1.

ABSTRACT

In the day today life the telemedicine applications needs to emerge the accuracy and reliable biosignal
quality indices has increased. ECG monitoring in daily life is an important means of treating heart disease.
To make it easier for the medical to monitor the ECG of their patients outside the hospital, we designed
and developed an ECG monitoring and alarming system based on zigbee. In our system, an ECG

Data, Pulse rate, Heart Beat and Body Temperature are collected and transmitted to the monitoring person
through Zigbee and buzzer alarm is used to indicate at the risk stage. Using this we can achieve a high
accuracy detection.

1
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

The main objective is to design a Patient Monitoring System to diagnose the health condition of the
patients. Giving care and health assistance to the bed ridden patients at critical stages with advanced
medical facilities have become one of the major problems in the modern hectic world. In hospitals where a
large number of patients whose physical conditions have to be monitored frequently as a part of
diagnostic procedure the need for a cost effective and fast responding alert mechanism is inevitable. Proper
implementation of such systems can provide timely warnings to the medical staffs and doctors and their
service can be activated in case of medical emergencies. Present day systems use sensors that are
hardwired to a Patient to the bed. The use of sensors detects the conditions of the patient and the data is
collected and transferred using a microcontroller. Doctors and nurses need to visit the patient frequently to
examine his or her current condition. In addition to this use of multiple microcontroller based intelligent
system provide high level applicability in hospitals where a large number of patients have to be frequently
monitored this here we use the idea of network technology with wireless applicability providing each
patient a unique is by which the doctor can easily identify the patient and his or her current status of health
parameters. Using the proposed system data can be sent wirelessly to the "central Patient Monitoring
System (CPMS) allowing continuous monitoring of the patient. "ontributingaccuracy in measurements and
providing security in proper alert mechanism give this system a higher level of customer satisfaction and
low cost implementation in hospitals. Thus the patient can engage in his daily activities in a comfortable
atmosphere where distractions of hardwired sensors are not present. Physiological monitoring hardware
can be easily implemented using simple interfaces of the sensors with a Microcontroller and can effectively
be used for healthcare monitoring. This will allow development of such low cost devices based on natural
human computer interfaces. The system we proposed here is efficient in monitoring the different physical
parameters of many number bedridden patients and then in alerting the concerned medical authorities if
these parameters bounce above its predefined critical values. Thus remote monitoring and control refers to
a field of industrial automation that is entering a new era with the development of wireless sensing devices.

2
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported
during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile
software. Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication
properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device
components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

Mobile Computing is "taking a computer and all necessary files and software out into the field". Mobile
computing is any type of computing which use Internet or intranet and respective communications links, as
WAN, LAN, WLAN etc. Mobile computers may form a wireless personal network or a piconet.

There are at least three different classes of mobile computing items:

 portable computers, compacted lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily
intended as hosts for software that may be parameterized, as laptops, notebooks, notepads, etc.
 mobile phones including a restricted key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal
communications, as cell phones, smart phones, phone pads, etc.
 wearable computers, mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended as incorporation
of software agents, as watches, wristbands, necklaces, keyless implants, etc.

Many commercial and government field forces deploy a ruggedized portable computer with their fleet of
vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security,
and ergonomics. Rugged computers are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles
and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as
in emergency medical services, fire, and public safety.

3
Other elements affecting function in vehicle:

 Operating temperature: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from -20F to +140F.
Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based
cooling has stated limits of 95F-100F of ambient temperature, and temperatures below freezing require
localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by
the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
 Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such
as HDDs.
 Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
 Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
 High-temperature battery settings: Lithium ion batteries are sensitive to high temperature conditions
for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-
temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
 External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block
wireless reception, and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation
equipment.

4
1.2 Mobile Data Communication

Wireless data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so. Cellular data service uses
technologies such as GSM, CDMA or GPRS, 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000. and
more recently 4G networks such as LTE, LTE-Advanced. These networks are usually available within
range of commercial cell towers. Wi-Fi connections offer higher performance,[11] may be either on a
private business network or accessed through public hotspots, and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors
and up to 1000 feet outdoors. Satellite Internet access covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not
available and may be set up anywhere the user has a line of sight to the satellite's location, which for
satellites in geostationary orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky. Some enterprise
deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and
satellite. When using a mix of networks, a mobile virtual private network (mobile VPN) not only handles
the security concerns, but also performs the multiple network logins automatically and keeps
the application connections alive to prevent crashes or data loss during network transitions or coverage
loss.

1.3 NEED OF HEALTH CARE FOR WORKERS

 Occupational Safety and Health (OS&H) programs currently used in mining sites only consider a
periodical medical examination on a once-per year basis to assess the health condition of the staff.
o This medical evaluation allows to detect risk factors and define the groups that require
medical assistance because of medical illness or labor's disease
o Therefore, it is necessary to develop new mechanisms to improve the occupational safety
and health programs for people working in mining areas.
o Some of the severe environmental conditions related to this working location are: low
oxygen concentration, low temperature, increased radiation and low relative humidity
 These could have several consequences.
 First, hypoxia occurs when the amount of oxygen is not enough to cover basic metabolic functions.

 This produces changes in the vascular and respiratory systems leading to arrhythmia and
hyperventilation.

 These physiological reactions can lead to severe pulmonary edema and other respiratory problems
5
5

6
 6

1.4 AIM

The main aim of this project is to provide a medical monitoring for the user (patient or potential of patient)
at any time, if there is any abnormal change of his/her pulse rate/temperature data and other data.

1.5 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is to maintain record of patient data and to give emergency alert if
required.

1.6 MOTIVATION

The motivation of this project is to monitor the patient's treatment status is to provide details of heart beat
rate, pulse rate and the body temperature at any time.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In transmitter circuit the Heat Beat is measured by ECG sensor, then it is applied to the
microcontroller. The Microcontroller maintains the records of the measured readings. It compares the
measured heart beat with the normal readings and checks it is within the normal range or not. If it is
normal, then it sends the message as normal otherwise it sends abnormal to the specified mobile number.
The time specified for sending message is given by the user.

7
 7

1.8 PROJECT OUTLOOK

The work reported in discusses the implementation issues, and describes the overall system architecture of
a Bluetooth sensor network for patient monitoring. The authors investigate the use of ZigBee and mobile
phones in monitoring elderly patients with diabetes mellitus or heart diseases.

8
 8

CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

G. Venkatesh et al., ‘‘Conservation Cores: Reducing the Energy of Mature Computations,’’ Proc.
15th Int’l Conf. Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ACM
Press, 2010, pp. 205-218.

