overcome of ∆D used
by changing the
to findofthe
value ΔDmaximum pointthe
used to find value of powerpoint
maximum generated,
value ofwhere
powerthe generated, ∆D willthe
quantity of where bequantity
multipliedof by
ΔDa
will be multiplied by a constant value of 0–1. When the system has reached the maximum power
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18

point then ΔD automatically decrease. The working principle of the extended PO algorithm can be
seen in Figure 5.
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 6 of 18
The benefits of developing this PO algorithm include eliminating oscillation problems which
occur due to fluctuations in power when it reaches maximum value. With the modification of the
algorithm,
constant value thisofis0–1.
expected
When to
thedecrease due
system has to thethe
reached change of thepower
maximum valuepoint
of ΔD, ∆D automatically
thenresulting in faster
convergence
decrease. Theofworking
the computation.
principle of the extended PO algorithm can be seen in Figure 5.

Figure
Figure 5.
5. Flow
Flowchart
chartof
ofthe
theextended
extended perturb
perturb and
and observe
observe algorithm.
algorithm.

The benefits
This extended of PO
developing
algorithmthis PO algorithm
contains include eliminating
the foundations oscillation
of the original, withproblems
changes towhich occur
the value
due to fluctuations in power when it reaches maximum value. With the modification of
of the step size of each iteration according to the response of the system based on the predefined C the algorithm,
this is expected
constant. to decrease
The duty due to
cycle value the change
limit is also of the value
specified ∆D, resulting
in oforder to keep thein faster convergence
system working inof
the computation.
accordance with the capabilities of the buck converter. Time delay running the program in a one-time
Thisisextended
iteration to respondPOdue
algorithm contains
to changes in thethe foundations
given of the original, with changes to the value
duty cycle.
of the step size of each iteration according to the response of the system based on the predefined C
4. ResultsThe
constant. andduty
Discussion
cycle value limit is also specified in order to keep the system working in accordance
with the capabilities of the buck converter. Time delay running the program in a one-time iteration is
4.1. Model ofdue
to respond Wind-Turbine
to changesSystem
in the given duty cycle.
This study analyzes the wind-turbine system modelled by the Simulink-Matlab software. The
4. Results and Discussion
system comprises a wind turbine, PMSG, a rectifier, MPPT, and an inverter. The turbine converts
wind into mechanical
4.1. Model energy,
of Wind-Turbine the PMSG transforms the mechanical energy into electricity, and the
System
rectifier ensures that the AC electrical voltage is transformed into DC electrical current. Furthermore,
This study analyzes the wind-turbine system modelled by the Simulink-Matlab software.
the MPPT maximizes the output power of the wind turbine system, and the inverter converts the DC
The system comprises a wind turbine, PMSG, a rectifier, MPPT, and an inverter. The turbine
converts wind into mechanical energy, the PMSG transforms the mechanical energy into electricity,
and the rectifier ensures that the AC electrical voltage is transformed into DC electrical current.
Furthermore, the MPPT maximizes the output power of the wind turbine system, and the inverter
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 7 of 18
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Energies 2019,12,
12,xxFOR
FOR PEER
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18

into AC
into AC voltage.
voltage. The
The block diagram
diagram of
of the
the wind
wind turbine
turbine system with MPPT and
and circuit diagram are
converts the DC into block
AC voltage. The block diagram ofsystem withturbine
the wind MPPT system
circuit
withdiagram are
MPPT and
shown in Figures
shown diagram
in Figures 6 and 7.
circuit are6 shown
and 7. in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6.
Figure
Figure 6. Block
6. Block diagram
diagram of
of the
the wind
wind turbine system with
turbine system with maximum
maximum power
power point
power point tracking
point tracking (MPPT).
tracking (MPPT).
(MPPT).

