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Dilla Sanitary landfill project Environmental Impact Assessment report
F E D E R A L D E M O C R AT I C R E P U B L I C
OF ETHIOPIA
S O U T H E R N N AT I O N S , N AT I O N A L T I E S
A N D P E O P L E S R E G I O N A L S TAT E
October 2010
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Dilla Sanitary landfill project Environmental Impact Assessment report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................... 4
1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION....................................................................................................................... 7
3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................ 18
3.1. GEOLOGY....................................................................................................................................................18
3.2. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY..................................................................................................................................19
3.3. UNSTABLE AREA.........................................................................................................................................21
3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL.....................................................................................................21
3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY.................................................................................................................................23
3.6. HYDROLOGY..........................................................................................................................................25
3.6.1. SURFACE Water................................................................................................................................25
3.6.2. GROUNDWATER...............................................................................................................................25
4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES
................................................................................................................................................................ 28
4.1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................28
4.2. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION........................................................................................................................29
4.3. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY............................................................................................................................29
4.4. IMPACTS ON SOILS AND TERRAIN..................................................................................................................31
4.5. IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER......................................................................................................................31
4.6. IMPACTS ON GROUND WATER......................................................................................................................32
4.7. IMPACTS ON VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE........................................................................................................34
4.8. IMPACTS ON CURRENT AND PROPOSED LAND USE............................................................................................34
4.8.1. Traffic...............................................................................................................................................35
4.9.2. Nuisances.........................................................................................................................................35
4.9. IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES.......................................................................................................36
4.10. IMPACT ON SAFETY AND HEALTH.................................................................................................................36
4.11. IMPACT ON INCOME OF THE PEOPLE GENERATING THEIR INCOME FROM QUARRY...................................................37
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ANNEXES................................................................................................................................................. 43
ANNEX I - REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................43
ANNEX II- CHECK LIST USED FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................................................44
Tables
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared to address the potential
environmental impacts that could arise from the construction and operation of Dilla sanitary
landfill facility. The intended facility will be located at outskirt of Dilla town, planned to
serve the inhabitants of Dilla, for about 10 years.
The purpose of the project is to alleviate the impacts of the existing dumpsite and
uncontrolled solid waste disposal into the environment. Proper design/selection,
construction, and management of the solid waste landfill (and upgrading of solid waste
collection networks) would mitigate such negative impacts. The main sections of the EIA
include overview of the legal and institutional frameworks, description of the project and
the environment, impacts assessment, identification of mitigation measures, and
presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP).
Currently, municipal solid waste generated within the Dilla town is inappropriately disposed
off either in open dumpsite or directly in the environment. The situation is exposing the
public to associated negative health impacts and is leading to the deterioration of natural
ecosystem in the area. Dilla is also considered as commercial and touristic area, and
therefore impacts on the natural and aesthetic value have significant negative implications.
The proper waste collection, treatment and disposal of the municipal solid waste in the area
is of utmost importance to avoid such impacts, and will be addressed by the construction of
the sanitary landfill, along with other solid waste management measures, to serve the town.
The facility will be designed to serve a total design population of 140,000 people.
The main objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of this Project
are as follows:
To assess the potential positive and negative effects of the proposed project;
The study is intended to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the proposed
project activities are adequately and appropriately considered before decisions are taken for
their implementation. The output of the environmental impact analysis will therefore,
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In addition to the unavoidable impacts listed above, there will be several major benefits
associated with the proposed projects that are summarized below:
- Long-term environmentally sound solid waste disposal, ensuring capacity for the
disposal of wastes consistent with solid waste management proclamation.
- Employ a significant local labor force at the landfill site, for waste collection and
transporters, and during construction.
- Enable to safeguard and improve the ecological character of the natural environment
from further deterioration and damages.
