UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE FLUID MECHANIC II

COURSE CODE MEC 442
GROUP EMD4M13
LECTURER MADAM ROSNADIAH BAHSAN

TITLE :

FLUID ASSIGNMENT A

NAMA ID PELAJAR
AHMAD ALI ALBUSTAMI BIN HARUN 2016229534
MOHAMAD NAJMI BIN MOHD MONI 2016229386
MOHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT BIN OTHMAN 2017806268
TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................... 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT............................................................................................................... 2

LIST OF EQUATION ..................................................................................................................... 3

Required head, hrequired ........................................................................................................... 3

Velocity of water, V ................................................................................................................ 4

Total Head Loss, Htotal loss ........................................................................................................ 5

Reynold’s number, re ............................................................................................................. 5

TABULATION OF DATA ............................................................................................................... 6

Pump A ................................................................................................................................... 6

Pump B ................................................................................................................................... 8

CALCULATION........................................................................................................................... 10

Pump A ................................................................................................................................. 10

Pump B ................................................................................................................................. 12

CONCLUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 14

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 14

1
PROBLEM STATEMENT

We have selected pump A for the application. However, our boss insisted that Pump B is more
reliable and will significantly increase the flow rate through the piping system by a factor
greater than 2. The shut-off head Ho, and coefficient ∝, for Pump A are 24.4 m and 0.0678
m/Lpm2, respectively; while that for Pump B are 47.6 m and 0.05119 m/Lpm2, respectively.
So, we have to find the operating point for both pump and justify our boss’s claim.

Assumptions:

 Temperature of water is 25℃

 Density of water is 998 kg/m³

 The viscosity of water is 8.9975X10^-4 Pa

 The pressure at free surface of both reservoir are at atmospheric pressure

 As water is the working fluid, the flow is assumed to be incompressible

 The flow is assumed to be steady flow

2
Pipe dimensions and minor loss coefficients

Elevation difference between free surfaces 7.85 m

Pipe diameter 2.03 cm
Entrance loss coefficient 0.5
Valve loss coefficient 17.5
Elbow loss coefficient (5 total elbow) 0.92 each
exit loss coefficient 1.05
Pipe length 176.5m
Pipe roughness 0.25 mm

LIST OF EQUATION

Required head, hrequired

Bernoulli’s equation for steady and incompressible flow is defined as:

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 + 𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + 𝑍2 + 𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Rearrange the formula to obtain Hpump.

𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + + (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + 𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Free surface of both reservoir is exposed to atmospheric pressure and steady flow is assumed
to be true. So P1=P2 and V1=V2. Thus, difference in pressure and velocity is zero.

𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + 𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Since Hpump = Hrequired,

𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + 𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Where
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P1 = pressure at pump inlet (Pa)

V1 = velocity at pump inlet (Pa)

Z1 = surface height of reservoir at inlet (m)

P2 = pressure at pump outlet (Pa)

V2 = velocity at pump outlet (Pa)

Z2 = surface height of reservoir at outlet (m)

𝜌 = water density (998 kg/m3)

𝑔 = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

Hpump = pump head (m)

Htotal loss = total head loss (m)

Hrequired = required pump head (m)

Velocity of water, V

Volume flow rate, Q, is given by

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉

So

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

Where

Q = Volume flow rate (m3/s)

V = water velocity (m/s)

A = area of pipe opening (m2)

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Total Head Loss, Htotal loss

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + 𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟

𝐿𝑉 2 𝑉2
𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓 + (∑ 𝐾𝐿 )
2𝑔𝐷 2𝑔

𝐿 𝑉2
𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾𝐿 )
𝐷 2𝑔

Where

𝑓 = friction factor

L = pipe length (m)

D = pipe diameter (m)

V = water velocity (m/s)

KL = coefficient of losses

Reynold’s number, re

𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

Where

𝜇 = dynamic viscosity of water (8.9975E-04 Pa.s)

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TABULATION OF DATA

Pump A

Table 1 : Pump A available head

Volume flow rate,Q (m3/s) Available Head, Ha (m)

0 24.4000
2.00E-05 24.3024
4.00E-05 24.0095
6.00E-05 23.5213
8.00E-05 22.8379
1.00E-04 21.9592
1.20E-04 20.8852
1.40E-04 19.6160
1.60E-04 18.1516
1.80E-04 16.4918
2.00E-04 14.6368
2.20E-04 12.5865
2.40E-04 10.3410
2.60E-04 7.9002
2.80E-04 5.2641
3.00E-04 2.4328
3.16E-04 0.0000

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 Table 2 : Pump A required head

