Project: TES tank cladding support system connections

Project no: 2100176

Author: AJPEC

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Project data

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Project name TES tank cladding support system connections

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Project number 2100176
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Author AJPEC

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Description steel to steel connections

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Date 10/9/2019
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Design code AISC 360-16

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Material

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Steel S275

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Project: TES tank cladding support system connections

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Project no: 2100176

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Author: AJPEC

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Project item Detail - C

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Design

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Name Detail - C

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Description SHS100x4 Bracket splice

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Analysis Stress, strain/ simplified loading

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Design code AISC - LRFD

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Beams and columns

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β – Direction γ - Pitch α - Rotation Offset ex Offset ey Offset ez

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Name Cross-section Forces in
[°]
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B1 2 - SHS100/100/4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 -30 0 Node
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B2 2 - SHS100/100/4.0 180.0 0.0 0.0 0 30 0 Node
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2100176

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TES tank cladding support system connections

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Project: TES tank cladding support system connections
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Project no: 2100176

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Author: AJPEC

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Cross-sections
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Name Material
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2 - SHS100/100/4.0 S275
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Project: TES tank cladding support system connections

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Project no: 2100176

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Cross-sections

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Name Material Drawing

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2 - SHS100/100/4.0 S275

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Bolts

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Diameter fu Gross area

Name Bolt assembly
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[mm] [MPa] [mm2]

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16 GR8.8 16 GR8.8 16 800.0 201

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Load effects (equilibrium not required)

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N Vy Vz Mx My Mz
Name Member
[kN] [kN] [kN] E [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
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LE1 B2 73.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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LE2 B2 -73.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Check
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Summary
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Name Value Check status

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Analysis 100.0% OK
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Plates 0.0 < 5% OK

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Bolts 41.2 < 100% OK

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Welds 76.2 < 100% OK

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Buckling Not calculated

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GMNA Calculated
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Plates
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Fy Thickness σEd εPl

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Name Loads Check status

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[MPa] [mm] [MPa] [%]

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B1 275.0 4.0 LE1 236.7 0.0 OK

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B2 275.0 4.0 LE1 236.7 0.0 OK

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PP1a 275.0 12.0 LE1 213.7 0.0 OK

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PP1b 275.0 12.0 LE1 213.7 0.0 OK

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Design data
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fy εlim
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Material
[MPa]
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[%]
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S275 275.0 5.0

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Symbol explanation
εPl
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σEd Eq. stress
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fy Yield strength

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εlim Limit of plastic strain
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Overall check, LE1

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Strain check, LE1

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Equivalent stress, LE1

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Ft V ϕRn,bearing Utt Uts Utts
Shape Item Grade Loads Status
[kN] [kN] [kN] [%] [%] [%]
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B1 16 GR8.8 - 1 LE1 37.3 0.0 134.8 41.2 0.0 - OK
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B2 16 GR8.8 - 1 LE1 37.3 0.0 134.8 41.2 0.0

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B3 16 GR8.8 - 1 LE1 37.3 0.0 134.8 41.2 0.0 - OK
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B4 16 GR8.8 - 1 LE1 37.3 0.0 134.8 41.2 0.0 - OK

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Design data
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ϕRn,tension ϕRn,shear
Grade
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[kN] [kN]
16 GR8.8 - 1 90.5 54.3
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Symbol explanation
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Ft Tension force
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V Resultant of shear forces Vy, Vz in bolt

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ϕRn,bearing Bolt bearing resistance

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Utt Utilization in tension

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Uts Utilization in shear

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Utilization in tension and shear

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ϕRn,tension Bolt tension resistance AISC 360-16 J3.6

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ϕRn,shear Bolt shear resistance AISC 360-16 – J3.8

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Detailed result for B2

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Tension resistance check (AISC 360-16: J3-1)

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ϕRn = ϕ ⋅ Fnt ⋅ Ab =  90.5 kN ≥ Ft =  37.3 kN
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Where:
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Fnt = 600.0 MPa – nominal tensile stress from AISC 360-16 Table J3.2

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Ab = 201 mm2
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– gross bolt cross-sectional area

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ϕ = 0.75 – capacity factor

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Shear resistance check (AISC 360-16: J3-1)
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ϕRn = ϕ ⋅ Fnv ⋅ Ab =  54.3 kN ≥ V =  0.0 kN
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Where:
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Fnv = 360.0 MPa – nominal shear stress from AISC 360-16 Table J3.2