Figure 7.
Figure 7. Wind
Wind turbine
turbine circuit
circuit diagram
diagram system
system with
with MPPT
MPPT in
in the
the Simulink-Matlab
Simulink-Matlab software.
software.
Figure 7. Wind turbine circuit diagram system with MPPT in the Simulink-Matlab software.
The parameters
The parameters usedused in this study are shown in Table 1, where the mechanical mechanical output
output of of power
power
The parameters used in this study are shown in Table 1, where the mechanical output of power
isis 3000
3000 W.W. ItIt has
has aa base
base electrical
electrical generator power power of of 1111.11
1111.11 VA
VA and
and aa base
base wind
wind speed
speedof of12
12m/s.
m/s.
is 3000 W. It has a base electrical generator power of 1111.11 VA and a base wind speed of 12 m/s.
Themaximum
The maximumpower poweratatbase
basewind
windspeed
speedisis0.73 0.73p.u,
p.u,while
whilethe
thebase
baserotational
rotationalspeed
speedofofthe
thegenerator
generatoris
The maximum power at base wind speed is 0.73 p.u, while the base rotational speed of the generator
is 1.2
1.2 p.u.p.u.
TheThe pitch
pitch angle
angle employed
employed is 0is◦ .0°.
is 1.2 p.u. The pitch angle employed is 0°.
Table 1.
Table 1. Parameters of wind turbine in this study.
Table 1. Parameters of wind turbine in this study.
Parameters
Parameters Quantities
Quantities andand Units
Units
Parameters Quantities and Units
Nominal
Nominalmechanical
mechanical output power
output power 3000
3000 W W
Nominal
Base power mechanical output power 3000 W
Base powerofofthe
theelectrical generator
electrical generator 3000/0.9
3000/0.9 VA VA
Base powerBase of the
Basewindelectrical
windspeed
speed generator 3000/0.9
12 m/sVA
12 m/s
Maximum
Maximum power
power at at
base Base
base wind
wind wind
speed
speed speed
of nominal
of nominal mechanical
mechanical power
power 12
p.u.m/s
0.730.73 p.u.
Maximum power Baseat base wind
rotational speedspeed of
of base nominal
generatormechanical
Base rotational speed of base generator speed speed power 1.20.73
p.u. p.u.
1.2 p.u.
PitchBase
anglerotational
beta to display
speed wind turbine
of base power characteristics
generator speed 01.2 p.u.
Pitch angle beta to display wind turbine power characteristics 0
Pitch angle beta to display wind turbine power characteristics 0
Wind
Windturbine
turbinecircuit
circuitdiagram
diagramsystem
systemwith
withMPPT
MPPTininthe
theSimulink
Simulinksoftware,
software,asasshown
shownininFigure
Figure7,
is7,an Wind
is an turbine circuit
implementation
implementationof of diagram
a block
a block system
diagram
diagram with
of of
the MPPT
wind
the wind in thesystem
turbine
turbine Simulink
systemwith software,
withMPPT,
MPPT, asas shown
asshown inFigure
showninin Figure
Figure6.
7,
6.isThe
The an implementation
wind turbine
wind model
turbine ofina Simulink-Matlab
model block diagram of the
in Simulink-Matlab wind is
software turbine
software system
presented with
in Figure
is presented in MPPT,
8. 8. as shown in Figure
Figure
6. The wind turbine model in Simulink-Matlab software is presented in Figure 8.
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 8 of 18
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

Figure 8.
Figure 8. Wind
Wind turbine
turbine model
model in
in Simulink-Matlab
Simulink-Matlab software.
software.

Thereare
There arethree
threeinputs
inputsandandone oneoutput
outputof ofthe
the system,
system, as
as shown
shown in Figure 8. The first input
input isis the
the
speedof
speed ofthe
the generator
generator from
from the
the rotor.
rotor. There is a pitch angle
angle measured
measured in in degrees,
degrees,and
andin
inthis
thisstudy,
study,
weuse
we use00°. The third
◦ . The third input
input is
is the
the wind
wind speed
speed in
in m/s,
m/s, adjusted
adjusted for
for the
the simulated
simulated conditions,
conditions, namely
namely
bothare
both areconstant
constant andand changing.
changing. The The output
output ofof the
the turbine
turbine is
is the
the mechanical
mechanical torque
torqueofof the
therotation.
rotation.
Theturbine
The turbineisisthen
thenconnected
connectedto tothe
thePMSG
PMSGgenerator.
generator.
This wind turbine system is adapted
This wind turbine system is adapted to speeds to speeds ranging
ranging from
from 33 to
to 15
15 m/s,
m/s, with
with optimal
optimal occurrence
occurrence
between 11:00 a.m. to 02:00 p.m. Along with this condition, the off-grid
between 11:00 a.m. to 02:00 p.m. Along with this condition, the off-grid system is required system is required to store
to store the
the electrical energy produced. In this study, the generator used is a 3-phase PMSG type, as shown
electrical energy produced. In this study, the generator used is a 3-phase PMSG type, as shown in
in Table 2. The 3-phase power voltage generated uses a rectifier to achieve a 48 V DC voltage, which
Table 2. The 3-phase power voltage generated uses a rectifier to achieve a 48 V DC voltage, which
can be connected to the battery, a converter, and an inverter to serve electric loads. As shown in
can be connected to the battery, a converter, and an inverter to serve electric loads. As shown in
Figures 1 and 2, the MPPT is used to optimize generator voltage through rectifiers at boost converter
Figures 1 and 2, the MPPT is used to optimize generator voltage through rectifiers at boost converter
locations. Furthermore, rectifier parameters are used in this study, as shown in Table 3. The power
locations. Furthermore, rectifier parameters are used in this study, as shown in Table 3. The power
used is a bridge-type, where the resistance-capacitance (RC) snubber circuits are connected to each
used
switchis adevice
bridge-type, where
in parallel form.the resistance-capacitance (RC) snubber circuits are connected to each
switch device in parallel form.
Table 2. Parameters of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).
Table 2. Parameters of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG).
Parameters Quantities and Units
Parameters
Back electro-motive force (EMF) waveform Quantities and Units
Sinusoidal
Back electro-motive
Rotorforce
type(EMF) waveform Sinusoidal
Salient pole
Rotor type
Mechanical input Salient
Torque pole
(Tm)
Mechanical input Torque (Tm)
Stator phase resistance 0.00867 Ω
Stator phase resistance 0.00867 Ω
Inductances (Ld))
Inductances (L 0.00286
0.00286 HH
d
Inductances
Inductances (L
(Lqq)) 0.00344
0.00344 HH
Flux
Fluxlinkage
linkage 0.175
0.175 V.s.
V.s.
Voltage constant
Voltage constant 126.966
126.966ΩΩ
Torque constant 1.05 Nm
Torque constant 1.05 Nm

