A Project On Solar Battery Charger - Battery (Electricity) - P-N Junction

11/9/2019 A Project on Solar Battery Charger | Battery (Electricity) | P–N Junction
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Index
Chapter No1:
Introduction
(A) Need for sustainable energy sourc
(B) Solar energy- a sustainable and cle
Chapter No 2:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/87053507/A-Project-on-Solar-Battery-Charger 1/47
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Solar Battery Charger-A 
solar powere
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(A) Details of the components used
(B) Circuit Diagram, block diagram,
(C) Working and uses of solar batter

Project Final Battery Charger Science Potato Powered Maximum Power Maximum Po
Report On Hom… Report 6 Investigatory… Battery Militant… Point Tracking,… Point Trackin
Conclusion
References
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Introduction:
The world energy requirement is ever growi
centuries. It is expected to grow in the futur

Project Final Battery Charger
Science Potato Powered Maximum Power Maximum Po
Report On Hom… increase in
Report 6 the energy
Investigatory… demand: (a) growth
Battery Militant… Point Tracking,… in
Point Trackin
economical growth of the countries, particularl

these grow, the energy demand grows.
The total energy consumed in the form of

renewable energy sources is known as primary
Agency (IEA) the primary energy consumption
population increased 5%, annual CO2 emission
production increased 10%.Below is the ener
measured in 2010
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(A) Need for sustainable energy sources
From the given data it is clear that the energ

increasing. The increasing energy demand put a
energy sources (oil, gas and coal). But the fo
limited in quantity and also cause environmen
need for alternative energy Search

sourcesdocumentwhich 
can
manner. The problems of fossil fuel-based ene
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energy sources of the future are as follow.
(i) Limited fossil fuels:
Conventional energy sources are the one th

Report On Hom… most of our
Report 6 daily energy
Investigatory… requirements
Battery Militant… Point Tracking,… ofTrackin
Point coo
these are based on fossil fuels like coal, petrol
Fossil fuels are obtained from biologically deg
animals), but only after millions of years
biological reactions. Thus, formation of these fu
After the industrial revolution, our energy dem

which results in the rate of consumption of fos
their formation. As a result, the fossil fuel re
limited in quantity while our demands of
indicating a situation of imbalance. This imba
the earth (at current rate) cannot be sustained fo
century or two most with ever-increasing consu

an imbalance in the distribution of fossil fue
results in energy insecurity for the countries th
have a look at these fossil fuels and

 Search their reserv
document 
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Coal : It is the product of natural process of
buried in swamps & has been out of conta

estimated reserve of coal is about 984 ×10 9 tons
Oil : oil or crude oil occurs in the form of

hydrocarbon and some amount of inorganic e
nitrogen. The crude oil in itself is not useful for
oil is refined to get various products like petro
materials such as nylon, paints, plastics, and so
of crude oil is about thousand billion barrels.
Natural gas: It comprises gases such as meth

principal component being methane. It is main
there are some reserves where it is obtained
worldwide reserve of the gas is in the range 

 Search document
of 5
The current reserves and current production rate

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Resource Unit Current

reserves
Oil Billion barrels 1047.7

Gas Trillion scf 5501.5
Coal Billion tons 984
[Source: www.bp.com]
(ii)Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels:

The fossil fuels are mainly carbonbased.

Search document  co
Fossil fuels are
with oxygen) in order to derive useful energy, for instance, use
Related titlesand use of petrol in automobiles. The combustion of fossil fu

formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). After combustion of the fue
released in the atmosphere. This gas absorbs the infrared part of r
earth and re-radiates it back to the earth, creating the effect of a ‘
pre-historic concentration of CO2 was 280 ppm (parts per million
Project Final increased to