In order to ensure the proper operation of the Landfill Facility, a management system must
be implemented. This management scheme shall assure regular monitoring of the Landfill
site and its compliance to regulations and standards, and process performance. Proper staff
training and organized record keeping will also take place. Compliance monitoring will take
place biannually. However, this frequency of monitoring should not be reduced after the
facility has been operational for several years.
According to management and monitoring indicators are identified and discussed in detail,
including in a matrix form to help as a checklist for control of major parameters. Costs
required during operation phase of the project will be part of the day to day administrative
and operational cost that the project is also estimated 375,000 Eth. Birr. The budget will be
allocated for training and awareness creation of personnel on the principles of Integrated
Solid Waste Management and salary for permanent and temporary staff.
Sampling will be performed by certified laboratories; however, in house sampling will take
place to ensure process performance. It is the responsibility of the Municipality and the
Landfill facility management to ensure the development of a database that includes a
systematic tabulation of process indicators, performed computations, maintenance
schedules and logbook, and process control and performance monitoring outcomes. Such a
historical database benefits both the plant operator and design engineers in order to predict
any adjustments needed to be performed ahead of time. In addition, in accordance with the
requirements of the regulatory authority, the Landfill facility management should submit a
periodic compliance monitoring report to the assigned authorities.
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1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 GENERAL SETTING
Dilla is a town in the Southern Nation Nationals and Peoples Regional State and it is the
administrative capital of the Gedeo zone. The town lies in the eastern escarpment of the
Ethiopian Rift Valley with fertile green mountains and is also known for the excellent coffee
grown in its vicinity. The town is located approximately 360 km south of Addis Ababa and
90km from Awassa town, the capital for the Regional State. The town is characterized by
gentle slope from east to west, with the 1600 m above sea level in the east dropping to
1,400 m above sea level in the west. Geographically the town is located at 6 o 20' – 6024'’N
latitude and 38017'-38020’’E longitude. The town covers 1123.47 hectares of land.
The main highway that connects Ethiopia to its' southern neighbor, Kenya crosses the town.
Apart from this highway, there is good road network in the town to connect different parts
of the town. There are two rivers; namely Legedarra at the North and Chichiu at the South
which are flowing east and west down to Lake Abaya.
The project area is located on the outskirt of the town of Dilla, on the northwestern part of
the town. The site is accessible in order to allow machinery to reach the site and perform the
excavation and building works during the construction phases and at operation phases too.
The presence of a good road network system is also very important for the collection of
waste from all kebeles of the town. The total project area is 2 hectar.
Lake Abaya
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Precipitation
The climate of Dilla in general is influenced by the topographic features of the country. The
annual average precipitation observed in Dilla is about 1253 mm.
Figure 3 depicts monthly rainfall distribution from data collected at a station in Dilla.
The following observations can be made:
Precipitation patterns show that two distinctive rainy seasons with picks in April and
September.
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There is active quarry site at the northern side and an abandoned quarry site little bit to the
north and central part. The slope of the landfill site is fairly inclined towards the Majage
River.
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Ecologically, the proposed location is not in an area of special concern, such as areas
designated as having national or international importance (e.g. cultural heritages, wetlands,
biosphere reserve, wildlife refuge, or protected areas). The project will neither lead to the
extinction of endangered and endemic species, nor the degradation of critical ecosystems,
and habitats.
The project area is situated in the industrial zone. Since the site has been cleared before, no
major trees or plants are observed. The proposed landfill site is covered by grass and some
bushes at the western and southern side, to the north and northwest side it is covered by
grass and some parts are exposed soils, and eastern side is covered by bushes and some
trees (include eucalyptus trees).
There are several species of birds on the site as observed on 17/04/10 morning (Dinbit, Tiku
Amora, and many others, see photo).
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Infrastructure within the town is well noted to road network, telephone, electricity, and
water supply. An adequate municipal solid waste management system in the town does not
exist. The Dilla municipality is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste to
the open dump. The percentage of the waste collected and disposed at the dumping site is
about 34%. The remaining are openly dumped and burnt along roadways, ditches and in the
environment.