Table 3. Parameters
Table 3. Parameters of
of rectifier.
rectifier.

Parameters
Parameters Quantities and
Quantities andUnits
Units
Number
Numberofofbridge arms
bridge arms 33
Snubberresistance
Snubber resistance (R
(Rss)) 100ΩΩ
100
Snubber capacitance (C
Snubber capacitance (Css)) 0.1
0.1µFµF
Power electronic device diodes
Power electronic device diodes
Forward voltage (Vf ) 0.8 V
Forward voltage (Vf) 0.8 V

Figure
Figure99shows
showsthe
themodel
modelofofthe
theboost
boostconverter
converter circuit
circuit in
in Simulink-Matlab. The parameters
Simulink-Matlab. The parameters in
in
the
theboost
boostconverter
converter are
are shown
shown in
in Table
Table 4.
4. In
In order
order to
to determine
determine the the boost converter circuit,
boost converter circuit, an
an input
input
voltage (Vin) of 100 V, is used to test the system, as shown in Figure 10. Results obtained prove that
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 9 of 18

Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18

voltage (Vin ) of 100 V, is used to test the system, as shown in Figure 10. Results obtained prove that the
model
the is able
model to produce
is able the required
to produce voltage.
the required Table 4Table
voltage. shows4 battery parameters,
shows battery while the
parameters, inverter,
while the
which is a bridge of selected power electronic devices consisting of RC snubber circuits connected
inverter, which is a bridge of selected power electronic devices consisting of RC snubber circuits in
parallel with each switch device is shown in Table 5.
connected in parallel with each switch device is shown in Table 5.

Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18

the model is able to produce the required voltage. Table 4 shows battery parameters, while the
inverter, which is a bridge of selected power electronic devices consisting of RC snubber circuits
connected in parallel with each switch device is shown in Table 5.

Figure
Figure 9.
9. Boost
Boost converter
converter model
model in
in Simulink-Matlab
Simulink-Matlab software.
software.

Table 4. Parameters of battery.

Parameters Quantities and Units

Nominal voltage 300 V
Rated capacity 6.5 Ah
Initial state of charge 60%
Maximum capacity 7 Ah
Fully charged voltage 353.39 V
Nominal discharge current 1.3 A
Internal resistance 0.4615 Ω
Capacity at nominal voltage 6.25 Ah
Exponential zone 325.42 V, 1.3 Ah
Figure 9. Boost converter model in Simulink-Matlab software.

Figure 10. Generator voltage of wind-turbine system.

Table 4. Parameters of battery.

Parameters Quantities and Units

Nominal voltage 300 V
Rated capacity 6.5 Ah
Initial state of charge 60%
Maximum capacity 7 Ah
Fully charged voltage 353.39 V
Nominal discharge current 1.3 A
Internal resistance 0.4615 Ω
Capacity at
Figure 10.
Figure nominal voltage 6.25 Ah
10. Generator voltage of wind-turbine system.
Exponential zone 325.42 V, 1.3 Ah
Table 4. Parameters of battery.

Parameters Quantities and Units

Nominal voltage 300 V
Rated capacity 6.5 Ah
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 10 of 18

Table 5. Parameters of inverter.