Battery Charger 377 ppm. ThePotato
Science increased
Powered temperature
Maximum Power of the Poe
Maximum
greenhouse effect will result in erratic weather patterns, fold
submerging of low-lying areas due to melting of ice at poles.
(iii)Energy Security and Potential for Conflicts:
The fossil fuel sources are not uniformly available in the w

uniformity in the fossil fuel distribution could be a cause of inter
The countries, where these resources are not available in suffici

always feel insecure in terms of their supply, as they will always
other countries. This dependency could result in conflicts and pos
So if the demand of these fossil fuels and their prices will in

their quantity, it is going to be very problematic for us. Isn’t
alternative for it?
The obvious choice of a clean energy source, which is abu

provide security for the future development and growth, is the s
Solar Energy”, which has many advantages over the conventional
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(B) Solar Energy- A Sustainable And Clean Energy
The Sun, our nearest & the biggest star, is the biggest source of
sun’s radiation arrives at no cost and is available during any clear
sense of the term, solar energy also includes wind, wave, bioma
energy as well. All these forms of energy originated as solar energ
The sun is an immense fusion reactor. "Fusion" simply mea

atoms are combined to make helium. In this reaction 4 hydrogen
+ 4 electrons) combine to form 1 helium atom (2 protons +2 neut
Energy is produced due to difference between the mass of the fou
and the mass of hydrogen atom. Energy produced here is in
That’s why sun is very hot. This reaction is going continuou

fusion is called a chain reaction. The sun’s nuclear fusion proc
million tons of hydrogen into 504 million tons of helium ev
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remaining 4 million tons of matter are converted to energy,
temperature of the sun extremely hot. As Albert Einstein fou
amount of matter converts to a very large amount of energy. In f
matter converted to energy by fusion could supply all the energ
car would need for a year -- plus five-thousand other people’s h
Report On Hom… Report
well. 6 Investigatory… Battery Militant… Point Tracking,… Point Trackin
The energy the sun radiates is preferable to other sources o

solar radiation is abundant and will be for many more million
radiation cannot be cut off or made more costly, unlike other
Putting solar radiation to work does not directly pollute the env
clean, safe source of energy. The energy itself is free. Solar ener
quite a few different ways.
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The solar energy reaching the periphery of the earth'

considered to be constant for all practical purposes, and is kn
constant. Because of the difficulty in achieving accurate measur
value of the solar constant is not known with certainty but i
between 1,353 and 1,395 W/m2 (approximately 1.4 kW/m2, or
Below is the distribution of solar radiation on the surface of the ea
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[Source: www.inforse.org]
This distribution gives an idea about solar energy distribution on

Project Final Battery Charger
is clear Science
that solar energy is Potato Powered
available Maximum Power
everywhere Maximum
on earth Po
altho
proportion. It is important to note that the majority of develop

within the more favorable regions.
Solar Energy: Advantages:
Related titles Environmentally friendly:

 It is an everlasting, renewable energy source.It i
source, no potential damage to the environment.
 It is a very large source of energy. The power from th
by the earth is about 1.8×1011 MW, which is man
Report On Hom… Report 6 larger than our
Investigatory… current power consumption
Battery Militant… Point Tracking,… from all s
Point Trackin
Saves your money:
 Solar energy is free and is available to all.Financia

available from the government that will reduce the co
 Because of the improvement in the technology, the
are getting cheaper
Independency:
 Solar energy is available to all at fairly equal man

fuel sources, which are concentrated at some location
 This fact provides a chance that an individual can
own energy depending on the requirement, at his/he
Solar system therefore can be used in remote areas.
Low/no maintenance:
 Solar energy systems are virtually maintenance fre

decades
 They operate with no moving parts, do not release of
do not require to add any fuel.

Related titles
Solar Battery Charger
Solar battery charger is one of the examples of solar powered de

the solar energy is converted into electrical energy and is stored in
batteries. When the batteries get discharged after the usage, th
charged by exposing the kit to the sun light. Here is how the kit ac
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Report On Hom…(A)Report 6
Components Investigatory… Battery
used in Solar Militant…charger:
battery Point Tracking,… Point Trackin
(a) 6 Volt solar panel.
(b) LM317T regulator.
(c) 10Ω resistor .
(d) 4 rechargeable batteries.
(i) Solar Panel:
Solar panel is the packaged, connected assembly of

panels use light energy from the sun to generate electricity
constructed as per the desired output.
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Solar cell:
Th l ll i th b i b ildi
https://www.scribd.com/doc/87053507/A-Project-on-Solar-Battery-Charger bl k f l l17/47T
The solar cell is the basic building block of solar panel. T

made up of semiconducting material silicon.
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Solar Cell Structure:
A. Encapsulate - The Encapsulate, made of glass or other c