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The Constitution
The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and
future legislation and the conduct of the Government to conform to a bill of rights. The
concept of sustainable development and environment rights are entrenched in the rights of
people in Ethiopia through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to
development and right to live in clean and healthy environment.
Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private
property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate
to the value of the property (Article 40(8)
Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the right to
participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to
policies and projects affecting their community.
Regarding compensation, Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have
been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of State
programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance .The government shall
pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall
not take into account the value of land.
The Federal Government is responsible for enacting laws for utilization and conservation of
land and other natural resources and historical sites.
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and
development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the
right to be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of
environmental policies and project.
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contents of EIAs, and determining the duties of the project proponent. The general
provision of the Proclamation includes the followings among others:
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Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal
environmental standard and are properly used.
Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing
any modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.
2.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Manual OP 4.01 is designed to
ensure that Bank-Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that
decision-making is approved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely
environmental impacts.
This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks
and impacts in its area of influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) to
be carried out for any project proposed for bank financing.
It outlines an environmental and social screening process which will enable qualified
project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and social
impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4. 01
requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land), human
health and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and
cultural property).
3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
Two potential sites ( Site -1, Waleme and Site -2: Chichu ,) were visited and assessment
for their suitability as a sanitary landfill was evaluated.
During the inception phase of the project, Dilla City Administration made the Waleme site,
which it selected for development of the sanitary landfill, known to the Consultant.
Subsequently, the consultant, while searching for alternative sites, commenced assessing
suitability of the site for the desired purpose based on the developed criteria. Consultant’s
attempt to choose the final sanitary landfill site from number of nominee sites was impaired
due to location of the competent sites out side the territory of Dilla City Administration and
even that of Gedeo Zone.
Hence, sites left for final choice were the Waleme site, located in the north western part of
the city, and Chichu site in the south eastern part of the city. Therefore, the latter site was
abandoned because of its proximity to boreholes supplying water to the city and the Waleme
site which was originally proposed by the city administration was selected.
3.1. GEOLOGY
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In order to evaluate the landfill site’s suitability and capability to diminish possibility of
contamination, getting hold of detail understanding of the local geological setting of the
sites was essential. With this regard, details of the geological structure, characteristics of the
solid strata, and composition and distribution of the subsoil were examined. The factors of
interest in the solid strata included type of rock, state of weathering, extent and distribution
of structural features (such as faults, joints and bedding planes), and the permeability of
strata. For subsoils, it was necessary to know the composition, the lateral and vertical
continuity of the strata, the permeability, and resistance to erosion.
Dilla area is made up of trachyte flows, minor basalts, tuffs and ignimbritees. The rocks
around the town are mainly trachyte flows with minor basalt. The tuffs and the ignimbrite
lay on the top of trachytic flows and mainly exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.
These rocks form layered sections that tilted towards the north-west and west. The trachyte
is medium grained with irregular open joints forming big blocks of trachyte. Weathering in
the trachyte has normally taken place along these joint fractures. The basalts are found in
few localities intercalated within the trachyte flow. The tuffs and ignimbrites are mainly
exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.
In area close, Geology of the landfill site can be characterized by different layers of basalt,
ignimbrite, and trachyte overlie by alluvial soil. The degree of weathering decrease to ward
south east and the opening of fractures and joints increase in the same direction.
Referring to the geological structures, Dilla is situated in the Eastern Fault Belt of the
southern part of Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Rift faulting and a number of extension fault
zones are common around the area particularly downstream of the landfill site. The faults
have N-S and E-W trend, however, some minor fault systems trend in the direction of NW-
SE.
In locating areas suitable for landfill, it is difficult to avoid area close to geological ‘faults’.
Even though the majority of faults increase the permeability of the bedrock in the fault zone
it would normally not be appropriate to rule out or downgrade a site because of the presence
of faults. Equally the absence of faults should not be taken as an absolute assurance that a
site is geologically suitable.