Parameters Quantities and Units

Snubber resistance 100 k Ω
Snubber capacitance Infinite
Power electronic device Mosfet, diodes
Internal resistance 0.001 Ω

4.2. Evaluation of Perturb and Observe Algorithm

In the PO algorithm, the quantity of input is voltage, and the output is the current of PMSG
generator. These voltages and currents are further utilized in order to obtain an optimal output, as
shown in Figure 7. The following stages are involved in the PO algorithm process.

(1) Initial voltage measurement is determined to study the exact value of the current PMSG generator
output voltage.
(2) The power PMSG generator is measured to determine its current value.
(3) The power difference is calculated to actuate the difference between the present and the previously
measured power.
(4) The voltage and power are compared to figure out the process involved in the changes. From this
comparison, the generator voltage will be larger or smaller, depending on the generator power
and measured voltage differences.
(5) If the above stages turn out to be successful, step 1 is repeated.

After the PO algorithm is applied to the wind-turbine system, its validity and sensitivity are
evaluated. In this study, the algorithm is valid if the standard value of deviation is less than 1% in
6 experiments. This fact is also similar to its sensitivity, which is also conducted by changing the
wind speed.
A validity test is carried out to examine the results using the PO algorithm, and by conducting
repetitive experiments for fixed parameters with a particular input, followed by an observation of
mean and standard deviation from the experimental data. In this test, a winding rate of 10 m/s is used
as an input with fixed turbine-system parameters. The results of the algorithm validity test are shown
in Table 6.

Table 6. Results of the PO algorithm validity test.

Number of Wind Speed Turbine Rotation Load Resistance Output Power

Experiments (m/s) (rpm) (Ω) (W)
1 10 508.06 200 2032
2 10 508.06 200 2032
3 10 508.06 200 2032
4 10 508.06 200 2032
5 10 508.06 200 2032
6 10 508.06 200 2032
Mean 10 508.06 200 2032
Standard deviation 0 0 0 0

The test resulted to a standard deviation value of 0, which means that the optimization procedure
produced the same value in each experiment; hence, the output power of the wind-turbine system can
be categorized as valid.
In order to determine the effect of the changes associated with the parameter values, a sensitivity
analysis of the PO algorithm is tested by varying the value of the wind speed between 3 to 10 m/s
with a fixed power generator value of 3000 W. In this experiment, 100 Ω resistance was used, and
results obtained are shown in Table 7 and Figure 10. From the experimental results, it can be seen that
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 11 of 18

the higher the wind speeds the more significant the voltage and power of the generator. This fact is
because the rotor speed increases with a rise in wind speed, which also affects the power generated.
The results of experiments in Table 7 and Figure 11 also prove that same.

Table 7. Results of the PO algorithm sensitivity test.

Wind Speed (m/s) Generator Voltage (V) Output Power (W)

3 27.92 8.22
4 57.07 43.89
5 82.21 78.02
6 140.03 242.13
7
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 171.41 334.23 11 of 18
8 247.24 809.31
9
is because the rotor speed increases with a rise in316.90 1201.18
wind speed, which also affects the power generated.
10 348.62 1472.34
The results of experiments in Table 7 and Figure 11 also prove that same.

Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18

200 4 116.51 0.58 67.58 134.81 1.14 153.68 127.42

5 189.89 0.89 169.00 215.66 1.65 355.84 110.55
6.5 240.64 1.23 295.99 280.08 2.49 697.40 135.62
7 299.11 1.49 445.67 315.31 2.65 835.57 87.48
8.5 376.07 1.88 707.01 431.62 2.92 1260.33 78.26
9 438.01 2.51 1099.41 485.41 3.26 1582.44 43.94
10 547.11 2.73 1493.61 586.44 3.53 2070.13 38.60
300 4 Figure
Figure 11.
11. Generator
166.03 0.55 output
Generator power
power of
output91.32 wind-turbine
of184.25
wind-turbine system.
system.189.78
1.03 107.82
5 234.09 0.89 208.34 256.05 1.35 345.67 65.92
4.3. Performance Test6.5of Wind-Turbine
Table System
354.817. Results
1.18of the PO algorithm
418.68 sensitivity
360.26 test.
1.93 695.30 66.07
7 426.22 1.44 613.76 412.06 2.07 852.96 38.97
In this section, a testSpeed
Wind is conducted
(m/s) on the wind turbine
Generator Voltagesystems in orderPower
(V) Output to improve
(W) the performance.
8.5 574.05 1.93 1107.92 589.92 2.48 1463.00 32.05
Figures 12 and 13 are 9 used to test
3 483.15 the Simulink
2.18 Matlab
27.92
1053.27 performance
658.09 with the installation
2.698.22 1770.26 of MPPT
68.07
controllers. Test results
10 of the system
4 902.72 performance
3.04 with
2734.67
57.07 and without
817.71 the MPPT controller
3.7243.89 2999.88 are shown
9.63 in
Table 8. 5 Average of power increasing (%)
82.21 78.02 50.77

6 140.03 242.13
7 171.41 334.23
8 247.24 809.31
9 316.90 1201.18
10 348.62 1472.34

4.3. Performance Test of Wind-Turbine System

In this section, a test is conducted on the wind turbine systems in order to improve the
performance. Figures 12 and 13 are used to test the Simulink Matlab performance with the installation
of MPPT controllers. Test results of the system performance with and without the MPPT controller
are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Results of performance test of wind-turbine system.