clear plastic, seals the cell from the external environmen
B. Contact Grid- The contact grid is made of a good con
metal, and it serves as a collector of electrons.
C. The Antireflective Coating (AR Coating)- Through a
favorable refractive index, and thickness, this layer ser
into the solar cell. Without this layer, much of the lig
bounce off the surface.
D. N-Type Silicon - N-type silicon is created by doping (c
Si with compounds that contain one more valence elect
such as with either Phosphorus or Arsenic. Since only
required to bond with the four adjacent silicon atoms,
electron is available for conduction.
E. P-Type Silicon- P-type silicon is created by doping
containing one less valence electrons than Si does, suc
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When silicon (four valence electrons) is doped with ato

less valence electrons (three valence electrons), only th
available for bonding with four adjacent silicon ato
incomplete bond (hole) exists which can attract an elect
atom. Filling one hole creates another hole in a differ
movement of holes is available for conduction.
F. Back Contact - The back contact, made out of a metal,

back surface of the solar cell and acts as a conductor.
Working of solar cell:

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A photon's path through the solar cell:
After a photon makes its way through the encapsulate i

antireflective layer. The antireflective layer channels the photo
layers of the solar cell. Once the photon passes the antireflective l
Report On Hom…hit Report
the 6silicon Investigatory…
surface of theBattery
solarMilitant…
cell Pointthe
or Tracking,…
contactPoint Trackin
grid m
metallization, being opaque, lowers the number of photons reachi
The contact grid must be large enough to collect electrons yet co

solar cell's surface, allowing more photons to penetrate.
A Photon causes the Photoelectric Effect:
Photoelectric Effect is emitting of electrons by a matter whe

The photon's energy transfers to the valence electron of an atom
layer. That energy allows the valence electron to escape its orbit
hole. In the n-type silicon layer, the free electrons are called
whereas the holes are called minority carriers. As the term "carr
are able to move throughout the silicon layer of the solar cell, and
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mobile. Inversely, in the p-type silicon layer, electrons are termed
and holes are termed majority carriers, and of course are also mob
The p-n junction:
The region in the solar cell where the n-type and p-type Si lay
the p-n junction. As you may have already guessed, the p-t
contains more positive charges, called holes, and the n-type silic
more negative charges, or electrons. When p-type and n-type ma

in contact with each other, current will flow readily in one d
biased) but not in the other (reverse biased).
An interesting interaction occurs at the p-n junction of a da

Extra valence electrons in the n-type layer move into the p-typ
holes in the p-type layer forming what is called a depletion zone.
The depletion zone does not contain any mobile positive or

Moreover, this zone keeps other charges from the p and n-type la
it
across it.
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When photons hit the solar cell, freed electrons (-) attempt 
 Search document
to un
the p-type layer. The p-n junction, a one-way road, only allow
Related titlesmove in one direction. If we provide an external conductive pa
flow through this path to their original (p-type) side to unite with
The electron flow provides the current ( I ), and the cell's el

a voltage ( V ). With both current and voltage, we have power (
the product of the two. Therefore, when an external load (such a
Report On Hom… Report 6
is connected Investigatory…
between the frontBattery
and Militant… Point Tracking,…
back contacts, Point Trackin
electricity flow
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(ii) LM317T – Voltage Regulator:
Lm317T is a voltage regulator i.e. it is an electrical regu

automatically maintain a constant voltage level. The solar e
fluctuating. So by using this regulator we can have a constant outp
The LM317 is an adjustable three-terminal positive-v

capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage rang
V. It is exceptionally easy to use and requires only two external r
output voltage. In addition to having higher performance than fix
device includes on chip current limiting thermal overload pro
device includes on-chip current limiting, thermal overload pro
 f
operating-area protection. All overloadprotection remains fully
Search document

the Adjust terminal is disconnected.
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Pin diagram of LM317:
The resistance of the regulator varies in accordance with the

a constant output voltage A linear regulator

 Searchemploys p
document an active
or shunt) controlled by a high gain differential amplifier. It com
voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass dev
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constant output voltage. The regulating device is made to act like
continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain
voltage. In this circuit the difference between the Vin and Volt ca
40.Thats why this circuit is used for charging.
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Related titles(iii) Resistor:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current

is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's termina
of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the int
through the circuit is called resistance. The behavior of an ideal r
by the relationship specified by Ohm's law:
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is pr

current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistan
Resistors determine the flow of current in an electrical circu

high resistance in a circuit the flow of current is small, where the
the flow of current is large. Resistors are used document