We are coming into an interesting era for techniques design—one motivated by datacentric processing. A
latest review from the School of San Paul approximated that, cautiously, business server techniques have
prepared and provided more than 9 zettabytes of details in 2008 (where 1 zettabyte ¼ 1021 bytes);1 this
number is estimated to double every two decades. Wal-mart web servers, for example, handle more than 1
million customer dealings every hour, providing data source approximated in several petabytes. High-
performance processing techniques working with the Huge Hadron Collider narrow through approximately
one petabyte of details per second and still produce 15 petabytes a year after several levels of details
selection. Each day, Facebook or myspace functions on nearly 100 terabytes of customer log details and
several hundred terabytes of customer pictures; in the same way, 48 hours of video content is submitted
every minute on YouTube (a six fold increase from four decades ago).2 This vast and growing amount of
details symbolizes both an chance and a task. On one side, the capability to gather and procedure
considerable amounts of new details can drive medical developments, new company procedure
optimizations, and day-to-day developments in our personal lives. Recent data-centric programs for
customized genome sequencing, real-time styles from company statistics, social-network-based
suggestions, and so on illustrate

this potential. But however, this details is also creating a variety of new problems. In particular, the growth
in details produced is outpacing the developments in the cost and solidity of storage technological
innovation. Also, perhaps even more important, our capability to procedure the details to draw out
significant, workable ideas is considerably lagging our capability to gather and store details. Given these
difficulties and possibilities, it is important to reconsider how we design future data-centric techniques.
Simultaneously, technology inflections such as the improved adopting of nonvolatile remembrances, visual

9
9
emails, multicores, and heterogeneous processing all provide a unique chance of an end-to-end upgrade of

data-centric alternatives across both software and components. Here, we talk about latest computer
structure and techniques analysis printed with such redesigns, culling out cross-cutting guidelines across
these tasks that recommend analysis possibilities for the wider community.

2.2 R. Dennard et al., ‘‘Design of Ion-Implanted MOSFET’s with Very Small Physical Dimensions,’’
IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 9, no. 5, 1974, pp. 256-268.

Our analysis concentrates on analogue CMOS routine style with focus on high regularity and high speed
internet tour. With the pattern of program incorporation in mind, we try to create new routine methods that
allow the next steps in program incorporation in nanometer CMOS technological innovation. Our analysis
financing comes from industry, as well as from government companies. We aim to find essential
alternatives for realistic issues of incorporated tour noticed in industrial Rubber technological innovation.
CMOS IC technological innovation is determined by maximum cost and efficiency of digital tour and is
certainly not enhanced for nice analogue actions. As analogue developers, we do not have the impression
of being able to change CMOS technological innovation, so we have to “live with it” and fix the issues by
style. In this article several illustrations will be proven where challenging analogue actions, such as
disturbance and distortions, can be handled with new routine style methods. These routine methods are
designed in such a way that they do benefit from today's technological innovation and thus allow further
incorporation. This way we can enhance various analogue foundations for Wi-Fi, wire-line and visual
interaction.

2.3 J. Sampson et al., ‘‘Efficient Complex Operators for Irregular Codes,’’ Proc. 17th IEEE Int’l
Symp. High Performance Computer Architecture, IEEE Press, 2011, pp. 491-502.

The Complex fat operators are important contributors to the efficiency of specialized hardware. This paper
introduces two new techniques for constructing efficient fat operators featuring up to dozens of operations
with arbitrary and irregular data and memory dependencies. These techniques focus on minimizing critical
path length and load-use delay, which are key concerns for irregular computations. Selective

10
10
Depipelining(SDP) is a pipelining technique that allows fat operators containing several, possibly

dependent, memory operations. SDP allows memory requests to operate at a faster clock rate than the
datapath, saving power in the datapath and improving memory performance. Cachelets are small,
customized, distributed L0 caches embedded in the datapath to reduce load-use latency. We apply these
techniques to Conservation Cores(c-cores) to produce coprocessors that accelerate irregular code regions
while still providing superior energy efficiency. On average, these enhanced c-cores reduce EDP by 2× and
area by 35% relative to c-cores. They are up to 2.5× faster than a general-purpose processor and reduce
energy consumption by up to 8× for a variety of irregular applications including several SPECINT
benchmarks.

2.4 M. Fiore, F. Mininni, C. Casetti, and C.F. Chiasserini, “To Cache or Not to Cache?” Proc. IEEE
INFOCOM, pp. 235-243, 2009.

In this paper we set up essential restrictions to the advantage of system programming with regards to power
and throughput in multi-hop Wi-Fi systems. Thereby we follow two well approved circumstances in the
field individual multicast period and several unicast classes. Most of our results apply to irrelevant Wi-Fi
system and are, in particular, not asymptotic in kind. In conditions of throughput and power preserving we
confirm that the obtain of system programming of only one multicast period is at most a continuous aspect.
Also, we present a lower limited on the expected number of signals of several unicast classes under an
irrelevant system programming. We recognize circumstances for which the system programming obtain for
power preserving becomes amazingly close to 1, in some cases even exactly 1, corresponding to no
advantage at all. Remarkably, we confirm that the obtain of system programming with regards to
transportation potential is surrounded by a continuous aspect _ in any irrelevant Wi-Fi system and for all
conventional route models. This shows that the conventional range on the transportation potential do not
change more than continuous aspect _ if we employ system programming. As a corollary, we find that the
obtain of system programming on the throughput of extensive homogeneous Wi-Fi systems is
asymptotically surrounded by a continuous. Note that our result is more general than the previous work

11
and it is obtained by a different technique. In summary, we show that contrary to wired systems, the system
programming obtain in Wi-Fi systems is restriction by essential restrictions.
11
2.5 Pablo Aqueveque1, Member, , Francisco Saavedra1, Student Member, , Esteban J. Pino1, Senior
Member, Anibal S. Morales2, Member, IEEE and Eduardo Wiechmann1, Senior Member, IEEE,

miners working at high altitude and presented the design and implementation of a continuous

monitoring device to measure the physiological variables of miners at high altitudes (>2,000 m.a.s.l.). The

proposed system includes physiological variables: electrocardiogram, respiratory activity, and body

temperature; and environmental variables: ambient temperature and relative humidity. The non-invasive

sensors of the proposed system are embedded all throughout a T-shirt (first layer of protecting clothing) to

achieve a functional device and maximum comfort for the users. The device is able to continuously

calculate heart and respiration rate, and establish a wireless data transmission to a central monitoring

station.

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 12
2.6 Assilian-Mahabadi Hassan1, Jafari Mohammad Javad2, Gholami Abdollah3, Teimori Gholam
Heidar4*, Khodakarim Soheila5

the level of heat stress indices and by measuring physiological Parameters among mine workers and

comparing the appropriateness of these indices for measuring heat stress in an iron ore open pit mine. This

cross-sectional study was conducted during summer 2014 on one hundred and twenty male mineworker.