Performance Test Variables of Wind Turbine System

Load Wind Without MPPT With MPPT
Power
Resistance Speed Output Electric Output Output Electric Output
Increasing
(Ω) (m/s) Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
Figure
12.12. Wind-turbinesystem
Wind-turbine systemwithout
without MPPT in Simulink-Matlab software. (%)
Figure (V) (A) (W) MPPT in(V)Simulink-Matlab
(A) software.
(W)
50 4 33.76 0.67 22.62 33.83 0.69 23.34 3.20
5 54.09 1.08 58.42 60.05 1.15 69.06 18.21
6.5 71.51 1.43 102.26 73.21 1.53 112.01 9.54
7 83.03 1.66 137.83 85.92 1.81 155.52 12.83
8.5 124.24 2.42 300.66 130.54 2.77 361.60 20.27
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 12 of 18
Figure 12. Wind-turbine system without MPPT in Simulink-Matlab software.

Figure
Figure 13.13.Wind-turbine
Wind-turbinesystem
system with
with MPPT
MPPT in
inSimulink-Matlab
Simulink-Matlabsoftware.
software.

Table 8. Results of performance test of wind-turbine system.

Performance Test Variables of Wind Turbine System

Load Wind Without MPPT With MPPT
Resistance Speed Power
Output Electric Output Output Electric Output Increasing
(Ω) (m/s)
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power (%)
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W)
50 4 33.76 0.67 22.62 33.83 0.69 23.34 3.20
5 54.09 1.08 58.42 60.05 1.15 69.06 18.21
6.5 71.51 1.43 102.26 73.21 1.53 112.01 9.54
7 83.03 1.66 137.83 85.92 1.81 155.52 12.83
8.5 124.24 2.42 300.66 130.54 2.77 361.60 20.27
9 140.41 2.81 394.55 147.52 3.14 463.21 17.40
10 174.35 3.49 608.48 183.81 3.95 726.05 19.32
100 4 62.63 0.62 38.83 66.24 0.75 49.68 27.94
5 95.09 1.09 103.65 119.12 1.12 133.41 28.72
6.5 137.64 1.38 189.94 149.02 1.81 269.73 42.00
7 160.12 1.62 259.39 171.41 2.05 351.39 35.47
8.5 238.23 2.35 559.84 265.5 3.62 961.11 71.68
9 269.32 2.69 724.47 296.04 4.07 1204.88 66.31
10 335.09 3.35 1122.55 348.61 4.45 1551.31 38.20
200 4 116.51 0.58 67.58 134.81 1.14 153.68 127.42
5 189.89 0.89 169.00 215.66 1.65 355.84 110.55
6.5 240.64 1.23 295.99 280.08 2.49 697.40 135.62
7 299.11 1.49 445.67 315.31 2.65 835.57 87.48
8.5 376.07 1.88 707.01 431.62 2.92 1260.33 78.26
9 438.01 2.51 1099.41 485.41 3.26 1582.44 43.94
10 547.11 2.73 1493.61 586.44 3.53 2070.13 38.60
300 4 166.03 0.55 91.32 184.25 1.03 189.78 107.82
5 234.09 0.89 208.34 256.05 1.35 345.67 65.92
6.5 354.81 1.18 418.68 360.26 1.93 695.30 66.07
7 426.22 1.44 613.76 412.06 2.07 852.96 38.97
8.5 574.05 1.93 1107.92 589.92 2.48 1463.00 32.05
9 483.15 2.18 1053.27 658.09 2.69 1770.26 68.07
10 902.72 3.04 2734.67 817.71 3.72 2999.88 9.63
Average of power increasing (%) 50.77
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 13 of 18

