1.

List 5 possible heat load causes (and its standard quantities) from the hall when it
is being used for a specific function. [CO1]

Graduation or Convocation Day is one of the most historic day for every student that
already finished their study especially in Bachelor’s degree, Master and Doctoral Degree.
Graduation ceremony is an annual ceremony for every university. Dewan Agung Tuanku
Canselor (DATC) is where all UiTM’s candidates going to receive their graduation scroll.
When ceremonies are associated, they usually include a procession of the academic staff
and candidates and valediction and the most importance person is UiTM’s chancellor.
Basically, there are many sources of heat load that happens during the ceremony. Large
number of occupants, each of occupants will comes with their own gadget, lighting and
computers for PA system contributes to heat load causes which can make uncomfortable
condition throughout the ceremony, especially for the important guests. Below is the
description for each of the heat load causes from the hall when it is used for Convocation
Day during sunny day;

a) Heat from human beings

Occupants are major source of heat in building interiors. Considering that a human
consumes hundreds of calories each day in the form of food, and part of this energy is
released as heat during metabolic processes. The heat released by humans is even
higher during intense physical activity, through perspiration. The heating effect of
humans also increases depending on occupant density. As a result, the human
contribution to the total heat load can be especially high in the hall.

b) Heat from electrical and electronic appliances

Indoor space in the hall are filled with electrical and electronic appliances such as
lighting fixtures, smartphones for each occupants, laptop and LCD monitor. These
appliances consume electricity and release some heat in air-conditioned spaces.
c) Solar heat gain

Three different ways in which heat from the sun can reach interior space of the hall
which are conduction and convection. Conduction occurs across walls and roofs of the
hall since they are exposed to a temperature difference between the hall interiors and
the warmer outdoor environment. Convection refers to heat transfer from surfaces hot
outdoor air or indoor air movement to surfaces at different temperatures.

d) Heat gained by the windows

Windows of the hall are exposed directly to the surrounding and the heat from the
sun enters the hall by radiation. As in the case of the walls, the heat gained by the hall
through windows depends on their alignment. If there are enough curtains on the
windows and the external awning the amount of heat gained by radiation reduces. The
type of glass doors on the windows also affects the amount of heat gained through the
windows by radiation.

e) Outdoor air heat

The warmer air outside of conditioned spaces of the hall is called atmospheric air.
Due to higher temperature, atmospheric air tends to increase the average room
temperature when it enters indoor spaces of the hall. Outdoor air can also enter the
conditioned spaces of the hall through leaks around doors, windows. The heat held from
outdoor air comes in great part from the sun, but it can also come from vehicles or from
other buildings.
2. Assuming that the heat loss to the surrounding during the heat exchange process
in the AHU is 10% from the emitted heat transfer rate, plot the changes in air exit
temperature if the air flow rate into the AHU ranges from 1000 to 5000 litres per
minute. Then, identify the suitable operating range for the air flow into the AHU
to meet the standard comfort temperature requirement. [CO2]

10 °C

Air
AHU
Tair,1 = 38°C ṁ= 10L/m
= 0.17 kg/s Tair,2
ṁ=1000 until 5000 L/m

4°C
̇
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶𝑝,𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∆𝑇
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
= (0.17 ) (4.18 𝑘𝑔𝐾)(10°𝐶 − 4°𝐶)
𝑠

𝑄̇ = 4.2 𝑘𝑊

𝑄ℎ = 0.9𝑄𝑐
At ṁ = 1000 L/m = 16.67 kg/s
𝑄ℎ ̇ = 4.2𝑘(0.9)
= 3.78𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.78𝑘𝑊 = (16.67)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 𝑇2 )

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟒℃
𝑄ℎ = 0.9𝑄𝑐
At ṁ = 2000 L/m = 33.33 kg/s
𝑄ℎ ̇ = 4.2𝑘(0.9)
= 3.78𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.78𝑘𝑊 = (33.33)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 𝑇2 )

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟖𝟖℃

𝑄ℎ = 0.9𝑄𝑐
At ṁ = 3000 L/m = 50.00 kg/s
𝑄ℎ ̇ = 4.2𝑘(0.9)
= 3.78𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.78𝑘𝑊 = (50.00)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 𝑇2 )