Tympanic temperature was measured using a digital thermometer (model FT70) and Heart rate was

measured using a digital Emsig device (model BO26). The Physiological strain index was calculated using

a standard formula. All environmental and physiological parameters were simultaneously measured and

recorded during rest and work. Heat indices were calculated using the related formula. Moreover, the

participants completed the Heat Strain Score Index questionnaire. The mean Wet Bulb Globe Temperature

index in work state was 30.76 ± 1.56°C, the mean Environmental stress index 29.23 ± 1.26°C, the mean

Modified discomfort index 27.75 ± 1.23°C and the mean risk level of Heat Strain Score Index 19.38 ±

4.04. A statistically significant correlation was found between heat stress indices and physiological indices

(P<0.01). According to the results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient test, the correlations between

Physiological strain index and the indices of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, Environmental stress index,

Modified discomfort index, and Heat Strain Score Index were 0.658, 0.612, 0.614, and 0.417, respectively.

Environmental stress index had the highest correlation with the deep body temperature. Moreover, the

highest correlation was observed between Wet Bulb Globe Temperature and heart rate and Physiological

strain index. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature showed a better correlation with physiological

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 13

CHAPTER 3

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

In the existing system, even though we are using ECG sensor we require manpower for observing the
graphical representation of heart condition and abnormality indication whenever the abnormality condition
is detected. Due to this we require the individual person for every patient. This is the disadvantage of
existing system.
n design of wireless sensor communication device the first constraint is the selection of a ZigBee
and Arduino Uno that can interface with furtherand sensor can test the patient‟s body with the
lowest power. Once a communication is done transmitter ZigBee transmits the data and receiver
ZigBee receives the data. The devices used are low-cost and are effort less to use by the patient
[6]. All the components used in these circuits are low powered and inexpensive. The overall
proposed block diagram of the model is as shown in fig. 1.This module has wireless communication
device and sensor devices like ECG (AD8232) sensor[7]and blood pressure sensor. Both sensors
are connected to ZigBee via Arduino board. This paper reports the implementation of ECG signal
tracking system and this system recognizes the ECG signals in real-time. In general, heart disease can
be identified as unusual heart rate, whereas, normal resting condition range from 60 to 101 beats per
minute and ECG signal characterises a beat detection and other features [8]. It considers basic reliable
ECG device is a crucial portable device and will be extensively used in the expectation for early
finding cardiovascular disease [9]. The main operation of a blood pressure sensor is the
determination of a person‟s blood flow. Blood movement isthe blood capacity that moves along
any tissue in a decided interval of time in sequence to show tissue oxygen and nutrients transported in
blood [10].This system is able to acquire and show the patient‟s real time electrocardiogram (ECG)
data [11] and also blood pressure. Patient data received from this system can be further used for analysis
of irregular heart rate and new clinical applications. System hardware comprises of an electrode, as
a part of signal input, signal conditioning components for manipulating signal, the microcontroller
unit to execute signal processing and wireless communication module. Blood pressure tracking action

14
is built on the oscillo metric method [12]. This technique gives the pulse taken during calculation; an
occluding cuff is put on the left arm and is interfaced to an air pump and a pressure sensor [13].
14
The air will be pumped into the cuff to be around 20 mmHg above average systolic pressure
(about 120 mmHg for an average) systolic value is extended and then the cuff is steadily collapse. As
the cuff collapse, when systolic force value near, pulse start too visible. These pulses represent the
force changes because of heart ventricle contraction and can be used to measure the heart beat, pulses
increase in amplitude until mean arterial force is extended, then reduces until they vanish.

Block Diagram of Existing System

The working and design of building wireless communication in health monitoring system is shown in
this paper. Here ECG and blood pressure sensors are used to group bioelectric record from patients.
The data is then transmitted to the coordinator using ZigBee standard, where it can be observed
by the doctors and other medical staff. The developed system is also able of improving the battery
life by reducing power consumption during the transmission.

3.2 DISADVANTAGES

 Time consuming is high because of travelling to go to the concern hospital

 Unnecessary roaming for patient entering to the concern hospital.

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Wireless sensor networks are used to structure home-care system in many researches. Wireless sensor
networks application for physiological signals communication transmission has many technologies such as
the Infrared, Bluetooth and ZigBee, etc. because the angle limit problem of the infrared transmission, and
the infrared have not be used for Physiological signal transmission. Although Bluetooth is better than
ZigBee for transmission rate, but ZigBee has lower power consumption. Hence, ZigBee is generally used
for 24 hours monitor of communication transmission systems.

Compared to Bluetooth, ZigBee provides higher network flexibility and a larger number of nodes, and a
better transmission range with low power consumption. Large number of nodes enables the expansion of
such systems recently, ZigBee - based wireless networks were tested in various applications.

The proposed patient monitoring system would be beneficial for medical practitioners to do proper and
better treatment; also it would be useful for health care providers to improve disease management.

The patient is monitored from ICU and the data transferred to the PC is wired. Recent work includes using
Bluetooth technology coupled with the GSM technology to report signs to PDAs held by the patient or his
doctor. Monitoring based on ultra wideband-based personal area networks.

In the proposed system, patient’s parameters such as ECG, Temperature and Heart Beat will be
continuously transmitted and monitored through wireless technology Zigbee .This system is convenient
and efficient in nature and has no influence on patients' daily life, so it increases interaction between
patient and doctor which made surveillance has real instantaneity. And it ultimately prevents heart disease
and avoids unexpected tragedy practically. A ZigBee node is connected to every patient monitor system
that consumes very low power and is extremely small in size. These are specifically designed for low
power consumption, with minimal circuit components intended for small packet, long distance range
applications and typically consist of a low power processor with minimal resources and interface
capabilities. They also have a conservative transceiver that is capable of transmitting 8 bytes of data at a

16
time and has a moderate transmitting range of about 130 m. Therefore, WPANs seem to be a perfect fit for
remote patient monitoring.

16

To improve the accuracy and to increase the efficiency of the above processes a real time patient health
monitoring system based on Wireless Sensor Network

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

17
HARDWARE IMAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

18
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE DETAILS

5.1.1 ECG SENSOR

ECG is primarily a tool for examination of cardiac diseases. An ECG sensing device commonly consists of
a group of electrodes to detect electrical events of a heart. The ECG is the electrical manifestation of the
contractile activity of the heart, and can be recorded fairly easily with surface electrodes on the limbs or
chest.

The rhythm of the heart in terms of beats per minute (BPM) may be easily estimated by counting the
readily identifiable waves.

The amplifier takes the input from 3 electrodes which are connected to the patient. In a conventional 12
lead ECG, ten electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the surface of the chest. The overall
magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured from twelve different angles ("leads") and is
recorded over a period of time (usually 10 seconds).

In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical depolarization is captured at each
moment throughout the cardiac cycle.

The graph of voltage versus time produced by this non-invasive medical procedure is referred to as an
electrocardiogram (abbreviated ECG or EKG).

As a non-invasive yet most valuable diagnostic tool, the 12-lead ECG records the heart's electrical activity
as waveforms.