Energies 2019,
Energies 2019, 12,
12, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 13 of
13 of 18
18
Table 8 shows the results of the wind turbine system performance test from simulations in
Table
Table
Figures 88 shows
12 and shows
13. The the
the results of
results
performance of the
the wind
test wind turbine
turbine
is carried out withsystem
system performance
performance
a 3000 test from
test
W wind turbine from simulations
with simulations
electrical in
in
loads
Figures
Figures
of 12 and
50 Ω, 12
100 and 13. Ω,
13.
Ω, 200 The
The performance
performance
and test is
test
300 Ω, respectively is carried
carried
in order outtowith
out with aa 3000
assess 3000 W wind
W wind turbine
the performance turbine with
of thewith
turbineelectrical
electrical
while
loads of 50
loads ofthe
serving Ω,
50 Ω, 100 Ω,
100 Ω, 200
increased 200 Ω, and
loadΩ,with 300
andand Ω, respectively
300 without
Ω, respectively
the MPPT in order
in order to assess the performance of the
to assess the performance of the turbine
controller. turbine
whileAs
while serving
serving the
seen inthe increased
increased
Table load with
load
8, the greater with and without
and without
the electrical loadthethe MPPT
MPPT
served, controller.
thecontroller.
higher the output power of the PMSG
As
As seen
seen in
in Table
Table 8,
8, the
the greater
greater the
the electrical
generator from the wind turbine. The most considerable output the
electrical load
load served,
served, the
powerhigher
higher the output
the
is obtainedoutput
when power
power of the
of
the systemthe
PMSG
PMSG generator
generator from
from the
the wind
wind turbine.
turbine. The
The most
most considerable
considerable output
output power
power
serves the highest electrical load of 300 Ω. Furthermore, the electrical load, and wind speed variation, is
is obtained
obtained when
when the
the
system serves
system serves thethe highest
highest electrical
electrical load
load ofof 300
300 Ω.
Ω. Furthermore,
Furthermore, the the electrical
electrical load, and
and wind speedspeed
on the prevailing wind conditions in Indonesia (i.e., 4, 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and load,
10 m/s), iswindexamined.
variation, on
variation, on thethe prevailing
prevailing wind wind conditions in in Indonesia (i.e., (i.e., 4,
4, 5,
5, 6.5,
6.5, 7,
7, 8.5,
8.5, 9,
9, and
and 1010 m/s),
m/s), is
is
Overall, the MPPT controller is ableconditions
to increase theIndonesia
wind turbine system’s power output significantly.
examined. Overall,
examined. Overall, the the MPPT
MPPT controller
controller isis able
able toto increase
increase the the wind
wind turbine
turbine system’s
system’s power
power output
output
The average power increase after installing the MPPT controller using the PO algorithm is 50.77%.
significantly. The
significantly. The average
average powerpower increase
increase after
after installing
installing the the MPPT
MPPT controller
controller using
using the
the PO
PO algorithm
algorithm
The results are presented in graphical form to clearly analyze the effect of the MPPT controller on
is 50.77%. The results are presented in graphical form to clearly analyze
is 50.77%. The results are presented in graphical form to clearly analyze the effect of the MPPT the effect of the MPPT
various wind speed variations, as shown in Figures 14–17.
controller on
controller on various
various wind wind speed
speed variations,
variations, as as shown
shown in in Figures
Figures 14–17.
14–17.

Figure 14.
Figure 14. Output
Output power
power of
of wind-turbine
wind-turbine system
system with
with load
load resistance
resistance of
of 50
50 Ω.
Ω.
Ω.

Figure 15.
Figure
Figure 15. Output
15. Output power
Output power of
power of wind-turbine
of wind-turbine system
wind-turbine system with
system with load
with load resistance
load resistance of
resistance of 100
of 100 Ω.
100 Ω.
Ω.
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 14 of 18
Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 18

Figure16.
Figure 16. Output
Output power of wind
power of wind turbine
turbine system
system with
with load
load resistance
resistanceof
of200 Ω.
200Ω.

Figure17.
Figure 17. Output
Output power
power of wind-turbine system
system with
with load
load resistance
resistanceof
of300 Ω.
300Ω.

