SECTION A

1. Average total blood volume: 5.5 L

Erythrocyte volume: 2.5 L (male)

Plasma volume: 3.0 L

Hematocrit: 45% in men, 42% in women

2. The plasma proteins exist in three broad classed: albumins, globulins and fibrinogen.
The albumins are the most abundant.

3. Sodium ion (Na+)

SECTION B
1. Systemic veins --> Vena cava --> Right atrium --> Right ventricle --> Pulmonary trunk
and arteries --> Pulmonary capillaries of the lungs --> Pulmonary veins --> Left atrium --
> Left ventricle --> Aorta --> Systemic arteries

2. Cardiac Muscle: Muscle fibers are branched, mono-nucleated cylinders, contain

striations, innervated by the autonomic portion of the nervous system.
Skeletal Muscle: Muscle fibers are long, multi-nucleated cylinders, contain
striations, innervated by the somatic portion of the nervous system.
Smooth Muscle: Muscle fibers are small, mono-nucleated spindles, without
striations, innervated by the autonomic portion of the nervous system.

3. The heart receives a rich supply of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve

fibers, the latter contained in the vagus nerves. The sympathetic postganglionic
fibers innervate the entire heart and release norepinephrine, whereas the
parasympathetic fibers terminate mainly on cells found in the atria and release
primarily acetylcholine.

4. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow. Because they lack nuclei and
most organelles, they can neither reproduce themselves nor maintain their
normal structure for very long.

5. Almost all of this iron is delivered by transferrin to the bone marrow to be

incorporated into new erythrocytes. recirculation of erythrocyte iron is very
important because it involves 20 times more iron per day than is absorbed or
excreted.

6. Erythropoietin is a hormone that is secreted mainly by the kidneys and which

acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the proliferation of erythrocyte progenitor
cells and their differentiation into mature erythrocytes. Erythropoietin is normally
secreted in relatively small amounts, which stimulate the bone marrow to
produce erythrocytes at a rate adequate to replace the usual loss.
7. Total eythrocytes = 5,000,000 per mm3 of blood

Total leukocytes = 7000 per mm3 of blood

8. When blood leaves the left ventricle ad enters the arteries of the systemic
circulation it is highly oxygenated. As it passes through the capillaries of active
tissues, oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues. The blood continues into
the veins of the systemic circulation, which contain poorly oxygenated blood. This
poorly oxygenated blood is eventually pumped into the pulmonary arteries from
the right ventricle. In the capillaries of the lungs oxygen diffuses from the alveoli
into the blood. The blood that returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins is
highly oxygenated.

9. F = ΔP/R

F = flow
ΔP = pressure difference
R = resistance

10. Viscosity of the fluid length and the diameter of the structure through which it is
flowing.

11. Radius of the blood vessel.

12. As hematocrit increases, for example during severe dehydration, viscosity of the blood
increases, as does the resistance to flow.

13. From the toe capillary it would flow the following vessels/structures in order:
systemic venule, systemic vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium, right
atrioventricular valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary
artery, pulmonary arteriole, pulmonary capillary, pulmonary venule, pulmonary
vein, left atrium, left atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve,
aorta, systemic artery, systemic arteriole ( in the big toe) and then back to the
systemic capillary in the toe.