When interpreted accurately, an ECG can detect and monitor a host of heart conditions - from arrhythmias
to coronary heart disease to electrolyte imbalance.

Since the first telecardiogram recorded in 1903, huge strides have been made in the recording and
interpretation of ECG. Today, the 12-Lead ECG remains a standard diagnostic tool among paramedics,
EMTs, and hospital staff.

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A 12-lead ECG paints a complete picture of the heart's electrical activity by recording information through
12 different perspectives. Think of it as 12 different points of view of an object woven together to create a
cohesive story - the ECG interpretation.

These 12 views are collected by placing electrodes or small, sticky patches on thechest (precordial), wrists,
and ankles. These electrodes are connected to

a machine that registers the heart's electrical activity.

WHO SHOULD HAVE A 12-LEAD ECG

The main purpose of the 12-lead ECG is to screen patients for possible cardiac ischemia. It helps EMS and
hospital staff to quickly identify patients who have STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction or in other
words, heart attack) and perform appropriate medical intervention based on initial readings.

CHEST (PRECORDIAL) ELECTRODES AND PLACEMENT

» V1 - Fourth intercostal space on the right sternum
» V2 - Fourth intercostal space at the left sternum
» V3 - Midway between placement of V2 and V4
» V4 - Fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line
» V5 - Anterior axillary line on the same horizontal level as V4
» V6 - Mid-axillary line on the same horizontal level as V4 and V5

LIMB (EXTREMITY) ELECTRODES AND PLACEMENT

» RA (Right Arm) - Anywhere between the right shoulder and right elbow
» RL (Right Leg) - Anywhere below the right torso and above the right ankle
» LA(Left Arm) - Anywhere between the left shoulder and the left elbow
» LL (Left Leg) - Anywhere below the left torso and above the left ankle

12 LEAD GROUPS

A lead is a glimpse of the electrical activity of the heart from a particular angle.
Put simply, a lead is like a perspective. In 12-lead ECG, there are 10 electrodes providing 12 perspectives
of the heart's activity using different angles through two electrical planes - vertical and horizontal planes.

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VERTICAL PLANE (FRONTAL LEADS):

By using 4 limb electrodes, you get 6 frontal leads that provide information about the heart's vertical plane:

 Lead I
 Lead II
 Lead III
 Augmented Vector Right (aVR)
 Augmented Vector Left (aVL)
 Augmented vector foot (aVF)

Leads I, II, and III require a negative and positive electrode (bipolarity) for monitoring. On the other hand,
the augmented leads-aVR, aVL, and aVF-are unipolar and requires only a positive electrode for
monitoring.

ELECTRODE APPLICATION

Exact placement of each electrode on the patient is important. Incorrect placement can lead to false or
misleading diagnosis.

Make sure the electrode conducting gel is fresh and adequately moist. A dry electrode with inadequate gel
reduces the conduction of the ECG signal.

 Often, electrode gel dry-out is a result of incorrect storage. Store electrodes as instructed by
manufacturer and do not remove from their pouch until they're ready for use.
 Do not place electrodes on skin over bones, incisions, irritated skin, and body parts where there is
lots of possible muscle movement.
 Use electrodes of the same brand. Using different brands with dissimilar composition can hinder an
accurate ECG trace.

ECG VARIATIONS

Apart from the standard 12-lead ECG, other variants include:

3-LEAD ECG
A 3-Lead ECG uses 3 electrodes that are labeled white, black, and red. These colors are not universal as two

21
coloring standards exist for the ECG (discussed below). These 3 leads monitor rhythm monitoring but doesn't reveal
sufficient information on ST elevation activity.

5-LEAD ECG

A 5-Lead ECG uses 4 limb leads and 1 chest lead. It helps improve ST elevation readings but it's still
inferior to the 12-lead ECG.

5.1.2 HEART BEAT SENSOR

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heart beat when a finger is placed inside it. This
digital output can be connected to ARDUINO directly to measure the Beats per Minute (BPM) rate. It
works on the principle of light w through finger each pulse.ICLM358 is used for this sensor. Its dual
low power operational amplifier consists of a super bright red LED and light detector.

One will act as amplifier and another will be used as a comparator. LED needs to be super bright as
the light must pass through finger and detected at other end. When heart pumps a pulse of blood through
blood vessels, finger becomes slightly more opaque so less light reaches the detector. With each heart
pulse, the detector signal varies which is converted to electrical pulse. The Heart Beat Sensor provides a
simple way to study the heart's function.

22
The LED and LDR are mounted in a spring loaded device that can be clipped into the fingertip. The light
emitted by the LED is diffusely scattered through the fingertip tissue. An LDR or photo sensor positioned
on the surface of the skin on the opposite side can measure light transmitted through it.

Light is absorbed well in blood and weakly absorbed in tissue. Any changes in blood volume will be
registered since increasing (or decreasing) volume will cause more or less absorption. Assuming the
subject does not move the level of absorption of the tissue and non-pulsating fluids remains same.

The AD8232 from Analog Devices is a dedicated single lead heart rate monitor front end integrated
circuit. The AD8232 is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG and other biopotential
measurement applications. It is designed to extract, amplify, and filter small biopotential signals in the
presence of noisy conditions, such as those created by motion or remote electrode placement.

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5.1.3 TEMPERATURE SENSOR- SWITCHING DIODE

The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived switching
diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. Its name follows the JEDEC nomenclature.
The 1N4148 is useful in switching applications up to about 100 MHz with a reverse-recovery time of no
more than 4 ns. The 1N4148 comes in a DO-35 glass package for through-hole mounting. This is useful for
breadboarding of circuits. A surface mount device, 1N4148WS, is available in a plastic SOD package. A
change in the temperature above or below the threshold causes the diode to change states causing LEDs to
glow.

As the most common mass-produced switching diode, the 1N4148 replaced the older 1N914. They differ
mainly in their leakage current specification at 25°C: 25 nA @ -20V vs. 5 µA @ -75V with maximum
leakage for both at 150°C to be 50 µA @ -20V.

5.1.4 LM35

The LM35 does not need any exterior calibration and maintains an exactness of
+/-0.4°C at room temperature and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to +100°C.One more
significant characteristic of this sensor is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and
acquires a low self-heating capacity. The LM35 temperature sensor available in many
different packages like T0-46 metal can transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like
package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

LM35 Temperature Sensor which is a semiconductor based sensor. LM35 is an

integrated analog temperature sensor whose electrical output is proportional to Degree
Centigrade LM35 Sensor does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.The LM35 series are
precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional
to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in ˚ Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not
require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4˚C at room
temperature and ±3⁄4˚C over a full −55 to +150˚C temperature range. Low cost is assured by

24
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and
precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It
can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA
from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1˚C in still air. The LM35 is rated to
operate over a −55˚ to +150˚C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40˚ to +110˚C
range (−10˚ with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-
92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline
package and a plastic TO-220 package. Calibrated Directly in Celsius (Centigrade)

Features
Linear + 10-mV/°C Scale Factor.
0.5°C Ensured Accuracy (at 25°C)
Rated for Full −55°C to 150°C Range.
Suitable for Remote Applications.
Low-Cost Due to Wafer-Level Trimming.
Operates From 4 V to 30 V.
Less Than 60-µA Current Drain

25
26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

27
The interfacing of temperature sensor along with the microcontroller and ADC is quite similar to
that of gas sensor. The ADC and 8051 interface remains unchanged where as in the case of
LM35 varies. The temperature sensor consists of 3pins among them the VCC is given with a
supply of 5V, GND is connected to the 7th and 8th pins of ADC, finally the 3rd pin that is the
analog input pin is connected to the 6th pin of the ADC respectively.