Figure14
Figure 14shows
shows the output
output power
powerofofthe thewind-turbine
wind-turbine system
system with
witha load resistance
a load resistanceof 50ofΩ.50AtΩ.
wind
At windspeeds of 4ofm/s,
speeds the turbine
4 m/s, system
the turbine without
system MPPTMPPT
without produces 33.76 V,33.76
produces and at V,an
andelectrical current
at an electrical
of 0.67 of
current A,0.67
andA,the output
and powerpower
the output of the of
turbine is 22.62
the turbine W. The
is 22.62 W.application
The applicationof anofMPPT
an MPPTcontroller on
controller
on the PMSG generator side converter generated both voltage and current of 33.83 V and 0.69A,
the PMSG generator side converter generated both voltage and current of 33.83 V and 0.69 A,
respectively,resulting
respectively, resultingininoutput
outputpower
powerofof23.34
23.34W.W.InIn this
this case,
case, the
the system
system output
output power
power is is increased
increased by
by 3.20%
3.20% before
before implementing
implementing the MPPT
the MPPT controller.
controller. Furthermore,
Furthermore, the system
the system performance
performance test with
test with wind
wind speeds of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, respectively, were examined. Based on the
speeds of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, respectively, were examined. Based on the graph in Figure 14, it graph in Figure
14, be
can it can be concluded
concluded that thethat the higher
higher the wind thespeed
wind that
speed that
hits thehits the turbine,
turbine, the greater
the greater the voltage,
the voltage, current,
current, and output power with the best output recorded at 10 m/s. The
and output power with the best output recorded at 10 m/s. The condition without MPPT produced condition without MPPTa
produced a voltage of 174.35 V with a load current of 3.49 A, thereby,
voltage of 174.35 V with a load current of 3.49 A, thereby, generating power of 608.48 W. generating power of 608.48 W.
Furthermore, with
Furthermore, with thethe application
application of of the
the MPPT
MPPT controller,
controller, there
there isis an
an increase
increasein involtage,
voltage,load load
current, and system output power of 183.81 V, 3.95 A, and 726.05 W, respectively.
current, and system output power of 183.81 V, 3.95 A, and 726.05 W, respectively. When compared to When compared
to the
the condition
condition before
before the application,
the application, an increase
an increase in system
in system outputoutput
power power by 19.32%
by 19.32% is displayed.
is displayed. Based
Based on the graph in Figure 14, the best performance of the MPPT controller
on the graph in Figure 14, the best performance of the MPPT controller in increasing the output in increasing the output
power
powerprecisely
occurs occurs precisely
at windat wind of
speeds speeds of 8.5
8.5 m/s, m/s,the
where where the percentage
percentage increaseincrease
in outputin output
power power is
is 20.27%.
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 15 of 18

Overall, it can be seen that the MPPT controller using the PO algorithm has successfully improved the
performance of wind turbine systems.
The output power of the wind turbine system with a load resistance of 100 Ω is shown in Figure 15.
At a wind speed of 4 m/s, and without MPPT, the system produces a voltage of 62.63 V and an electric
current of 0.62 A to serve the load resistance of 100 Ω, with an output turbine power of 38.83 W.
Furthermore, the application of the MPPT controller on the PMSG generator side converter, as well as
the voltage and current generated was 66.24 V and 0.75 A, respectively, resulting in output power of
49.68 W. This result means that the system output power is increased by 27.94% compared to when the
MPPT controller was not implemented. Furthermore, the system performance test with a wind speed
of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, was examined. Based on the graph in Figure 15, it can be seen that the
higher the wind speed, the greater the voltage, current, and output power of the system. The results
show that the best output is produced with a wind speed of 10 m/s. Without applying the MPPT, the
voltage produced was 335.09 V with a load current of 3.35 A, and power of 1122.55 W.
Furthermore, with the application of the MPPT, there is an increase in voltage, load current, and
system output power of 348.61 V, 4.45 A, and 1151.3 W, respectively. When compared to the condition
before the application of the MPPT, an increase in system output power by 38.20% is noticed. Based
on the graph in Figure 15, it can also be seen that the best performance of the MPPT controller in
increasing the output power of the system occurs precisely at the of 8.5 m/s wind speed, where the
percentage increase in output power is 71.68%. Overall, it can be seen that the MPPT controller using
the extended PO algorithm has successfully improved the performance of wind-turbine systems.
Figure 16 shows the output power of the turbine system with a load resistance of 200 Ω. At a wind
speed of 4 m/s, and without implementing the MPPT, it produces a voltage of 116.51 V and electric
current of 0.58 A to serve the load resistance of 200 Ω with an output power of 67.58 W. Along with
the application of the MPPT controller on the PMSG generator, both voltage and current of 134.81 V
and 1.14 A were generated, which resulted in output power of 153.68 W. Furthermore, the system
performance test with wind speeds of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, respectively, was examined. Based on
the graph in Figure 16, it can be seen that the higher the wind speed, the greater the voltage, current,
and output power of the wind turbine system. The results show that at a wind speed of 10 m/s, the
system produces the optimal output.
Similarly, without implementing the MPPT, 547.11 V with a load current of 2.73 A were produced,
which generated a total power of 1493.61 W. However, with the application of the MPPT controller,
an increase in voltage, load current, and system output power of 586.44 V, 3.53 A, and 2070.13 W,
respectively, was recorded. When compared to the condition before the application of the MPPT, the
system output power is increased by 38.60%. Based on the graph in Figure 16, it can also be seen
that the best performance of the MPPT controller in increasing the output power of the system occurs
precisely when the wind speed is 6.5 m/s, with an output percentage power output of 135.62%. Overall,
implementing the MPPT controller using the extended PO algorithm has successfully enhanced the
performance of wind turbine systems.
The output power of the wind turbine system with a load resistance of 300 Ω is shown in Figure 17.
At wind speeds of 4 m/s, the system without MPPT produces a voltage of 166.03 V and electric current
of 0.55 A which is used to serve the load resistance of 300 Ω with an overall output power of 91.32 W.
The application of the MPPT controller on the PMSG generator produced a voltage and current of 184.25 V
and 1.03 A, respectively, with an overall power output of 189.78 W. In this case, the system output power
increased by 107.82% compared to when the MPPT controller was not implemented. Furthermore, the
system performance test with wind speeds of 5, 6.5, 7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, respectively, was examined.
Based on the graph in Figure 17, the higher the wind speed, the greater the voltage, current, and
output power of the wind turbine system. The results show that the system produces an outstanding
wind speed of 10 m/s. Without the implementation of the MPPT, the generated voltage is 902.72 V
with a load current of 3.04 A, thus creating a power of 2734.67 W. Furthermore, with the application of
the MPPT controller, there is an increase in voltage, load current, and system output power of 817.71 V,
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 16 of 18

