P OLSI S I ndependent Study Group

Chicago Referencing System Guide

Formatted by Shane M. Coughlan

shane@shaneland.co.uk

This is revision 1 of the guide.

Released 7/10/02
The Chicago Manual of Style presents tw o basic citation
systems:

Documentation 1: Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style)

The note reference follows the passage to which it refers and is
marked with a numeral. Notes are arranged numerically either at the
bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the manuscript
(endnotes). Notes include complete bibliographic information when
cited for the first time. The bibliography lists only sources used in
writing the paper. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author’s last
name and include complete bibliographic information.

Documentation 2: Author-Date Citations and Reference List An

author-date citation (Smith 1996) is placed within the text or at the
end of a quotation and complete citation information is given in the list
of references at the end of the paper. For works by two or three
authors, all names are included (Jackson and Jones 1998). For more
than three authors, use the name of the first author followed by et al.
(Brown et al. 1982). When citing a specific page, figure, section or
other element, the page number etc. should follow the date preceded
by a comma (Smith 1996, 42). Documentation 2 differs from the first
style in the following basic ways. In the Reference List:

· Only the author's first and middle initials are given.

· The date is placed immediately after the author's name.

· Only the first word in a title or subtitle is capitalized, along with

proper nouns and adjectives.

· Quotation marks are not used to enclose titles of periodical

articles, chapters, short literature etc.
Example: Stoller P. and C. Olkes. 1987. Sorcery's shadow. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.

For more information from the University of Chicago P ress:

FAQ about The Chicago M anual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/
The following examples are based on Documentation 1, the
Humanities Style. As long as the style used is clear, complete, and
consistent, variations and combinations of the two documentation
styles are considered acceptable alternatives according to the Chicago
Manual of Style (page 649). Consult your instructor for preferences.

M ultiple Reference Note (Chicago Manual of Style 1994, 644): When two
or more references are given together in one parenthetical citation,
they are separated by semicolons. For example: (Jones 1993; James
and Jonge 1949; Samson 1992)

Using I talics and Underlining in Chicago Style

"Chicago style recommends italicising certain citation elements such as

book and journal titles in printed text. Use underlining if your
instructor requires it or if your typewriter or word-processing program
can't produce italics."

J ournal Article
Note (1st):
1. Sean Hanretta, "Women, Marginality and the Zulu State:
Women’s Institutions and Power in the Early Nineteenth Century,"
Journal of African History 39 (1998): 389-415.
Follow ing footnotes of the same article:
2. Hanretta, 389.
Bibliography:
Hanretta, Sean. "Women, Marginality and the Zulu State: Women’s
Institutions and Power in the Early
Nineteenth Century." Journal of African History 39 (1998): 389-
415.

M agazine Article
Note:
3. Adam Rogers, "Thinking Differently: Brain Scans Give New Hope
of Diagnosing," Newsweek, 25 December 1998, 60-62.
Bibliography:
Rogers, Adam. "Thinking Differently: Brain Scans Give New Hope of
Diagnosing ADHD." Newsweek,
25 December 1998, 60-62.
 Full Text Journal Article from P roQuest
Note:
4. Philip I. Earl, "Building Hoover Dam: An Oral History of the Great
Depression," The Oral History Review 24 (1997), Available: ProQuest;
ADDRESS: http://proquest.umi.com/ (May 5, 1999).
Bibliography:
Earl, Philip I., Winter 1997. "Building Hoover Dam: An Oral History of
the Great Depression." The Oral Review
24 (1997). Available: Proquest; ADDRESS:
http://proquest.umi.com/. (May 5, 1999).
Note: The last date is the day you used the online database.

New spaper Article

Note:
5. Tanya Kerstiens, "Pick a Color: Children of Mixed Race Struggle
to Find Identity," Bellingham Herald, 10 January 1999, sec. C, p. 1.
News items from daily papers are rarely listed separately in a
bibliography when using this style. In a work containing both a
bibliography and notes, citations to specific items may be given in the
notes or in the text and not listed in the bibliography.

Full Text New spaper Article from P roQuest

Note:
6. Michael Laris, 24 October 1999, "Internet Police on the Prowl in
China: Free Flow of Ideas Worries Leaders,"Washington Post, A12.
Database on-line. Available from ProQuest.
Bibliography:
News items from daily papers are rarely listed separately in a
bibliography. (See previous example.)