5.1.5 BMP 180 RESPIRATORY SENSOR

BMP 180 atmospheric pressure sensor is a such type of sensor which is mainly used for measuring

atmospheric pressure or biometric pressure. If we talk about pressure, then pressure is a force that effect on
per unit area .The unit, which is commonly used for pressure is pound per square inch means when one
pound force presses one square inch area then this pressure is called one psi. The SI unit of pressure is
newton per square meter which is called one pascal (Pa).

Atmospheric pressure is basically the force, whose effect is existed on all the surrounding things. Means,
the weight of gases in atmosphere creates the atmospheric pressure.

28
 Atmospheric pressure sensor is a such type of sensor which is mainly used for measuring atmospheric
pressure or biometric pressure. If we talk about pressure, then pressure is a force that effect on per unit area
.The unit, which is commonly used for pressure is pound per square inch means when one pound force
presses one square inch area then this pressure is called one psi. The SI unit of pressure is newton per
square meter which is called one pascal (Pa). There are so many situations when we measure the pressure
but here we are only interested in atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is basically the force, whose
effect is existed on all the surrounding things. Means, the weight of gases in atmosphere creates the
atmospheric pressure.

For measuring the pressure of these gases atmospheric pressure sensor is used. It is a high precision low
cost sensing solution and especially designed for consumer applications such as weather forecast, sports
devices ,GPS, computer peripherals, indoor navigation, hobby projects and vertical velocity indication etc.
It can also be used as an altimeter because pressure is changed with altitude. It is easy to use and easy to
solder on printed circuit board(PCB) as well as it has small size and consume less power. If it used as a
temperature sensor then it is prefect sensor. It is easily available on market or online shop. A simple BMP
180 atmospheric pressure sensor

The working principle of this atmospheric pressure sensor is very simple it works on the base of air
weight. Because our surrounding air has a certain weight and this weight has specific pressure.SO, this
pressure is sensed by BMP 180 atmospheric pressure sensor. Which is actually consists of four basic
components, fist one is piezo resistive sensor, second one is analogue to digital converter, third one is
control unit with E2PROM and fourth one is 12C serial interface. When the air weight or pressure is
changed then the resistance of piezo resistive sensor is changed. Because this change value is an analogue
value therefore this value is converted to digital value through analogue to digital converter. Then this
value is control through control unit and eventually it is sent towards any type of controller with the help of
12C serial interface.

20
 5.1.6 GAS SENSOR

The MQ6 (LPG Gas Sensor) is a simple-to-use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor. It can
be used in gas leakage detecting equipment in consumer and industry applications,this sensor is suitable for
detecting LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG. Avoid the noise of alcohol, cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.
The sensitivity can be adjusted by the potentiometer.

This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast response time. The sensor’s output is an analog resistance. The
drive circuit is very simple; all you need to do is power the heater coil with 5V, add a load resistance, and
connect the output to an ADC.

Features

 Operating Voltage is +5V

 Can be used to detect LPG or Butane gas
 Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
 Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
 Preheat duration 20 seconds
 Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer

29
21
FEATURES

 Wide detecting scope

 Stable and long life

 Fast response and High sensitivity

5.1.7 ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER

Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the program code and program data
have separate memory. It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory.The code is
stored in the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The Atmega328 has
32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM
and 1 KB of EEPROM and operates with a clock speed of 16MHz.

22
23
 Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size
and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output
devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.
Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be
powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply (like this) that is
terminated in a barrel jack

The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on how to
program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino tutorial.Pins (5V, 3.3V,
GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit (probably in
conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to
just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is
labeled on the board and used for different functions.

GND: Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.5V & 3.3V As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin
supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or
3.3 volts.

Analog The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are Analog In
pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a
digital value that we can read.

Digital Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins can
be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).

24
 PWM: You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on
the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width
Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for now, think of these pins as being able to simulate
analog output (like fading an LED in and out).

AREF : Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It is sometimes used
to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

25
Pin-40: Named as VCC is the main power source. Usually its +5V DC.

Pins 32-39: Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) – In addition to serving as I/O port, lower order
address and data bus signals are multiplexed with this port (to serve the purpose of external
memory interfacing). This is a bi directional I/O port (the only one in 8051) and external
pull up resistors are required to function this port as I/O.

26
Pin-30:- EA/ External Access input is used to enable or disallow external memory
interfacing. If there is no external memory requirement, this pin is pulled high by
connecting it to VCC.

Pin- 29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable is used to read signal from external program
memory.

Pins- 21-28:- Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) – in addition to serving as I/O port, higher order
address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port.

Pin 20:- Named as VSS – it represents ground (0 V) connection.

Pins 10 – 17:- Known as Port 3. This port also serves some other functions like interrupts,
timer input, control signals for external memory interfacing RD and WR , serial
communication signals RxD and TxD etc. This is a quasi bi directional port with internal pull
up.

Pin 9:- As explained before RESET pin is used to set the 8051 microcontroller to its
initial values, while the microcontroller is working or at the initial start of application. The
RESET pin must be set high for 2 machine cycles.

Pins 1 – 8:- Known as Port 1. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve any other
functions. Port 1 is an internally pulled up, quasi bi directional I/O port.

5.1.8 LCD DISPLAY

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is widely used in various electronics’ applications. It is commonly
used in various systems to show different status and parameters. LCD16x2 has 2 lines with 16
characters in each line. Each character is made up of 5x8 (column x row) pixel matrix.

4-BIT AND 8-BIT MODE OF LCD

The LCD can work in two different modes, namely the 4-bit mode and the 8-bit mode. In 4 bit
mode we send the data nibble by nibble, first upper nibble and then lower nibble. For those of
you who don’t know what a nibble is: a nibble is a group of four bits, so the lower four bits (D0-
D3) of a byte form the lower nibble while the upper four bits (D4-D7) of a byte form the higher
nibble. This enables us to send 8 bit data.
Whereas in 8 bit mode we can send the 8-bit data directly in one stroke since we use all the 8
data lines.

27
Now you must have guessed it, Yes 8-bit mode is faster and flawless than 4-bit mode. But the
major drawback is that it needs 8 data lines connected to the microcontroller. This will make us
run out of I/O pins on our MCU, so 4-bit mode is widely used. No control pins are used to set
these modes. It's just the way of programming that change.

