Programme: B.Sc.ECS Subject Code 18ECU04 QP.

Code : 18QU023

Subject: Integrated Circuits and Instrumentation Date of Exam: 30.10.2019/FN

Answer Key

Section A
1. B. Monolithic
2. D. Monolithic
3. C. Infinity Bandwidth
4. A. is a Part of op-amp
5. A. Monostable Multivibrator
6. B. 4
7. D. Ohm Meter and resistance bridge
8. D.2direction
9. Out of portion, Mark shall grant for any option
10. A. Product Life Cycle

Section B
11. a) Silicon wafer Preparation

The following steps are used in the preparation of Si-wafers

1.crystal growth and doping
2.Ingot trimming and grinding
3.Ingot slicing
4.Wafer polishing and etching
5.Wafer cleaning

• The Czochralski crystal growth process is the widely used technique for producing Single
crystal growth process.
• The polycrystalline silicon together with necessary dopant put in a quartz crucible and
placed in furnace. The material is heated more than 1420ᴼC.
• A small single crystal rod of silicon called a seed crystal is dipped into the silicon melt and
slowly pulled out.During the crystal pulling process ,the seed crystal and the crucible are
rotated in opposite direction to produce ingots.
• The silicon wafers contains several hundreds of rectangular chips which may in thousands
over 1 to 10 mm

b) Difference between thin Films

*Question Statement was wrong, Didn’t Mention anything to compare with thin films.

12. a) Pin configuration of 741

b) Operation of Integrator using op-Amp

• An integrator is an electronic circuit that produces an output that is the integration of the
applied input.
• An op-amp based integrator produces an output, which is an integral of the input voltage
applied to its inverting terminal.
13.a) Schmitt trigger Using IC 555

The use of 555 timer as a Schmitt trigger is shown in fig. Here the two internal comparators are tied
together and externally biased at Vcc/2 through R1 and R2. Since the upper comparator will trip at
2Vcc/3 and lower comparator at Vcc/3, the bias provided by R1 and R2 is centered within these two
thresholds.

b) FSK Generator using 555

Fig: FSK Generator

 In digital data communication, binary code is transmitted by shifting a carrier frequency
between two preset frequencies. This type of transmission is called Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK) technique.
 A 555 timer is astable mode can be used to generate FSK signal.When input digital data is
HIGH, T1 is OFF & 555 timer works as normal astable multivibrator.
 The frequency of the output wave form given by,
1.45
f 
O
(R1 2R )C2

14. a) DC Ammeter
• The meter uses for measuring the current is known as the ammeter. The current is the flow
of electrons whose unit is ampere. Hence the instrument which measures the flows of current
in ampere is known as ampere meter or ammeter.
• The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance. But practically the ammeter has small
internal resistance. The measuring range of the ammeter depends on the value of resistance.
• PMMC DC Ammeter – In PMMC instrument the conductor is placed between the pole of the
permanent magnet. When the current flows through the coil, it starts deflecting. The
deflection of the coil depends on the magnitude of current flows through it. The PMMC
ammeter used only for the measurement of the direct current.
•
 • When current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force acts on the
conductor, if it is attached to a moving system, with the coil movement, the pointer moves
over the scale.
• Deflecting torque,
Where,
B = Flux density in Wb/m².
i = Current flowing through the coil in Amp.
l = Length of the coil in m.
b = Breadth of the coil in m.
N = No of turns in the coil.
• This type of instrument is called D Arnsonval type instrument. It has major advantage of
having linear scale, low power consumption, high accuracy. Major disadvantage of being
measured only DC quantity, higher cost etc.
b) (i) phase Angle
 phase angle refers to the angular component of the complex number representation of the
function. The notation of a phase angle θ, is called angle notation.

(ii) frequency Measurement

• Frequency can be measured on an oscilloscope by investigating the frequency spectrum of a
signal on the screen and making a small calculation.
• To measure the frequency, the waveform must be viewed in periodic. Frequency is defined
as the several times a cycle of an observed wave takes up in a second.

15.a) Shielding
• Shielding either prevents noise from energy from coupling between circuits or supresses it.
shielding can be anything from using a coaxial or shielded cable to a sealed conductive
chamber for circuit isolation.
• Shielding serves a reciprocal purpose: it protects the circuit it is shielding from outside noise
or unwanted signals.
 • Shielding is mostly used to block electrostatic or ‘E’ Fields(faraday shield) and
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from lightening, discharges , radio and television
transmitters and high frequency circuits.

b) Enclosures
• Design of an enclosure must take into the following considerations
• Cost
• Size
• Weight
• Material
• Cooling
• Aesthetics
• Ergonomics
• Serviceability
• Regulations and Standards

Section C
16.a) Photolithography process
• Lithos meaning "stone" and graphein meaning "to write”. Lithography is the transfer of
geometric shapes on a mask to a smooth surface
• Photolithography is an optical means for transferring patterns onto a substrate.
• A lithography process can be realized with 3 sub process.
• Deposit of the resist
• Imaging of the wafer
• Etching of the oxide
• In photo lithography, the images are formed
with the help of visible or ultra violet rays
using contact printing, proximity printing or
projection printing.
• a layout of circuit is prepared for the circuits
then the layout is decomposed into several
layers of which is called mask layer.
• The mask is called photo resist film which is
coated on a SiO2 There are 2 types of photo
resists .
• Positive photo resist
• Negative photo resist

b) Thick Film Technology

• The basic thick Film Process are
• Screen Printing
• Ceramic Printing
Screen printing:
• Ancient One Egyptians used this technique
17.a) Inverting and Non inverting Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier:
• when the op-amp circuit produces the output which is out of phase with respect to its input by
180o.
• We also know that in an ideal op amp the voltage at inverting and non-inverting inputs are
always equal. As we have grounded the non – inverting terminal, zero voltage appears at the non
– inverting terminal.
• The voltage gain of the inverting operational amplifier or inverting op amp is,