Authored Book
Note:
7. Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures: Exploring Gay and
Lesbian Lives (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997), 32.
Follow ing footnotes for the same book:
Ibid ("in the same place") is used to refer to a single work cited in the
note immediately preceding:
8. Ibid
When the work is cited earlier but not immediately preceding:
14. Herdt, 32.
M ore information about this is in the “ For subsequent
references to the same source:” section at the end of this
guide.
Bibliography (one author):
Herdt, Gilbert. Same Sex, Different Cultures: Exploring Gay and
Lesbian Lives. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1997.
Note (three or more authors):
9. Jones, Mary et al., A History of the World (Bellingham: From the
Beginning Press, 2000).
Follow ing footnotes for the same book:
10. Jones et al., History of the World, 17.
Bibliography (three or more authors):
Jones, Mary, Frank Smith, Alex Jackson and Sarah Pope. A History of
the World. Bellingham: From the Beginning
Press, 2000.
For w orks having more than three authors, a note citation
should give the name of the first author follow ed by " et al" or
" and others." The bibliography citation should list all the
authors.

Chapter or Article in an Edited Book or Anthology

Note:
7. Hannah Betts, "The Image of this Queene so Quaynt: The
Pornographic Blazon," in Dissing Elizabeth: NegativeRepresentations of
Gloriana, ed. Julia M. Walker (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998),
153-184.
Bibliography:
Betts, Hannah. "The Image of this Queene so Quaynt: The
Pornographic Blazon 1588-1603." In Dissing Elizabeth:
Negative Representations of Gloriana, edited by Julia M. Walker,
153-184. Durham: Duke University Press,
1998.

Electronic or Online Book

Bibliography:
Gibbons, Barry J. Gender in Mystical and Occult Thought. [book on
line] (New York: Cambridge University
Press,1996, accessed 14 February 2000); available from
NetLibrary: http://www.netlibrary.com/; Internet.

Entry from an Encyclopedia or Dictionary (familiar)

Note:
8. Encyclopedia Americana, 11th ed., s.v. "impeachment."
(Note: s.v. stands for sub verbo, "under the word.")
Bibliography: W ell know n reference books are usually not listed
in bibliographies.

Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary

(familiar)
Note:
9. "Salish," Britannica Online, <http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-
bin/g?DocF=micro/520/47.html >
(15 February 1999).
Bibliography:
"Salish." Britannica Online. <http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-
bin/g?DocF=micro/520/47.html >
(15 February 1999).
Note: The date in parenthesis is the day you used the W eb site.

Entry from a Specialized Encyclopedia, Dictionary or

Reference Book
Note:
10. Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod, eds., Encyclopedia of the
American West (New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1996), s.v.
"Cowboy Songs," by Charlie Seemann.
Bibliography:
Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod, eds. Encyclopedia of the American
West. New York: Simon & Schuster
Macmillan, 1996. s.v. "Cowboy Songs," by Charlie Seemann.

Government Document
Note:
11. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation, Oversight of the Professional Boxing Industry , 105th
Cong., 1st sess., 22 May 1997, 14.
Bibliography:
U. S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation. Oversight of the
Professional Boxing Industry. 105th Cong., 1st sess., 22 May 1997.

Videorecording
Note:
12. Albert DeMond and Gerald Geraghty, The Red Menace (Los
Angeles, Calif.: Republic Pictures Home Video, 1991), videorecording.
Bibliography:
DeMond, Albert and Gerald Geraghty. The Red Menace. Los Angeles,
Calif.: Republic Pictures Home
Video, 1991. Videorecording.

W eb Site
Note:
13. Hugh Elton, "Byzantine Warfare," Warfare in the Ancient World,
4 April 1999, (23 April 1999).
<http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~helton/army.html>.
Bibliography:
Elton, Hugh. "Byzantine Warfare." Warfare in the Ancient World. 4
April 1999.
<http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~helton/army.html> (23 April 1999).
Note: The first date is the day the W eb site w as created or last updated, the
last date is the day you used the W eb site.

Citations Taken from Secondary Sources

(References to the work of one author as quoted in that of another must cite both
works.)
Note:
14. Marinda B. Moore, The Geographical Reader for the Dixie
Children (Raleigh, N.C.: Branson, Farrar and Company, 1863), 103,
quoted in Emmy E. Werner, Reluctant Witnesses: Children’s Voices
from the Civil War (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998), 53.
Bibliography:
Moore, Marinda B. The Geographical Reader for the Dixie Children,
103. Raleigh, N.C.: Branson, Farrar
and Company, 1863. Quoted in Emmy E. Werner, Reluctant
Witnesses: Children’s Voices from the
Civil War (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998), 53.

For subsequent references to the same source:

When you cite the same work in a subsequent reference, use only the
author’s last name and the page number.
In cases of two authors, use both last names. In case of more than
two authors, use the first author’s last name and the
abbreviation et al. for the remaining authors. In the case of an article
or book without an author, use a shortened
title and page number.
1. Bordon, p. 17.
2. Jones and Smith, p. 91.
3. Somerset, et al., p.13.
 4. Civil War, p. 42.
In addition, you may use the Latin abbreviation "Ibid." when citing
subsequent sources that immediately follow the first reference.

This guide is based on the Western Washington University online guide to the
Chicago system
http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/Refhome/chicago.html