PART A

Price RM 1180
Length 1.956 m
Width 0.992 m
Surface Area 1.94 m2
Total unit
𝑅𝑀5 000 000
= 4237 units
𝑅𝑀 1 180

Total surface area

4237 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑥 1.94 = 8 219.78 𝑚2

1) We choose Jinko 340W solar panel because :

 High power output, P = 340 W

 Wide working temperature range : -40 °C – 85 °C
 Optimum temperature = 25 °C
 Low light performance
 Severe weather resilience
 2.4 kPa wind load
 Ƞpv = 17.52 %

2) 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 500 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2

𝑄̇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 4.11 𝑀𝑊

3) Assume, ρ = 998 kg/m3

Cp = 4.184 kJ/kg.K

𝑄̇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
 𝑄̇ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑚̇ =
𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑄̇ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝜌𝑉̇ =
𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑄̇ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉̇ =
𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

4.11 𝑋 106
𝑉̇ =
998 × 4184 × 4

𝑉̇ = 0.2461 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

4) Using R-404a :

 the superheated table available

 safe for ozone depletion
 commercially used

Pressure Reason
P1 = 640.5 kPa Pressure where Tsat = 2°C which is lower than
4°C thus allowing heat transfer to occur.
P2 = 1.7 MPa Pressure where Tsat = 37°C which is higher
than 35°C thus allowing heat transfer to
occur.
Let T1 = 2 °C

1 T = Tsat < 4 °C = 2 °C
Psat = 640.5 kPa
h1 = hg = 369.4 kJ/kg
s1 = 1.6162 kJ/kg

2 s2 = s1 = 1.6162 kJ/kg

By interpolation :
h2s = 388.7033 kJ/kg
T2 = 41.06 °C

3 h3 = hf = 258.858 kJ/kg
s3 = 1.198 kJ/kg.K
T3 = Tsat = 37.31 °C

4 h4 = h3 = 258.858 kJ/kg

5) Using 1 shell, 2 pass heat exchanger :

Th,out = 4 °C

Th,in = 10 °C

Tc,out = Tc,in = 2 °C

ΔT1 = Th,in - Tc,in = 8 °C

ΔT2 = Th,out - Tc,out = 2 °C

 𝑄̇
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷, 𝑈=
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝐴[ ∆𝑇 ]
ln ( 2 )
∆𝑇1

4.11 𝑀
𝑈=
2−8
10 [ 2 ]
ln ( )
8

𝑈10 = 94.96 𝐾𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾

A (m2) U (W/m2·K)
10 94963.03
15 63308.69
20 47481.52
25 37985.21
30 31654.34
35 27132.29
40 23740.76
45 21102.9
50 18992.61
 Heat Transfer Coefficient, U vs Area, V

100000
Heat Transfer Coefficient, U (W/m2·K)

90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 10 20 Area,30
A (m2) 40 50 60

f) 𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇ (ℎ1 − ℎ4 )

𝑄̇𝑖𝑛 = ṁref (369.4 − 258.858 )

ṁref = 37.18 kg/s

ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = 0.9 =
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1

388.7033 − 369.4
ℎ2𝑎 = + 369.4
0.9

= 390.848 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

ℎ1 − ℎ4 369.4 − 254.515
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =
ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 390.848 − 369.4

= 5.18
PART B

Area = 1.94 m2

L = 1.956 m

Lc1 = As / P = 1.94 / 5.896 = 0.329 m

1) PV panels performance decreases by certain percentage for every increase in temperature. So,
it is important to maintain the temperature at least within their operating temperature if not
optimal temperature.

60+35
2) 𝑇𝑓 = = 47.5 ℃
2

From the property table :

k = 0.02717 W/m.K

v = 1.774 x 10-5 m2/s

Pr = 0.7235

β = 3.145 x 10-3

for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 80°

𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝛽 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑅𝑎𝐿 =
𝑣2
 2

1
0.387 𝑅𝑎𝐿 6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.085 + 8
9 27
0.492 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
{ }

for θ = 90° (Horizontal),

𝑔 𝛽 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑅𝑎𝐿 = 𝑃𝑟
𝑣2
1
𝑁𝑢 = 0.15 𝑅𝑎𝐿 3

Thus, heat transfer coefficient is obtain by

𝑁𝑢. 𝑘
ℎ=
𝐿

Using Excel, graph h vs area, A is plotter.

Heat transfer
angle (Deg) Rayleigh Number Nusselt Number coefficient
0 1.327E+10 276.6389 3.842679
10 1.31E+10 275.3006 3.824089
20 1.25E+10 271.2423 3.767717
30 1.15E+10 264.323 3.671603
40 1.02E+10 254.2646 3.531887
50 8.53E+09 240.5596 3.341516
60 6.63E+09 222.244 3.087101
70 4.54E+09 197.2387 2.739763
80 2.30E+09 159.5682 2.216496
90 6.31E+07 59.73206 4.932888
 Heat transfer Coefficient,h VS area,A
6

Heat transfer Coefficient,h

5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Area, A

Starting from vertical position, the heat transfer coefficient is decreasing since the force that
drive the profile is split into two direction which is parallel and perpendicular thus reducing
natural convection. At 90 degrees, the panel is fully horizontal thus all force is directed upward.

3) 𝑄̇𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 = (3.5319)(1.94)(60 − 35) = 171.297 𝑊

𝑄̇𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 171.297 𝑊

𝑄̇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (300)(1.94) = 582 𝑊

𝑄̇𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 410.703 𝑊

Thus, the required heat need to be removed by cooling water is 410.703W

4) Three chosen air layer thickness

 L1 = 1 mm
 L1 = 5 mm
 L1 = 20 mm
Since the air layer is static, the heat transfer that flows through it is by conduction and since
𝐿 ∆𝑇
𝑅= and 𝑄 = , thus increasing the thickness will increases the value of ∆𝑇 which also
𝑘𝐴 𝑅

decreases temperature of required cooling water.

0.001
5) 𝑅𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = (0.058)(1.94)
= 0.0889 𝐾/𝑊

0.005
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = 0.1289 𝐾/𝑊
(0.02)(1.94)

0.003
𝑅𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = = 2.5773 × 10−5 𝐾/𝑊
(60)(1.94)

1
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 4.686 × 10−3 𝐾/𝑊
(110)(1.94)

𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.2225 𝐾/𝑊

𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑄̇𝑅𝑇

= 60 − (410.703)(0.2225)

= −31.38 ℃