3.72 A, and 2999.88 W, respectively. When compared to the initial condition, an increase in system
output power by 9.63% can be detected. Based on the graph in Figure 17, the best performance of the
MPPT controller in increasing the output power of the system occurs when the wind speed is 4 m/s,
with a percentage increase in output power of 107.82%.
Based on the results of the overall wind-turbine system performance test, the most significant
increase in system output power occurs when the system is loaded with 200 Ω, with a wind speed of
6.5 m/s. In this condition, there has been a high increase of output power by 135.62%, caused by the
installation of the MPPT controller in the wind-turbine system, while the average growth of output
power is only 50.77%. Thus, it can be concluded that MPPT using the extended PO method in this
study has been proven to be able to increase the performance of wind-turbine systems.

5. Conclusions
In this study, the research of wind-turbine system performance using an MPPT controller based
on an extended PO algorithm was performed. This algorithm can calibrate without oscillation to
determine the maximum power output. To analyze the performance, the Simulink-Matlab software
was employed. The performance examination is carried out with a 3000 W wind-turbine system
which served varying electrical loads of 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, and 300 Ω, respectively. In each of the
variations, various wind speeds based on the prevailing wind conditions in Indonesia, i.e., 4, 5, 6.5,
7, 8.5, 9, and 10 m/s, respectively, were performed. Based on the results of the overall wind-turbine
system performance examination, the most significant increase in system output power occurs when
the system is loaded with 200 Ω with a wind speed of 6.5 m/s. Similarly, the installation of the
MPPT controller increased the output power by 135.62%, with an average power increase of 50.77%.
The benefits of developing this PO algorithm include eliminating oscillation problems which occur
due to fluctuations in power when it reaches maximum value. With the modification of the algorithm,
this is expected to decrease due to the change of the value of ∆D, resulting in faster convergence of the
computation. The results of this study have proved that an extended PO-based MPPT is capable of
successfully enhancing the performance of wind-turbine systems.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.S.; Data curation, I.S.; Formal analysis, R.S.; Funding acquisition,
I.S.; Investigation, R.S.; Methodology, R.S.; Project administration, I.S.; Software, I.S.
Funding: This research was funded by the Directorate General of Development and Research Enhancement,
Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, under Research Grant
scheme: DIPA-042.06.1.401516/2019, sub-contract number: 144.t/A.3-III/LP3M/IV/2019.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the Directorate General of
Development and Research Enhancement, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the
Republic of Indonesia, and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Abbreviations.

Abbreviation Meaning
AC alternating current
DC direct current
EMF electro-motive force
FLC fuzzy logic controller
GW giga watts
MPPT maximum power point tracking
PMSG permanent magnet synchronous generator
PO perturb and observe
PWM pulse width modulation
RC resistance-capacitance
Energies 2019, 12, 3938 17 of 18

Table A2. Symbols.

Symbols Quantity Units

A the area of cross-sectional coverage m2
Cp the coefficient of electric power of the wind turbine system -
Cs snubber capacitance F
I electric currents A
P the electric power of the wind turbine system W
Rs Snubber resistance Ω
T the torque of generator Nm
V electric voltages V
Vf forward voltage V
v wind velocity m/s
ω rotational speed of the rotor rad/s
λ the ratio of tip speed -
ρ the mass density of the air type kg/m3

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