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟐℃

𝑄ℎ = 0.9𝑄𝑐
At ṁ = 4000 L/m = 66.67 kg/s
𝑄ℎ ̇ = 4.2𝑘(0.9)
= 3.78𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.78𝑘𝑊 = (66.67)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 𝑇2 )

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟒℃
𝑄ℎ = 0.9𝑄𝑐
At ṁ = 5000 L/m = 83.33 kg/s
𝑄ℎ ̇ = 4.2𝑘(0.9)
= 3.78𝑘𝑊
𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟
3.78𝑘𝑊 = (83.33)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 𝑇2 )

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟓℃

Based from calculation for T2 at 1000L/m gives 37.74 ℃ which emitted less heat to
surrounding. To achieve standard comfort temperature (20℃ − 22℃) the new value of air
flow rate must take into consideration.

𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.78𝑘𝑊 = (ṁ)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 22)

𝑘𝑔
ṁ = 0.23
𝑠
ṁ = 13.80 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄 = ṁ𝐶̇ 𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟

3.78𝑘𝑊 = (ṁ)(1.005𝑘)(38 − 20)

𝑘𝑔
ṁ = 0.21
𝑠
ṁ = 12.60 𝐿/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Hence, to meet standard comfort temperature requirement, air flow rate into AHU are range
from 12.60 L/min to 13.80 L/min must be taken into consideration.
 Air Exit Temperature vs Air Flow Rate
38

37.95 37.95
37.94
Air exit temperature, T2

37.92
37.9
37.88
37.85

37.8
37.774
37.75

37.7

37.65
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Air flow rate, Q

Graf 2.0 Air Exit Temperature versus Air Flow Rate

Based from the graph, it shows that the air exit temperature increases as the air
flowrate increase. Higher value of flowrate means the air moves faster, hence the air contact
with the cold water with a minimum duration. Thus, the rate of heat transfer will become
lower. Due to that, the amount of heat from air that did not transfer to cold water will carry
along with the air to the exit (outlet) gives higher value of temperature as the flowrate is
higher.
3. If the surface temperature of the pipe carrying the chilled water return (CWR) is
assumed steady and uniform at 10oC along the pipe length, plot the heat transfer
rate profile at the outer surface of the CWR pipe under surrounding conditions of
natural convection current effect and wind effect of 2 ms-1, 4 ms-1 and 6 ms-1
velocities. The effective CWR pipe length is 30 meters with a pipe diameter of 25
cm. [CO3]

FORCED CONVECTION

At velocity, 𝑣 = 2 𝑚/𝑠

𝑇∞ = 10℃
𝑉∞ = 2𝑚/𝑠

Ts = 10℃

𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2
30℃ + 10℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2 Properties of Air at T=20℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 20℃
𝜌 = 1.204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ³
𝜈 = 1.596 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑉𝐷 (2)(0.25) 𝑘 = 0.02154 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
𝑅𝑒 = = = 32981.53
𝜈 (1.516 × 10−5 ) 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7309
𝜇 = 1.825 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠

Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4
282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
4
1 1 5 5
0.62(32981.53)2 (0.7309)3 32981.53 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]
𝑵𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟒𝟖𝟕
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

(ℎ)(0.25)
104.487 =
(0.02514)

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝑾/𝒎²℃

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠∆𝑇 = (ℎ)(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄 = (10.487)(𝜋 × 0.25 × 30)(10 − 30)
𝑸 = 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

At velocity, 𝑣 = 4 𝑚/𝑠

𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = Properties of Air at T=20℃
2
30℃ + 10℃ 𝜌 = 1.204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ³
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 𝜈 = 1.596 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠
2
𝑘 = 0.02154 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 20℃ 𝑃𝑟 = 0.7309
𝜇 = 1.825 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝐷 (4)(0.25)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 65963.06
𝜈 (1.516 × 10−5 )

Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
4
1 1 5 5
0.62(65963.06)2 (0.7309)3 65963.06 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟗
 ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

(ℎ)(0.25)
165.79 =
(0.02514)

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 𝑾/𝒎²℃

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠∆𝑇 = (ℎ)(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄 = (16.67)(𝜋 × 0.25 × 30)(10 − 30)
𝑸 = 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

At velocity, 𝑣 = 6 𝑚/𝑠

𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2 Properties of Air at T=20℃
30℃ + 10℃ 𝜌 = 1.204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ³
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2 𝜈 = 1.596 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 20℃ 𝑘 = 0.02154 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
𝑃𝑟 = 0.7309
𝜇 = 1.825 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝐷 (6)(0.25)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 98944.59
𝜈 (1.516 × 10−5 )