READ AND WRITE MODE OF LCD:

As said, the LCD itself consists of an Interface IC. The MCU can either read or write to this
interface IC. Most of the times we will be just writing to the IC, since reading will make it more
complex and such scenarios are very rare. Information like position of cursor, status completion
interrupts etc. can be read if required, but it is out of the scope of this tutorial.
The Interface IC present in most of the LCD is HD44780U, in order to program our LCD we
should learn the complete datasheet of the IC.

First two pins of LCD16x2 are used for ground and supply (+5 V).

PIN 3 - VEE PIN

This pin is used for adjusting the contrast of the display. Voltage on this pin defines contrast on
display, lower the voltage, higher the contrast. We can connect 4.7 k pot for contrast adjustment
or simply connect this pin to ground to get maximum contrast.

Pin 4 –RS: Register Select pin

RS = 0: Data on the D0 to D7 pins is considered as a command.

RS = 1: Data on the D0 to D7 pins is considered as data to display on LCD16x2.

Pin 5 – RW: Read / Write pin

28
 RW = 0: Write data to the LCD

RW = 1: Read data from the LCD

Pin 6 –E: Enable

This pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins D0 to D7. High to low pulse with a
minimum width of 450 ns is required to latch the data to the display.

Pins 7:14 - DATA pins D0 to D7

Data pins are used to send data/command to the LCD16x2 as parallel 8 data bits.

Pin 15:16 - LED + and LED -

Liquid Crystal Displays don’t have their own light like seven segment displays. Therefore, the
module has a backlight LED. Supply to this LED is provided through these pins.

5.1.9 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration
that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating-current (AC) input
into a direct-current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier
provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as
compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary
winding.
The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of
the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit was invented by Polish electrotechnician Karol
Pollak and patented in December 1895 in Great Britain and in January 1896 in Germany. In
1897, the German physicist Leo Graetz independently invented and published a similar
circuit. Today the circuit is still often referred to as a Graetz circuit or Graetz bridge.
Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from "discrete
components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component
containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial
component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.
Diodes are also used in bridge topologies along with capacitors as voltage multipliers.

29
CURRENT FLOW

According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established by Benjamin

Franklin and still followed by most engineers today[8]), current flows through electrical
conductors from the positive to the negative pole (defined as "positive flow"). In actuality, free
electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast
majority of applications, however, the actualdirection of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in
the discussion below the conventional model is retained.

The fundamental characteristic of a diode is that current can flow only one way through it, which
is defined as the forward direction. A diode bridge uses diodes as series components to allow
current to pass in the forward direction during the positive part of the AC cycle and as shunt
components to redirect current flowing in the reverse direction during the negative part of the
AC cycle to the opposite rails.

RECTIFIER

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive,
and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply
terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output and returns to the lower supply
terminal through the blue (negative) path.

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right
corner is positive, current flows from the lowersupply terminal to the right along

30
the red (positive) path to the output and returns to the upper supply terminal through
the blue (negative) path.

In each case, the upper right output remains positive, and lower right output negative. Since this
is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC
input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse-polarity protection". That is, it
permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed
backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and protects
the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.
Alternatives to the diode-bridge full-wave rectifiers are the center-tapped transformer and
double-diode rectifier, and voltage doubler rectifier using two diodes and two capacitors in a
bridge topology.

31
5.1.10 SMOOTHING

the output of a diode bridge (called a full-wave rectifier for this purpose; there is also half-wave
rectification, which does not use a diode bridge) is polarized pulsating non-sinusoidalvoltage of
the same amplitude but twice the frequency of the input. It may be considered as DC voltage
upon which is superimposed a very large ripple voltage. This kind of electric power is not very
usable, because ripple is dissipated as waste heat in DC circuit components and may cause noise
or distortion during circuit operation. So nearly all rectifiers are followed by a series
of bandpass or bandstop filters and/or a voltage regulator to convert most or all of the ripple
voltage into a smoother and possibly higher DC output. A filter may be as simple as a single
sufficiently large capacitor or choke, but most power-supply filters have multiple alternating
series and shunt components. When the ripple voltage rises, reactive power is stored in the filter
components, reducing the voltage; when the ripple voltage falls, reactive power is discharged
from the filter components, raising the voltage. The final stage of rectification may consist of
a zener diode-based voltage regulator, which almost completely eliminates any residual ripple.

AC, half-wave and full-wave rectified signals.

32
 OTHER MODULES

Single Phase Step Down Transformer

Used to step down the current ratings and input voltage, and it gives low voltage and current
output.

12V AC.

The advantages of Step Down Transformers are as follows:

 Useful in stepping down the voltage, thereby making transmission power easier and cheaper
 More than 99% of efficiency
 Provides varied voltage requirements
 Low Cost
 High Reliability
 High Durability

5.1.11 ZIGBEE

ZigBee is a IEEE 802.15.4 based specification for a suite of high level communication protocols
used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios. The technology

33
defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other
wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic
management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipments that require short-range
low-rate wireless data transfer. Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–
100 meters line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. ZigBee
devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh network of
intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. ZigBee is typically used in low data rate
applications that require long battery life and secure networking (ZigBee networks are secured
by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.)

ZigBee has a defined rate of 250kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data transmissions from a
sensor or input device. ZigBee was conceived in 1998, standardized in 2003, and revised in
2006. The name refers to the waggle dance of honey bees after their return to the beehive. The
information sent by the Zigbee Module is received wirelessly by the other Zigbee Module at the
receiver section. ARDUINO will match the limit predefined in the code of the microcontroller. If
a mismatch occurs, that is if the collected data is more than the limit defined than alert signals
are issued.

Alert signals are issued in the form of SMS on doctors mobile to alert him so that he can provide
cure on time.

Zigbee Module

34
ZIGBEE FIGURE

Zigbee system structure consists of three different types of devices such as

Zigbee coordinator, Router and End device. Every Zigbee network must consist of
at least one coordinator which acts as a root and bridge of the network. The
coordinator is responsible for handling and storing the information while
performing receiving and transmitting data operations. Zigbee routers act as
intermediary devices that permit data to pass to and fro through them to other
devices. End devices have limited functionality to communicate with the parent
nodes such that the battery power is saved as shown in the figure. The number of
routers, coordinators and end devices depends on the type of network such as star,
tree and mesh networks.

Zigbee protocol architecture consists of a stack of various layers where is

defined by physical and MAC layers while this protocol is completed by
accumulating Zigbee’s own network and application layers.

The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler

and less expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such
as Bluetooth or more general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi. Applications include
wireless light switches, home energy monitors, traffic management systems, and other
consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range low-rate wireless data
transfer.

Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters

line- of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Zigbee
devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh
network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. Zigbee is typically
used in low data rate applications that require long battery life and securen
networking (Zigbee network are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.)
Zigbee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data
transmissions from a sensor or input device.

Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard targeted

35
 at battery-powered devices in wireless control and monitoring applications. Zigbee
delivers low-latency communication. Zigbee chips are typically integrated with
radios and with microcontrollers. Zigbee operates in the industrial, scientific and
medical (ISM) radio bands: 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide; though some
devices also use 784 MHz in China, 868 MHz in Europe and 915 MHz in the USA and
Australia, however even those regions and countries still use 2.4 GHz for most
commercial Zigbee devices for home use. Data rates vary from 20 kbit/s (868 MHz
band) to 250 kbit/s (2.4 GHz band).

Zigbee builds on the physical layer and media access control defined for low-
rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The specification includes four
additional key components: network layer, application layer, Zigbee Device Objects
(ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects. ZDOs are responsible for
some tasks, including keeping track of device roles, managing requests to join a
network, as well as device discovery and security.

The Zigbee network layer natively supports both star and tree networks, and
generic mesh networking. Every network must have one coordinator device. Within
star networks, the coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and meshes allow
the use of Zigbee routers to extend communication at the network level. Another
defining feature of Zigbee is facilities for carrying out secure communications,
protecting establishment and transport of cryptographic keys, cyphering frames, and
controlling device.

Zigbee protocols are intended for embedded applications requiring low power
consumption and tolerating low data rates. Zigbee is not for situations with high
mobility among nodes. Hence, it is not suitable for tactical ad hoc radio networks in
the battlefield, where high data rate and high mobility is present and needed. The
resulting network will use very small amounts of power—individual devices must
have a battery life of at least two years to pass Zigbee certification

Wireless sensor networks—Starting with individual sensors like Telosb/Tmote

and Iris from Memsic

36
  Industrial control

 Embedded sensing

 Medical data collection

 Smoke and intruder warning

 Building automation

 Remote wireless microphone configuration, in Shure Wireless Microphone

Systems.

ZIGBEE OPERATING MODES

Zigbee two way data is transferred in two modes: Non-beacon mode and
Beacon mode. In a beacon mode, the coordinators and routers continuously
monitor active state of incoming data hence more power is consumed. In this mode,
the routers and coordinators do not sleep because at any time any node can wake up and
communicate. However, it requires more power supply and its overall power
consumption is low because most of the devices are in an inactive state for over long
periods in the network.

In a beacon mode, when there is no data communication from end devices, then
the routers and coordinators enter into sleep state. Periodically this coordinator
wakes up and transmits the beacons to the routers in the network. These beacon
networks are work for time slots.

X which means, they operate when the communication needed results in lower
duty cycles and longer battery usage. These beacon and non-beacon modes of Zigbee
can manage periodic (sensors data), intermittent (Light switches) and repetitive data
types.

37
1. Physical Layer: This is the lowest protocol layer, and is responsible for controlling and
activating the radio transceiver, and also for selecting the channel frequency and monitoring
the channel. It is also responsible for communication with the radio devices. Communication
of data or commands is done using Packets. Each PHY Packet consists of a Synchronization
Header (SHR)(responsible for receiver synchronization), Physical Header (PHR)(contains
information about Frame length) and PHY payload (provided by upper layers as a frame and
includes data or command).
2. Medium Access Control or MAC Layer: It acts as an interface between the Physical layer and
the Network layers. It is responsible for generation of Beacons and synchronization of devices
in the Beacon enabled network. A MAC frame can be a Beacon Frame (used by Coordinator
to transmit Beacons), Data Frame, Acknowledge Frame or a Command Frame. It consists of a
MAC Header (contains information about security and addressing), Variable length size
MAC Payload (contains data or command) and a MAC Footer (contains 16 bit Frame check
sequence for data verification).
3. Network Layer: This layer connects the Application layer with the MAC layer. It manages the
network formation and routing. It establishes a new network and selects the network
topology. The NWK frame consists of the NWK Header and NWK Payload. The Header
contains information regarding network level addressing and control. The NWK Payload
contains the Application sublayer frame.

38
4. Application Support Sub Layer: It provides a set of services through two entities –
Application SupportData Entity and Application Support Management Entity, to the
application and network layers. These entities are accessed through their respective Service
Access Points (SAP)
5. Application Layer: This is the highest layer in the network and is responsible for hosting the
application objects which holds user applications and ZigBee Device Objects (ZDOs). A
single ZigBee device can contain up to 240 application objects which control and manage the
protocol layers. Each application object can consist of one application profile or program,
developed by the user or the ZigBee alliance. The application profile is responsible for
transmission and reception of data in the network. The type of devices and function of each
device is defined in an application profile. The ZigBee Device Objects act as a interface
between application objects, device profiles and the Application sub layer.
ZigBee Network supports many types of topologies, the popular one being – star and peer
to peer topologies. Each network topology consists of three types of nodes – ZigBee
Coordinator, ZigBee Router and ZigBee End Device. The Coordinator performs the task of
allocating unique address to each device in the network, initiates and transfers messages in the
network and selects a unique identifier for the network. ZigBee devices are of two types –Full
Function Device (FFD) and Reduced Function Device (RFD)

In a Star Topology, the Coordinator is the central device which initiates and manages devices
within the network. Each coordinator selects a unique identifier, which is not used by any other
network within its region of influence. Each End Device communicates with the Coordinator.
The end devices are generally RFDs which can only communicate with the Coordinator or the
FFD.
In Peer to Peer Topology, each end device can communicate with one another placed in its
vicinity. The devices are FFDs which can communicate directly with each other. However, this
type of topology can contain a RFD which communicates with only one device in the network. A
Peer to Peer Topology can be a Mesh topology or a Tree Topology.

5.1.12 LM7805
IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the output voltage to 5V output for various
ranges of input voltage. It acts as an excellent component against input voltage fluctuations for
circuits, and adds an additional safety to your circuitry. It is inexpensive, easily available and
very much commonly used. With few capacitors and this IC you can build pretty solid and

39
reliable voltage regulator in no time. A circuit diagram with pinout is given. It also comes with
provision to add heatsink.

The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V. It can provide a constant
steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input till the threshold limit of 35V. If the input
voltage is near to 7.2V to 12V then it does not produce any heat and hence no need of heatsink.
Higher the input volts - the more it gets heated up, and excess electricity is liberated as heat from
7805. Hence the provision of heatsink. IC7805 also comes as smaller SMD component as well.

IC 7805 is a series of 78XX voltage regulators. It’s a standard, from the name the last two digits
05 denotes the amount of voltage that it regulates. Hence a 7805 would regulate 5v and 7806
would regulate 6V and so on.

The schematic given below shows how to use a 7805 IC, there are 3 pins in IC 7805, pin 1 takes
the input voltage and pin 3 produces the output voltage. The GND of both input and out are
given to pin 2.