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Ab = 201 mm2

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– gross bolt cross-sectional area
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ϕ = 0.75 – capacity factor
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Bearing resistance check (AISC 360-16: J3-6)
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Rn = 1.20 ⋅ lc ⋅ t ⋅ Fu   ≤ 2.40 ⋅ d ⋅ t ⋅ Fu  
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ϕRn =  134.8 kN ≥ V =  0.0 kN

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Where:
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lc = 991 mm – clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent
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hole or edge of the material A

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t = 12 mm – thickness of the ply
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d = 16 mm – diameter of a bolt

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Fu = 390.0 MPa – tensile strength of the connected material

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ϕ = 0.75 – resistance factor for bearing at bolt holes

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Interaction of tension and shear check (AISC 360-16: J3-2)

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The required stress, in either shear or tension, is less than or equal to 30% of the corresponding available stress and the effects of
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combined stresses need not to be investigated.

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Welds
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Th Ls L Lc Fn ϕRn Ut
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Item Edge Xu Status

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[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kN] [kN] [%]

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PP1a B1 E80xx ◢3.5 ◢5.0 368 4 4.2 5.5 76.2 OK

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PP1b B2 E80xx ◢3.5 ◢5.0 368 4 4.2 5.5 76.2 OK

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Project no: 2100176
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Author: AJPEC

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Symbol explanation

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Th Throat thickness of weld
Ls Leg size of weld

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L Length of weld

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Lc Length of weld critical element

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Fn Force in weld critical element
ϕRn Weld resistance AISC 360-16 J2.4

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Ut Utilization

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Detailed result for PP1a / B1

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Weld resistance check (AISC 360-16: J2-4)

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ϕRn = ϕ ⋅ Fnw ⋅ Awe =  5.5 kN ≥ Fn =  4.2 kN

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Where:
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Fnw = 496.4 MPa – nominal stress of weld material:
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Fnw = 0.6 ⋅ FEXX ⋅ (1 + 0.5 ⋅ sin1.5 θ)  , where:

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FEXX =  551.6 MPa – electrode classification number, i.e. minimum specified tensile strength

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θ =  89.6° – angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis

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Awe = 15 mm2 – effective area of weld critical element TR

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ϕ = 0.75 – resistance factor for welded connections

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Buckling

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Buckling analysis was not calculated.

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Code settings N
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Item Value Unit Reference

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Friction coefficient - concrete 0.40 - ACI 349 – B.6.1.4

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Friction coefficient in slip-resistance 0.30 - AISC 360-16 – J3.8

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Limit plastic strain 0.05 -

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Weld stress evaluation Plastic redistribution

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Detailing No
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Distance between bolts [d] 2.66 - AISC 360-16 – J3.3

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Distance between bolts and edge [d] 1.25 - AISC 360-16 – J.3.4
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Concrete breakout resistance Yes

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Base metal capacity check at weld fusion face No AISC 360-16 – J2-2
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Cracked concrete Yes ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17

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Local deformation check No

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Local deformation limit 0.03 - CIDECT DG 1, 3 - 1.1

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Geometrical nonlinearity (GMNA) Yes Large deformations for hollow sections

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Project no: 2100176

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Author: AJPEC

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Theoretical Background

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CBFEM versus Component method
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The weak point of standard Component method is in analyzing of internal forces and stress in a joint. CBFEM replaces specific analysis
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of internal forces in joint with general FEA.
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Check methods of specific components like bolts or welds are done according to standard Component method (Eurocode).

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For the fasteners – bolts and welds – special FEM components had to be developed to model the welds and bolts behaviour in joint. All

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parts of 1D members and all additional plates are modelled as plate/walls. These elements are made of steel (metal in general) and the
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behaviour of this material is significantly nonlinear.

The real stress-strain diagram of steel is replaced by the ideal plastic material for design purposes in building practice. The advantage of

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ideal plastic material is, that only yield strength and modulus of elasticity must be known to describe the material curve. The granted
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ductility of construction steel is 15 %. The real usable value of limit plastic strain is 5% for ordinary design (1993-1-5 appendix C
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paragraph C.8 note 1).

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The stress in steel cannot exceed the yield strength when using the ideal elastic-plastic stress-strain diagram.

