WATER CHEMISTRY Logarithmic scale (based on powers of 10)

Acids and Bases Each decrease of one unit of pH represents a 10x increase in H+
concentration
Acid are any molecule or ion that can accept a pair of electrons Ex. pH 4 is ten times more acidic then pH 5
Are corrosive (
2 types of acids: organic & inorganic (mineral acids) The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of H+ ions!!
Strong acids/bases completely ionize in water, weak ones only partially
dissociate Calculating pH

Bases are any ion or molecule that can donate a pair of electrons pH= - log [H+]
- Are the “basis” for creating salts from acids
*The brackets [ ] mean concentration or Molarity
- Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water
– [H+] = concentration
Ion: an atom or molecule (group of atoms) with a net electric charge due to
the loss or gain of one or more electrons. If [H+] = 1.00 X 10-10 M, what is the pH?
2 types: Anions are negatively charged ions. Cations are positively pH = - log (1 X 10-10)
charged ions. pH = 10.0
Ionize: convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions If [OH-] = 1.80 X 10-5 M ,what is the pOH?
pOH = - log 1.80 X 10-5
pH scale pOH = 4.74
P= Power of H = Hydrogen
- Ranges from 0-14 0.01M HCl has a pH of?
- measures H+ concentration [H+] This means you have .01 moles of H+ and .01 moles of Cl- per every 1 L
- pH is determined by number of ions in solution pH = -log(0.01) pH=2

the more H+, the more acidic the solution - Because it’s based on powers of 10 there is a trick
10-x where x = pH
Neutral solution: pH = 7
Acidic solution: pH < 7 If molarity of acid is .001M =10-3 pH = 3
Basic solution: pH > 7 If molarity of acid is .00001M = 10-5 pH = 5

Every Acidic/Basic solution contains H+ and OH-

For acids H+1 > OH-1

For bases OH-1 > H+1
when [H+] = [OH-] the substance is neutral

Calculations:
pH + pOH =14
pOH If the [OH-1] = 1 X 10-3 M
pOH = 3
pH of a base pH =
measures OH- concentration [OH-] pH + pOH = 14
OH- ions instead of H+ X + 3 = 14
Calculations: X = 11
[H+1] = 1x10-11 M
• pOH=-log [OH-] or 10-x where x = pOH

pH + pOH = 14
Find the pOH of these:
14 – pOH = pH
[OH-] = 2.15 x 10-3
pOH = 2.67
Ex. 0.01M NaOH has a pH of?
This means you have .01 moles of OH- and .01 moles of Na+ per every 1 L A 0.350 M solution of NaOH (bases have OH- ion)
pOH=2 pH = 14-2 = 12 pOH = 0.456
A 3.00 X 10-7 M solution of potassium hydroxide
pOH = 6.52
- Because it’s based on powers of 10 there is a trick
If molarity of base is .001M = 10-3 pOH = 3
[H+] = antilog-pH
pH 14-3 = 11
[H+] = 10-pH
If molarity of base is .00001M = 10-5 pOH = 5
[OH-] = 10-pOH
pH 14-5 = 9

If pH = 4
[H+1] = 1 x 10-4 M
[H+] to pH (-), then log, then number
pOH = pH + pOH = 14
[OH-] to pOH Same as above
4 + X = 14
pH to pOH or pOH to pH pH + pOH = 14
X =10
pH to [H+] 2nd, then log, then (-), then number
[OH-1] = 1x10-10 M
pOH to [OH-] Same as above
[H+] to [OH-] or [OH-] to [H+] [H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14