Using Churchill and Bernstein Equation;

4
1 1 5 5
0.62𝑅𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟 3 𝑅𝑒 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
4
1 1 5 5
0.62(98944.59)2 (0.7309)3 98944.59 8
𝑁𝑢 = 0.3 + 1 [1 + ( ) ]
2 4 282000
0.4 3
[1 + (0.7309) ]

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟔
 ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

(ℎ)(0.25)
216.376 =
(0.02514)

𝒉 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝑾/𝒎²℃

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠∆𝑇 = (ℎ)(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄 = (16.67)(𝜋 × 0.25 × 30)(10 − 30)
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

NATURAL CONVECTION

𝑇∞ + 𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2
30℃ + 10℃ Properties of Air at T=20℃
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 =
2
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 = 20℃ 𝜌 = 1.204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ³
𝜈 = 1.596 × 10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑘 = 0.02154 𝑊/𝑚𝐾
𝑃𝑟 = 0.7309
𝑔𝛽(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )𝐷3 𝜇 = 1.825 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝑎𝐷 = (Pr)
𝜈2
1
(9.81) ( (10 − 3 −)0.253
𝑅𝑎𝐷 = 293) (0.7309)
2
1.516 × 10−5
0.01046
𝑅𝑎𝐷 = (0.7309)
2.298 × 10−10

𝑹𝒂𝑫 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

1
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷 6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
[ ]
 2

1
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷 6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
[ ]
2

1
0.387(33.27 × 106 )6
𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + (0.7309) ]
[ ]

6.9404 2
𝑁𝑢 = [0.6 + ]
1.2018

𝑵𝒖 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟐

ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘

(ℎ)(0.25)
40.62 =
(0.02514)

𝒉 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝑾/𝒎²℃

𝑄 = ℎ𝐴𝑠∆𝑇 = (ℎ)(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
𝑄 = (4.087)(𝜋 × 0.25 × 30)(10 − 30)
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟗 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
 HEAT TRANSFER RATE VS VELOCITY
Series1 Linear (Series1)
12000

10000
HEAT TRANSFER RATE
10253.6
8000
7856.44
6000

4000 4941.88
2000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VELOCITY

Graf 3.0 Heat Transfer Rate Against Velocity

The heat transfer rate acts as a constant of proportionality. The relation Q= h.A.∆T,
which describes convective heat transfer suggests increase in the heat transfer rate at higher
heat transfer coefficient values. Convection is the bulk motion of a fluid, which may occur
naturally or forcibly. In this mode, heat transfer is because of the mass transfer. As in
conclusion, the higher the velocity, the higher the rate of heat transfer hence higher the rate
of convective heat transfer. Hence, heat transfer rate increases with the increases in the
velocity of the fluid.
4. Plot the prediction of the chilled water temperature at the inlet of the chiller under
similar surrounding conditions. [CO2]

At velocity, 𝑣 = 2 𝑚/𝑠

̇ 𝐶𝑝
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅 ∆𝑇
𝐶𝑊𝑅

4941.88 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

4941.88 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 10)

Properties of Chilled water
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕℃
𝑚̇ = 10 𝑙𝑝𝑚 = 0.17 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐶𝑝 = 4.28 × 103

At velocity, 𝑣 = 4 𝑚/𝑠

̇ 𝐶𝑝
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅 ∆𝑇
𝐶𝑊𝑅

7856.44 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

7856.44 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 10)

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏℃

At velocity, 𝑣 = 4 𝑚/𝑠

̇ 𝐶𝑝
𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑊𝑅 ∆𝑇
𝐶𝑊𝑅

10253.60 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

10253.69 = (0.17)(4.18 × 103 )(𝑇2 − 10)

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟑℃
 Chilled Water Temperatures versus Velocity
30

25
Temperatures, °C

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Velocity,m/s

Graf 4.0 Chilled Water Temperatures Against Velocity

The cooling coil load is high and water flow rate increases to a certain level in the
cooling coil, turbulent flow occurs in the tubes. As a result, both the water side and air side
heat transfer coefficients will increase and lead to increase in overall heat transfer, which
will have a positive increase of the chilled water temperatures.