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Real tension curve and the ideal elastic-plastic diagram of material

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CBFEM method aims to model the real state precisely. Meshes of plates / walls are not merged, no intersections are generated between
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them, unlike it is used to when modelling structures and buildings. Mesh of finite elements is generated on each individual plate
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independently on mesh of other plates.

Between the meshes, special massless force interpolation constraints are added. They ensure the connection between the edge of one
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plate and the surface or edge of the other plate.

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This unique calculation model provides very good results – both for the point of view of precision and of the analysis speed. The method
is protected by patent.
The steel base plate is placed loosely on the concrete foundation. It is a contact element in the analysis model – the connection resists
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compression fully, but does not resist tension.

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Stress-strain diagram of contact between the concrete block and the base plate

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Welds are modelled using a special elastoplastic element, which is added to the interpolation links between the plates. The element

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respects the weld throat thickness, position and orientation. The plasticity state is controlled by stresses in the weld throat section. The
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plastic redistribution of stress in welds allows for stress peaks to be redistributed along the longer part of the weld.

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Bolted connection consists of two or more clasped plates and one or more bolts. Plates are placed loosely on each other.
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A contact element is inserted between plates in the analysis model, which acts only in compression. No forces are carried in tension.
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Shear force is taken by bearing. Special model for its transferring in the force direction only is implemented. IDEA StatiCa Connection

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can check bolts for interaction of shear and tension. The bolt behavior is implemented according to the following picture.
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Bolt – tension
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Symbols explanation:

K – linear stiffness of bolt,

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Kp – stiffness of bolt at plastic branch,

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Flt – limit force for linear behaviour of bolt,

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Ft,Rd – limit bolt resistance,

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ul – limit deformation of bolt.

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Project: TES tank cladding support system connections
Project no: 2100176

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Author: AJPEC

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Bolt – interaction of shear and tension

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The concrete block in CBFEM is modelled using Winkler-Pasternak subsoil model. The stiffness of subsoil is determined using modulus
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of elasticity of concrete and effective height of subsoil. The concrete block is not designed by CBFEM method.
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Loads
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End forces of member of the frame analysis model are transferred to the ends of member segments. Eccentricities of members caused
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by the joint design are respected during load transfer.

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The analysis model created by CBFEM method corresponds to the real joint very precisely, whereas the analysis of internal forces is

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performed on very idealised 3D FEM 1D model, where individual beams are modelled using centrelines and the joints are modelled
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using immaterial nodes.

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Joint of a vertical column and a horizontal beam

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Internal forces are analysed using 1D members in 3D model. There is an example of courses of internal forces in the following picture.
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Internal forces in horizontal beam. M and V are the end forces at joint.

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The effects caused by member on the joint are important to design the joint (connection). The effects are illustrated in the following

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picture.

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Effects of the member on the joint. CBFEM model is drawn in dark blue color.
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Moment M and shear force V act in a theoretical joint. The point of theoretical joint does not exist in CBFEM model, thus the load cannot
be applied here. The model must be loaded by actions M and V, which have to be transferred to the end of segment in the distance r.
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Mc = M − V · r
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Vc = V
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In CBFEM model, the end section of segment is loaded by moment Mc and force Vc.
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Welds
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Fillet welds
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The design strength, ϕRn and the allowable strength, Rn/Ω of welded joints are evaluated in connection weld check.
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ϕ = 0.75     (LRFD)

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Ω = 2.00     (ASD)

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Available strength of welded joints is evaluated according to AISC 360-16 – J2.4:

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Rn = FnwAwe
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Fnw = 0.60 FEXX (1.0 + 0.50 sin1.5Θ)

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where
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F nw – nominal stress of weld material,

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A we – effective area of the weld,

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F EXX – electrode classification number, i.e., minimum specified tensile strength,

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Θ – angle of loading measured from the weld longitudinal axis.

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For end-loaded fillet welds with a length up to 100 times the weld size, it is permitted to take the effective length equal to the actual
length. When the length of the end-loaded fillet weld exceeds 100 times the weld size, the effective length shall be determined by

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multiplying the actual length by the reduction factor, β.
β = 1.2 − 0.002 (L / Ls)
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where:

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L – weld length,

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L s – weld leg size.

