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Now I lest some of the line codes with there proprieties and application:
• Nonreturn to zero (NRZ)
0 = low level, 1 = high level. And unipolar NRZ: 0V and “high” volts (e.g.
TTL 0V/5V). Bipolar NRZ: positive and negative.
It has manly two types:
• Nonreturn to Zero level (NRZ-L)
Commonly used code to generate or interpret digital data by digital devices.
• Nonreturn to Zero, invert on (the rising edges of) One (NRZ-I)
More reliable to detect transition in the presence of noise. (i.e. non-differential
always compares to the threshold.) NRZ techniques are used for digital magnetic
recording. This line code is shown in Fig1.
Problem with NRZ-L & NRZ-I
1-Possesses D.C. components.
2-Lack of synchronization capabilities.
• Multilevel Binary.
Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) & Pseudoternary:
No less of synchronization (Bipolar –AMI: 111… Pseudoternary: 000..,) No net
d.c. component. Less BW compared to NRZ. Error detection for isolated errors →
From inherent pulse-alternation property.
Problem with Bipolar-AMI & Pseudoternary:
1) Binary data in multilevels – Less efficient in information encoding. Needs
3dB more power compared to NRZ → Fixed S/N : Higher BER.
2) Possible Loss of synchronization → SCRAMBLING. (Bipolar-AMI :
consecutive 0s → constant voltage zero level. Pseudoternary : consecutive 1s → constant
voltage zero level.)
Bipolar-AMI used in Primary ISDN interface (with 1.544Mbps). And
Pseudoternary used in Baric ISDN interface (with 192 kbps).
• Biphase.
Have two types:
• Manchester code – Transition in the middle of the bit period.
Transition in middle of bit period
Mid-bit transition serves as clock and data
1 = low-to-high transition
0 = high-to-low transition
• Differential Manchester Code.
Mid-bit transition is clock
Data is encoded at the beginning of the bit period
0 = transition at beginning of bit period
1 = no transition at beginning
Modulation Rate ~ near twice of NRZ → Requires much lager BW! (For both).
Advantages:
1) Synchronization → Self-clocking codes. = Biphase codes.
2) No D.C. component → Always a balanced 0 & 1 levels usage.
3) Error detection → Noise would have to invert both signal levels sequentially to
create an undetected error pattern.
Manchester Code used for IEEE 802.3 standard for baseband coaxial cable
and twisted pair CSMA/CD bus LANs. And the Differential Manchester Code used
for IEEE 802.5 Tocken Ring LAN, using shielded twisted pairs.