40
5.2 SOFTWARE DETAILS

5.2.1 ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.

These systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various
expansion boards ("shields") and other circuits.

The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some models, for
loading programs from personal computers. For programming the micro-controllers, the Arduino
platform provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the Processing project,
which includes supports C,C++,Java Programming languages.

AURDINO BOARD

POWER USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to do
is connect the USB cable to the USB connection.

POWER (BARREL JACK)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack.

5.15 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

41
The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

ARDUINO RESET
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset
the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can
connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET .

PINS (3.3, 5, GND, VIN)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.

ANALOG PINS
 The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

MAIN MICROCONTROLLER
 Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to
board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC

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 your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you
can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP PIN
 Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of
MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial
Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually,
you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

POWER LED INDICATOR

 This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that
your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something
wrong with the connection.

TX AND RX LEDS
 On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins
responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes
with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud
rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

DIGITAL I/O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic
values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The
pins labeled “~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

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 ATMEGA328

ATmega 328 has 1KB Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM).
This property shows if the electric supply supplied to the micro-controller is removed, even then
it can store the data and can provide results after providing it with the electric supply. Moreover,
ATmega-328 has 2KB Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). Other characteristics will be
explained later. ATmega 328 has several different features which make it the most popular
device in today’s market. These features consist of advanced RISC architecture, good
performance, low power consumption, real timer counter having separate oscillator, 6 PWM
pins, programmable Serial USART, programming lock for software security, throughput up to 20
MIPS etc. ATmega-328 is mostly used in Arduino. The further details about ATmega 328 will
be given later in this section.

 ATmega328 is an 8-bit and 28 Pins AVR Microcontroller, manufactured by Microchip,

follows RISC Architecure and has a flash type program memory of 32KB.

 It has an EEPROM memory of 1KB and its SRAM memory is of 2KB.

 It has 8 Pin for ADC operations, which all combines to form PortA ( PA0 – PA7 ).

 It also has 3 builtin Timers, two of them are 8 Bit timers while the third one is 16-Bit Timer.

 You must have heard of Arduino UNO, UNO is based on atmega328 Microcontroller. It’s

UNO’s heart.

 it operates ranging from 3.3v to 5.5v but normally we use 5v as a standard.

 its excellent features include the cost efficiency, low power dissipation, programming lock for
security purposes, real timer counter with separate oscillator.

 it’s normally used applications. you should have a look at these real life examples of
embedded systems, we can design all of them using this microcontroller.

 a complete package including atmega 328 and arduino can be used in several different
real life applications.

 it can also be used in robotics.

 quad-copter and even small aero-plane can also be designed through it.

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  power monitoring and management systems can also be prepared using this device.

 i have designed this home security system using arduino, you should have a look at it.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

In this health monitoring system, we are going to use different kinds of software to interface with
all the hardware connected in circuit.

To program Arduino, we are going to use software Arduino software of version 1.6.8. This
software makes easy to interface with Arduino by coding and uploading that codes into the
Arduino board.

To program Zigbee, we are going to use X-CTU software which allows to transmission of data
over some range. To increase the range of Zigbee we can connect zigbee in mesh, star etc loop.
Goldwave software allows us to see different waveforms of sound that is generated by heart to
measure heart rate. By using this software we can edit, amplify the waveform according to our
need.

5.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (VERSION 1.6.8)

Arduino programs may be written in any programming language with a compiler that produces
binary machine code. Atmel provides a development environment for their microcontrollers,
AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio.

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is
a crossplatform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the

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IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce programming to artists
and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with
features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and provides
simple one-click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board.

A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch". The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code. The Arduino IDE supplies a software
library called Wiring from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures.

A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch consists of two functions that are compiled and linked with a
program stub main ( ) into an executable cyclic executive program:

The open-source Arduino environment makes it easy to write code and upload it to the i/o board.
It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based on
Processing, avr-gcc, and other open source

software.

The serial port of the arduino which is to be open and programs are uploaded by means of the
arduino software.

Therefore this software is very much of ease for user to handle the arduino programming, also
the board can be set by means of selecting different board in the software which is used by the
user while programming.
Thus, it can be concluded that this project will help in monitoring the patients centrally over a
large scale. This could be a great leap in biomedical sciences. With just mere monitoring, we
would be able to save a lot of lives without much effort.

WORKING

An ECG Data, Pulse rate, Heart Beat and Body Temperature are collected and transmitted to the
monitoring person through Zigbee and buzzer alarm is used to indicate at the risk stage.

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND FURURE

6.1 RESULT

ECG signal (top) and respiration signal (bottom) acquired in laboratory environment.

DISCUSSIONS

 Therefore, it is necessary to develop new mechanisms to improve the occupational safety

and health programs for people working in mining areas.
 Some of the severe environmental conditions related to this working location are: low
oxygen concentration, low temperature, increased radiation and low relative humidity
 Workers health can be monitored and treated prior to the advanced health illness
 Better wireless communications is take place for analizing

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 Monitoring software interface GUI (top) and Review GUI (botton)

6.2 DISCUSSIONS

The software has two modes: data acquisition and data review. In the former, an
interface is displayed where the mentioned physiological parameters are calculated and
plotted in real-time. In review mode it is possible to select a determined file, so the data are
displayed any time after collection. Fig. 9 shows both GUI’s modes. Algorithms
implemented in software and GUI include the following:

HR algorithm: A peak detection algorithm is used over the last 5 seconds of measurement.
The signal is analyzed using a variable threshold searching for an element greater than the
previous and the subsequent. In short, the center element analyzed must be the greatest.
The HR is updated on every second.
RR algorithm: A zero-crossing detection algorithm is applied through the average of the
signal over the last 10 seconds of measurement. Two crosses correspond to one respiratory
cycle: inhalation and exhalation. The RR is updated every one second.
Alarms: The software has built-in alarms which are activated when the physiological parameters
are outside of the previously established ranges. The alarms are activated after 10 seconds for
HR and RR and 50 seconds for BT. When HR delivers absurd results (above 230 beats/min for
example), these are considered as noise

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 CHAPTER 7

7.1 CONCLUSION

ECG monitoring and alarming system based on zigbee. An ECG

Data, Pulse rate, Heart Beat and Body Temperature are collected from patient and transmitted to
the monitoring person through Zigbee and buzzer alarm was used to indicate at the risk stage.
Using this we can achieve a high accuracy detection
The implemented alarm system works appropriately detecting any problems that miners may
suffer. Additionally, the monitoring device accurately detects when the system is affected by
external disturbances causing the device to deliver erroneous information. Results under this
condition are filtered and reported by the system to the user

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE

This idea can be further modified to add biometric authentication using ECG. The problem of
remembering password can be avoided. The circuit can be modified in such a way that it can be
implanted on the body. The algorithm can be expanded to detect additional heart ailments.

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 CHAPTER 8

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