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When the length of the weld exceeds 300 times the leg size, Ls, the effective length is taken as 180 Ls.
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Base metal strength is evaluated if the option is selected in Code setup (Base metal capacity at the fusion face).

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CJP groove welds A

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AISC Specification Table J2.5 identifies four loading conditions that might be associated with JP groove welds, and shows that the
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strength of the joint is either controlled by the base metal or that the loads need not be considered in the design of the welds connecting
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the parts. Accordingly, when CJP groove welds are made with matching-strength filler metal, the strength of a connection is governed or
controlled by the base metal, and no checks on the weld strength are required.
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Bolts
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Tensile and shear strength of bolts

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The design tensile or shear strength, ϕRn, and the allowable tensile or shear strength, Rn / Ω of a snug-tightened bolt is determined
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according to the limit states of tension rupture and shear rupture as follows:
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Rn = FnAb
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ϕ = 0.75     (LRFD)

Ω = 2.00     (ASD)
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where
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A b – nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part,

F n – nominal tensile stress, Fnt, or shear stress, Fnv, from Table J3.2.

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The tensile force, against which the required tensile strength is checked, includes any tension resulting from prying action produced by
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Combined Tension and shear in bearing type connection

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The available tensile strength of a bolt subjected to combined tension and shear is determined according to the limit states of tension
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and shear rupture as follows:

Rn = F'ntAb     (AISC 360-16 J3-2)
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ϕ = 0.75     (LRFD)

Ω = 2.00     (ASD)
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F'nt = 1.3 Fnt − frvFnt / ϕFnv     (AISC 360-16 J3-3a LRFD)
F'nt = 1.3 Fnt − frvΩ Fnt / Fnv     (AISC 360-16 J3-3b ASD)
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where
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F' nt – nominal tensile stress modified to include the effects of shear stress,
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F nt – nominal tensile stress from AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.2,

F nv – nominal shear stress from AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.2,
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f rv – required shear stress using LRFD or ASD load combinations. The available shear stress of the fastener shall be equal or
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exceed the required shear stress, frv.

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Bearing strength in bolt holes

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The available bearing strength, ϕRn and Rn/Ω at bolt holes is determined for the limit state of bearing as follows:

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For a bolt in a connection with standard holes:

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Rn = 1.2 lctFu ≤ 2.4 d t Fu     (AISC 360-16 J3-6a, c)

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For a bolt in a connection with slotted holes:

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Rn = 1.0 lct Fu ≤ 2.0 d t Fu     (AISC 360-16 J3-6e, f)
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ϕ = 0.75     (LRFD)
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Ω = 2.00     (ASD)

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where
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F u – specified minimum tensile strength of the connected material,

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d – nominal bolt diameter,

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l c – clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the
material,
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t – thickness of connected material.

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Preloaded bolts
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The design slip resistance of a preloaded class A325 or A490 bolt with of effect of tensile force, Ft,Ed according to AISC 360-16 – J3.9.

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Preloading force to be used AISC 360-16 – Tab. J3.1.
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Tb = 0.7 fubAs
Design slip resistance per bolt AISC 360-16 – J3.8
Rn = 1.13 μ TbNs
N
a

Utilisation in shear [%]:

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Uts = V / Rn
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where

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A s – tensile stress area of the bolt,

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f ub – ultimate tensile strength,

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μ – mean slip factor coefficient,

a
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N s – number of the friction surfaces. Check is calculated for each friction surface separately,

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V
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V – shear force.
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ta
Anchors
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The anchor bolt element is elastic-plastic with significant strain hardening. The maximum steel tensile resistance is expected at the strain
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which equals to 0.25 × guaranteed elongation. The failure mode due to concrete cracking may occur before the anchor steel tensile
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resistance is reached and is considered as a completely brittle failure.

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Similarly, the steel components in shear (anchor bolt, base plate in bearing) are able to yield but failure modes connected with concrete
a

cracking may occur suddenly as a brittle failure.

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All standards use Concrete Capacity Design method developed by prof. R. Eligehausen at University of Stuttgart. The theory is based
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on vast experimental and numerical testing mostly on unreinforced concrete blocks and relatively short, often post-installed, anchors.
Anchorage is designed according to ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17. The design is available only for LRFD. Some failure modes (e.g. steel
N
ta

resistance) are evaluated for single anchors, others (e.g. concrete breakout) are checked for group of anchors.
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