 Search for regulating 
curre
the current flow and the extent to which they do this is measured i
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The temperature of a resistor also affects its resistivity. Th

resistance to current flow when it is heated . Resistors are often c
with the electric current inside it representing water. Just as a pip
cause water to flow in a stream or trickle, thick resistors like
current flow than thin ones.
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(iv) Battery:
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells th

chemical energy into electrical energy.
It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell con

cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing an
One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which a
charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode; th

includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positiv
migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox rea
the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cath
are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electro
each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. So
half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half-ce

flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.
As the metal oxidizes, it gives off electrons; these elect

transferred to another metal in the same electrolyte solution, resu
11/9/2019
y
A Project on Solar Battery Charger | Battery (Electricity) | P–N Junction
as they flow. The positive and negative sidesdocument

 Search of a battery 
conn
metals, but they are not directly connected to one another. Instea
from the negatively charged side, through a device to positively c
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producing the current.
T fb
Types of battery:
(a) Primary battery (use and throw type):
Related titles Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assem

batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are
used in portable devices that have low current drain, are used on
or are used well away from an alternative power source, such
communication circuits where other electric power is only interm
Project Final Disposable primary
Battery Charger cells cannot
Science bePowered
Potato reliablyMaximum
recharged,
Power since thePoc
Maximum
are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to the
Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc – carbon batt

batteries. In general, these have higher energy densities than rech
(b) Secondary battery (rechargeable type):

Secondary batteries have their electrochemical reactions electric
normal battery (primary battery) produces electricity using an
reaction. This reaction causes electrons to flow from one ele
through an electrolyte (a liquid or solid chemical substance). Th
positive (+) terminals on a battery provide an outlet and inlet fo
flow. In practice, electrical wires are connected to the terminals

the form of electrons) flows through the wires, powering the de
the battery's terminals. Now reserve everything. In a rechargeable
an electrical charge to the battery reverses the chemical reaction
The reversed electron flow restores the chemical elements i
original form and the battery is ready to begin the process again.
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( B) Circuit diagram of Solar battery charger:
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Report On Hom…(C Report
)Block 6 Investigatory…
Diagram Battery Militant…
of Solar battery Point Tracking,…
charger: Point Trackin
Solar Pannel Regulator Resistor Batteries
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(D) Constructing Solar Battery Charger:
Choosing solar panel: Common solar panels output are 3V an

perfect for charging for 2 and 4 batteries respectively. As
requirement the solar panel is to be selected.

Regulating the input voltage : The intensity of the sun is not alw
is essential to regulate the input voltage. Here we are using LM31
Choosing the resistor : Resistors are only available in certain valu

and 6.8 Ohms, but not 6.2 Ohms. Below is a table of availab
together with the output current generated if each resistor is use

current limiting circuit (R = resistance, I = current).
R (Ohms) 3.9 4.7 5.6 6.8 8.2 10 12 15 18 22

I (mA) 321 266 223 184 152 125 104.2 83.3 69.4 56
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Here we are going to charge 4 batteries of capacity 1.2V each.

1.2 = 4.8 Volts with a capacity of 800mah - therefore we want a
of around 80ma. According to the table above, a 15 Ohm resi
current of 83.3 milliamps which will be perfect.
Rechargeable batteries: Here we are using 4 AA or AAA recha
which can be used to store electric energy.
(E) Layout of Solar Battery Charger:

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As show, the solar positive input is given to input of regulato

negative is directly provided as one of the final output terminal.
regulator is given to resistor and the final positive output terminal
th d f th i t
other end of the resistor.

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(F) Working of Solar battery charger:
When the battery charger kit is exposed to sunlight, the photo

the solar panel. These photons are absorbed by the solar panel. Th
energy is converted into electrical energy by the solar panel, wh
the photoelectric effect. We give the solar negative terminal as
output terminal. The solar positive is given to the regulator input.
Using theLM317 regulator the input is regulated. Now why to re

The sunlight which is incident on the panel is not always the sam
of the sun is always fluctuating. That’s why it becomes essenti
input voltage. The regulator is made to act like a variable resi
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adjusting a voltage to maintain a constant output voltage.
The voltage coming from the regulator is to be limited otherwise

be overcharged and may be damaged. We are using here a resis
signal from the regulator output is given to this 15Ω resistor and
Project Final final output.