Therefore, following assessment of the structure of the Waleme area, selection of particular
development site was selected. The consultant made sure that this site is not in direct
contact with faults. Should be avoided in situations where investigations show that the fault
zone is excessively permeable. It is recommended that there should be no general
prohibition of landfill sitting on areas with geological faults.
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Figure 12: Photo of the Landfill Site Figure 13 Fault Trending E-W and N -S
Downstream of the Landfill Site.
Figure 14 : Area susceptible to land slide and wedge failure in area previously selected
for landfill site
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foundation conditions, areas susceptible to mass movements (landslide and subsidence), and
highly erodible material.
Topographical data were used in the assessment of the likelihood of slope failure, failure
over unstable ground and in the interpretation of the topographical expressions of the
geology and hydrogeology. All the factors mentioned have been checked for the current
landfill site. The previously selected site was located at close distance (about 20m) to area
susceptible to land slide.
Hence, to ensure structural stability of the proposed landfill during the operation phase, the
site was shifted during the site investigation
3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL
Because Dilla is located in an earthquake prone area, assessing resistance to the dynamic
forces which can be applied during earthquake was incorporated in the landfill design
investigation.
In the geotechnical evaluation the soil behaviour was examined with respect to earthquake
intensity. This evaluation of the soil characteristics necessitated finding out the soil strength
as well as the magnitude or intensity of the earthquake in terms of peak acceleration. Other
soil characteristics, including degree of compaction, sorting, and degree of saturation, was
also considered because of their potential influence on site conditions. For example,
compaction of deposits of loose granular soils found as upper layer in the Waleme site
through the ground vibrations an earthquake induces is possible. Ultimate result of such
volume reductions could would be large uniform or differential settlements of the ground
surface.
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Figure 14: E—W Trending Fault and Arial photoof the selected landfill site
Very steep slopes of weak, fractured and brittle rocks were found in the eastern part of
previously selected site; unsaturated loess are vulnerable to transient shocks caused by
tensional faulting. Similar effects are possible in sensitive cohesive soils when natural
moisture exceeds the soil's liquid limit. Dry cohesionless material on a slope at an angle of
repose will respond to seismic shock by shallow sloughing and slight flattening of the slope.
Because the material selected for the liners is flexible, unlike rigid concrete the liner will
not be susceptible to cracking. Thus, future instability that could possibly considered was
only for the leachate collection system, which is a concrete structure. However, for life time
of the proposed landfill is short (10 years), and probability of occurrence of earthquake of
significant horizontal acceleration in this period is very low, the site is not endangered by
seismic effect of natural earthquake. On the other hand, presence of a quarry site adjacently
can subject the leachate collection system to dynamic forces as a result of material
production using blasting techniques.
Susceptibility of the landfill site for liquefaction potential was assessed during the site
investigation. Liquefaction is one of secondary effects that is directly related to earthquake
shaking or dynamic vibration resulted from blasting. The typical subsurface soil condition
that is susceptible to liquefaction is loose sand and silt, which has been newly deposited or
placed, with a shallow groundwater table. The development of high pore water pressures
due to the ground shaking and the upward flow of water may turn the sand/silt into a
liquefied condition, which has been termed liquefaction. During an earthquake, the
propagation of shear waves causes the loose sand to contract, resulting in an increase in
pore water pressure. Because the seismic shaking occurs so quickly, the cohesionless soil is
subjected to an undrained loading. The increase in pore water pressure causes an upward
flow of water to the ground surface, where it emerges in the form of mud spouts or sand
boils. This condition can interrupt the overall structural arrangement of the landfill.
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In Waleme landfill site the loose sandy and silty soils are intercalated/sandwiched between
clayey silt layers, which seems to make liquefaction potential of the site very high due to
grain size distribution and low degree of compaction. However, the presence of the
groundwater at great depth limits the possibility of occurrences of liquefaction particularly
in adjacent the landfill area. Moreover, complete excavation of the overburden loose soil
and the highly weathered earth material during construction will found the landfill on a
moderately weathered trachyte.