Non-Inverting Amplifier:

A non-inverting amplifier is an op-amp circuit configuration which produces an amplified output

signal. This output signal of non-inverting op amp is in-phase with the input signal applied. In
other words a non-inverting amplifier behaves like a voltage follower circuit

b) Current to Voltage Converter

• A current to voltage converter will produce a voltage proportional to the given current.
• The DC and low-frequency gain of a Trans-impedance (or) Trans-Resistance amplifier
is determined by the equation

18.a) Astable Multivibrator

An Astable Multivibrator or a Free Running Multivibrator is the multivibrator which has no

stable states. Its output oscillates continuously between its two unstable states without the aid of
external triggering. The time period of each states are determined by Resistor Capacitor (RC)
time constant. it automatically interchanges its two states on a particular interval, hence generates a
rectangular waveform. This time duration of HIGH and LOW output has been determined by the
external resistors (R1 and R2) and a capacitor(C1). Astable mode works as a oscillator circuit, in
which output oscillate at a particular frequency and generate pulses in rectangular wave form.

b) AM Detector Using PLL

 A PLL may be used to demodulate AM signals as shown in the figure below. The PLL is
locked to the carrier frequency of the incoming AM signal.
 The output of VCO which has the same frequency as the carrier, but un modulated is
fed to the multiplier.

19. a) Series and Shunt Type Voltmeter

• The voltmeter which uses the amplifier for increases their sensitivity is known as the
electronic voltmeter. It is used for measuring the voltages of both the AC and DC devices. The
electronic voltmeter gives the accurate reading because of high input resistance.
• The moving coil voltmeter is not able to detect the low voltages. The electronic voltmeter
overcomes this problem.
• The electronic voltmeter has high input impedance because of which it detects the
signals of very weak strength, hence gives the accurate reading. The high impedance means
the circuit opposes the input supply.
• The electronic voltmeter uses the transistor or vacuum tube. The transistor type voltmeter
(TVM) has resistance because of which it cannot measure the current. And the vacuum
voltmeter (VVM) has low resistance. Hence it is used for measuring the current.
b) block Diagram of CRO
• The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a type of electrical instrument which is used for
showing the measurement and analysis of waveforms and others electronic and electrical
phenomenon.
• It is a very fast X-Y plotter shows the input signal versus another signal or versus time. The
CROs are used to analyze the waveforms, transient, phenomena, and other time-
varying quantities from a very low-frequency range to the radio frequencies.
The main parts of the cathode ray oscilloscope are as follows.
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• Vertical amplifier
• Delay Line
• Trigger circuit
• Time base generator
• Horizontal amplifier

20.a) Testing and Calibration

• Testing can be performed by Several ways,3 Common methods are

1. Scan tests
2. Functional tests
3. Built in Test
• Scan Test: Simulates the points within a chain of circuitry, records of the results and
compares them with expected or calibrated data.
• Functional test: Exercise a subset of all the operations that circuit may generate.
• Built in Test: BIT usually dedicates circuitry for the testing the remainder of the system. It
can Implement the Scan or Functional Tests.

b) (i) Layout
PCB’s are necessary elements in the complex process of developing a functional product. To
achieve a good circuit layout, the following procedures and practices are adopted. they are
1. Component Placement
2. Routing signal traces
3. Grounds, returns, Shielding
4. Connectors
Component Placement: Placing the components in PCB is plays a vital role in avoidance of
wrong connections. After the placement the components may grouped as high current Circuits,
High frequency Circuits, and analog and digital circuits.
Routing signal traces: Proper routing of traces(tracks) increases trance density, minimizing
trace impedance, reduces the effects of noise and crosstalk and EMI.
Grounds, returns, shielding – Proper grounding and Shielding are reducing the effect of noise
and EMI
Connectors – the Mechanical and electrical interface between a PCB and Cable. The metal to
metal contact within connectors raises several concerns as
o contact force and resistance
o Gastight Fit
o Life cycle
o Keying and Polarizing

(ii) Grounding
• The term ground in electrical circuits refers to a current return path through the earth.
• The electrical symbol for earth ground is shown in fig.
• The symbol represents a current return path through the earth to the low potential
(voltage) side of an energy source.
 • Early developers of electrical systems theorized that the earth was an electrically neutral
body, i.e. an equal number of negative and positive charges are distributed throughout the
earth at any given time.
• Being electrically neutral, earth is considered to be at zero potential and establishes a
convenient reference frame for voltage measurements.

Basic Grounding Practices

a. Circuit Grounding
 The ideal " single point ground " concept insures that no ground loops are created. As the
name implies, all circuit grounds are returned to a common point. This concept is shown in
Figure

 it is usually not practical. Even the simplest circuits can have 10 or more grounds, and
connecting them at a common point becomes a physical challenge. The next best thing is a
ground bus.
b. Ground Bus
• Bus bars are available or can be constructed to serve as an adequate substitute for single
point ground.
• The bus bar is simply a heavy wire or copper bar of low resistance which can carry the
maximum sum total of the load current back to the power supply.
The bus can be extended along the length of the circuitry so that convenient connections can
be made at various points. The use of a ground bus is shown in Figure

**************************************************************************************************

Prepared by: M.Selvam/AP/ECS