Battery Charger Science Potato Powered Maximum Power Maximum Po
Now from the sunlight by taking the light energy and we can say
get electrical energy which now can be stored in rechargeable
have. When the batteries get discharged we can recharge them by
to sunlight.
(G) Uses:
In our everyday life we use many devices working on batteries

used in remotes, toys, digital cameras, torches etc. Now this char
small capacity. If we want the charger for more applications obv
to need we can design them using. Here are few solar powered ch
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Some solar powered chargers:
Solar iphone charger Solar laptop ch
Solar mobile charger Sola
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Project Final Battery Charger Science

Potato Powered Maximum Power Maximum Po
Conclusion
This solar battery charger is just one 

ofSearch
the examples
document 
of solar
We are reusing these batteries by recharging them using solar en
Related titlesfirstly we are saving the nonrenewable energy source and are a
waste. Also without harming the environment we are using th
sources for our energy needs.
If everyone of us uses such more and more solar powered de

crisis can be minimized at a very great level. By using solar dev
directly
Report On Hom… Report 6
reducing the rate of
Investigatory…
consumption of nonrenewable
Battery Militant… Point Tracking,…
source
Point Trackin
these sources available to the upcoming generations.
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References
1. Solar Photovoltaics –

by Chetan Singh Solanki
2. www.specmat.com
3 www pvsolarchina com
3. www.pvsolarchina.com
4. www.wikipedia.org  Search document 

5. www.inforse.org
6. www.fairchildsemi.com
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7. www.reuk.co.uk/Solar-Battery-Charger-With-LM317T
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11/9/2019 A Project on Solar Battery Charger | Battery (Electricity) | P–N Junction

(A) Need for sustainable energy sourc

(B) Solar energy- a sustainable and cle

(B) Circuit Diagram, block diagram,

(C) Working and uses of solar batter

Trusted by over 1 million members

Start Free Trial

The world energy requirement is ever growi

centuries. It is expected to grow in the futur

economical growth of the countries, particularl

The total energy consumed in the form of

(A) Need for sustainable energy sources

From the given data it is clear that the energ

need for alternative energy Search

(i) Limited fossil fuels:

Conventional energy sources are the one th

After the industrial revolution, our energy dem

century or two most with ever-increasing consu

have a look at these fossil fuels and

Coal : It is the product of natural process of

buried in swamps & has been out of conta

Oil : oil or crude oil occurs in the form of

Natural gas: It comprises gases such as meth

worldwide reserve of the gas is in the range 

The current reserves and current production rate

Resource Unit Current

Oil Billion barrels 1047.7

(ii)Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels:

The fossil fuels are mainly carbonbased.

Related titlesand use of petrol in automobiles. The combustion of fossil fu

Project Final increased to

(iii)Energy Security and Potential for Conflicts:

The fossil fuel sources are not uniformly available in the w

The countries, where these resources are not available in suffici

So if the demand of these fossil fuels and their prices will in

The obvious choice of a clean energy source, which is abu

(B) Solar Energy- A Sustainable And Clean Energy

The sun is an immense fusion reactor. "Fusion" simply mea

That’s why sun is very hot. This reaction is going continuou

The energy the sun radiates is preferable to other sources o

Start Free Trial

The solar energy reaching the periphery of the earth'

This distribution gives an idea about solar energy distribution on

proportion. It is important to note that the majority of develop

Related titles Environmentally friendly:

Saves your money:

 Solar energy is free and is available to all.Financia

 Solar energy is available to all at fairly equal man

 Solar energy systems are virtually maintenance fre

do not require to add any fuel.

Solar Battery Charger

Solar battery charger is one of the examples of solar powered de

(a) 6 Volt solar panel.

(b) LM317T regulator.

(c) 10Ω resistor .

(d) 4 rechargeable batteries.

(i) Solar Panel:

Solar panel is the packaged, connected assembly of

The solar cell is the basic building block of solar panel. T

A. Encapsulate - The Encapsulate, made of glass or other c

Trusted by over 1 million members

Start Free Trial

When silicon (four valence electrons) is doped with ato