Volume flow rate,Q Water velocity, V Reynold's Friction Required head,

(m3/s) (m/s) number, Re factor, f Hrequired (m)
0 0 0 0 7.8500
2.00E-05 0.0618 1391.4024 0.0460 7.9324
4.00E-05 0.1236 2782.8049 0.0000 7.8684
6.00E-05 0.1854 4174.2073 0.0506 8.6627
8.00E-05 0.2472 5565.6098 0.0485 9.2377
1.00E-04 0.3090 6957.0122 0.0472 9.9610
1.20E-04 0.3708 8348.4147 0.0462 10.8320
1.40E-04 0.4326 9739.8171 0.0455 11.8506
1.60E-04 0.4944 11131.2196 0.0450 13.0166
1.80E-04 0.5561 12522.6220 0.0446 14.3299
2.00E-04 0.6179 13914.0245 0.0442 15.7904
2.20E-04 0.6797 15305.4269 0.0439 17.3980
2.40E-04 0.7415 16696.8293 0.0437 19.1529
2.60E-04 0.8033 18088.2318 0.0435 21.0548
2.80E-04 0.8651 19479.6342 0.0433 23.1039
3.00E-04 0.9269 20871.0367 0.0431 25.3000
3.16E-04 0.9763 21984.1586 0.0430 27.1629

Pump A Performance Curve

30.0000
Havailable

25.0000
11.5 Lpm
20.0000

15.0000

10.0000

5.0000

0.0000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Volume flow rate, Q (Lpm)

Figure 1 : Performance curve of pump A

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Pump B

Table 3 : Pump B available head

Volume flow rate,Q (m3/s) Available Head, Ha (m)

0.00E+00 47.6000
3.38E-05 47.3895
6.76E-05 46.7579
1.01E-04 45.7052
1.35E-04 44.2315
1.69E-04 42.3367
2.03E-04 40.0208
2.37E-04 37.2839
2.70E-04 34.1259
3.04E-04 30.5468
3.38E-04 26.5467
3.72E-04 22.1255
4.06E-04 17.2832
4.39E-04 12.0199
4.73E-04 6.3355
5.07E-04 0.2300
5.08E-04 0.0000

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 Table 4 : Pump B required head

Total head Required

Volume flow Water velocity, V Reynold's Friction factor, loss, Htotal head, Hrequired
rate,Q (m3/s) (m/s) number, Re f loss (m) (m)
0 0 0 0 0 7.85
Transitional
3.38E-05 0.1044 2351.4701 flow 0.0131 7.8631
6.76E-05 0.2089 4702.9403 0.0497 1.0137 8.8637
1.01E-04 0.3133 7054.4104 0.0471 2.1671 10.0171
1.35E-04 0.4177 9405.8805 0.0457 3.7427 11.5927
1.69E-04 0.5222 11757.3507 0.0448 5.7393 13.5893
2.03E-04 0.6266 14108.8208 0.0442 8.1566 16.0066
2.37E-04 0.7310 16460.2909 0.0437 10.9942 18.8442
2.70E-04 0.8355 18811.7611 0.0434 14.2520 22.1020
3.04E-04 0.9399 21163.2312 0.0431 17.9299 25.7799
3.38E-04 1.0443 23514.7013 0.0429 22.0279 29.8779
3.72E-04 1.1488 25866.1715 0.0427 26.5460 34.3960
4.06E-04 1.2532 28217.6416 0.0425 31.4840 39.3340
4.39E-04 1.3576 30569.1117 0.0424 36.8420 44.6920
4.73E-04 1.4621 32920.5819 0.0423 42.6200 50.4700
5.07E-04 1.5665 35272.0520 0.0422 48.8179 56.6679
5.08E-04 1.5703 35357.5715 0.0422 49.0513 56.9013

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 Pump B Performance Curve
60.0000
Havailable

50.0000
19.55
40.0000 Lpm

30.0000

20.0000

10.0000

0.0000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Volume flow rate, Q (Lpm)

Figure 2 : Performance curve of pump B

From Pump performance curves, the operating point of both Pump A and Pump B is obtained
where operating point for Pump A is 11.5 Lpm and operating point for Pump B is 19.55 Lpm.
The boss’s claim is true but not precise as the operating point for Pump B is indeed greater than
Pump A but the increase is only at the factor of 1.7 which lesser than the factor of 2.

CALCULATION

From given expression, H=Ho - ∝ Q2 ,

Pump A

Apply boundary condition to obtain the value of maximum head available, H and maximum
volume flow rate, Q .

1. At 𝑄 = 0, 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

𝐻 = 𝐻𝑜 − 0 = 𝐻𝑜 ,

thus,

𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 24.4 𝑚

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 2. At 𝐻 = 0, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 , (Free delivery)

𝐻0 24.4 𝑚
𝑄= =√ 𝑚 = 18.97 𝐿𝑝𝑚
𝛼 0.0678 𝐿𝑝𝑚

From Q, the velocity at specific flow rate can be obtained. But, Q need to be converted into m 3/s
first to be able to substitute in the flow rate equation.

𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 18.97 × × = 0.000316 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠

𝐷2 (0.0203 𝑚)2
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋 = 0.000324 𝑚2
4 4

𝑄 0.000316 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉= = = 0.9753 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 0.000324 𝑚2

Velocity at Q max is obtained which is V = 0.9753m/s.

V can be substituted into Reynolds equation to get the Reynolds number.

998𝑘𝑔 0.9753𝑚
𝜌𝑉𝐷 ( 𝑚3 )( 𝑠 )(0.0203𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 21984.1586 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
𝜇 8.9975 × 10 − 4 𝑃𝑎

Refer moody chart to obtain value of friction factor at the specific Reynolds number. In this
case, Reynolds number = 21984.1586, f = 0.0430. If the flow is in transition range, the value
of f is considered as 0.

176.5 𝑚 (0.9753 𝑚/𝑠)2

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (0.0430 + (0.5 + 17.5 + 0.92(5) + 1.05))
0.0203 𝑚 2(9.81 𝑚. 𝑠 −2 )

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 19.27 𝑚

11
𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 7.85 𝑚 + 19.27 𝑚

𝐻𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 27.1629 𝑚

All of these steps are repeated on different values of Q for Pump A. The values obtained are
listed on the table 1 and table 2.

Pump B

Apply boundary condition to obtain the value of maximum head available, H and maximum volume
flow rate, Q .

1. At 𝑄 = 0, 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 .

𝐻 = 𝐻𝑜 − 0 = 𝐻𝑜 ,

thus,

𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 47.6 𝑚

3. At 𝐻 = 0, 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 , (Free delivery)

𝐻0 47.6 𝑚
𝑄= = √0.05119 𝑚/𝐿𝑝𝑚 = 30.49 Lpm
𝛼

From Q, the velocity at specific flow rate can be obtained. But, Q need to be converted into m 3/s
first to be able to substitute in the flow rate equation.

𝐿 1 𝑚3 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 30.49 × × = 0.000508 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐿 60 𝑠

𝐷2 (0.0203𝑚)2
𝐴=𝜋 =𝜋 = 0.000324 𝑚2
4 4

𝑄 0.000316 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉= = = 1.5703 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 0.000324 𝑚2

12
Velocity at Q max is obtained which is V = 1.5703m/s.

V can be substituted into Reynolds equation to get the Reynolds number.

998 𝑘𝑔 1.5703 𝑚
𝜌𝑉𝐷 ( 𝑚3 )( 𝑠 )(0.0203 𝑚)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 35357.5715 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤)
𝜇 8.9975 × 10 − 4 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

Refer moody chart to obtain value of friction factor at the specific Reynolds number. In this
case, Reynolds number = 35357.5715, f = 0.0422.If the flow is in transition range, the value
of f is considered as 0.

176.5 𝑚 (1.5703 𝑚/𝑠)2

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (0.0422 + (0.5 + 17.5 + 0.92(5) + 1.05))
0.0203 𝑚 2(9.81 𝑚. 𝑠 −2 )

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 49.0513 𝑚

ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 7.85 𝑚 + 49.0513 𝑚

ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 56.9013 𝑚

All of these steps are repeated on different values of Q for Pump B. The values obtained are
listed on the table 3 and table 4.

13
CONCLUSSION

From Pump performance curves, the intersection point of Head available with Head
required represent the operating point of the pump where the operating point of both Pump A
and Pump B is obtained. The operating point for Pump A is 11.5 Lpm and operating point for
Pump B is 19.55 Lpm respectively. The boss’s claim is true as the operating point for Pump B
is indeed greater than Pump A but the increase is only at the factor of 1.7 which is lesser than
the factor of 2.Thus, the boss’ claim that Pump B will have significantly higher flow rate or
operating point by a factor greater than 2 is not true.

REFERENCES

Enggcyclopedia. (n.d.). Pump Performance Curves. Retrieved from Enggcyclopedia:

http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2011/09/pump-performance-curves/
Engineering ToolBox. (2004). System Curve and Pump Performance Curve. Retrieved from
Engineering ToolBox: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pump-system-curves-
d_635.html
Hibbeler, R. C. (2017). Fluid Mechanics (2nd Edition). Pearson.
Hydromatic. (n.d.). Head Loss in Piping Systems. Retrieved from Hydromatic:
http://www.hydromatic.com/ResidentialPage_techinfopage_headloss.aspx
Munsen, B, R., Okiishi, T. H., Hucbsh, W. W., & Rothmayer, A. P. (2013).
Fundamental of fluid mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2014).
Fluid mechanics fundementals and applications,New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Landau, L. D., & Lifshits, E, M. (2012).
Fluid machanics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

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