3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
i. General
The geotechnical survey for the selected landfill site was commenced with
careful desk study leading to field investigation and laboratory testing. Direct
information on the subsoil was obtained from gulley cuts instead of test pits
digging. The site investigation work (including sampling and description of soils
and rocks) was carried out to the appropriate standard.
ii. Properties of the Foundation Material
Dry sieve analysis on coarse fraction and hydrometric analysis on fine fraction
was made on three different samples of liner material. The test result shows a
dominance of clay fraction in each sample. Figure xx shows the grain size
distribution graph of the soil samples.
From the standard compaction test conducted on the samples the optimum
moisture content (OMC) varies from 22 to 27.55 % and the corresponding
maximum dry density is between 1.44 to 1.63 g/cc (Table 4.6). The permeability
value of the soil specimen computed from grain size distribution graph. The
results showed that the materials are impervious with coefficient of permeability
≤5.26 x 10-7cm/s.
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1 <10-6 1.628 22
2 <10-6
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3.6. HYDROLOGY
At the site there is neither stored open water nor wetland. River Majege, which flows from
the west to east, is located about 300 m downstream of the Waleme landfill. The other river
flowing from south to north is at about 600 m north of the landfill; this river drain most part
of Dilla city.
3.6.2. GROUNDWATER
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Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a hydrologic
setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground water. Through
this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the groundwater,
particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the groundwater
table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of the
groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following detailed
information:
the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including long-
term and seasonal fluctuations,
the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any
spring,
During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of
aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the
permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,
the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.
The result obtained indicates that, in general, Dilla area has both shallow and deep
groundwater reserves. The water bearing zone for shallow groundwater is reddish brown
soil of the weathered trachyte whose thickness is about 6m. Thin section of top weathered
part of trachyte also has shallow groundwater which yields water to the hand dug wells
along with the overlying soil. As a result in Dilla City there numerous hand dug wells. The
potential yield of groundwater in Dilla area depends up on the density of fractures and
thickness of the weathered zone in the trachyte; density of fracture in this rock is higher in
fault zones.
The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the
downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each
other which gives the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to
topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in
the area selected for the landfill.
The depth to major groundwater is variable due to the variable topography. However,
previously drilled wells around and in the town show that groundwater is available in a
depth ranging from 20 to 60 m. Considering the groundwater flow direction, the town is
situated at the foot of about 2,800m high mountain. Generally the groundwater movement
in the area is from south-east towards the north-west following the regional topography.
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Finally we can concluded the engineering geological study of Dilla municipal solid waste
land fill mainly focused on: site assessments criteria, engineering geological site
investigation and construction material assessment and its suitability analysis. All the
criteria required for municipal solid waste landfill site assessment was considered in detail
during the site selection and investigation. These include review of the site based on
geological and hydro geological conditions of the area, identification of structural
instability of the area like area susceptible to faulting and major landslide and assessment
of the seismicity of the area and liquefaction potential of the site. In addition attention was
also given for the presence of public utilities and the existence of workable natural materials
in the subsoil. During the site selection and investigation all the above mentioned criteria
have been taken into account. The previously selected landfill site has the following
disadvantage as compared to the current selected site
High excavation cost (four fold) to excavate fresh to slightly weathered trachytic
rock relative to soil excavation
High permeability of foundation rock due to the openings of fractures and joints
compared with infilled fractures and joints weathered material like clay infilling in
the current site.
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4.1. Introduction
Enumerated below are potential environmental impacts stemming from the proposed
landfill project, for construction, operations and post-closure phases, for each of the above
environmental components.
This section presents a discussion of impacts for each environmental component, in terms
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of the potential impact, the proposed mitigation to prevent/reduce adverse impacts, and
anticipated residual impacts (i.e., the degree of impact and issues remaining after mitigation
has been implemented). The significance of the anticipated residual impacts is then
assessed.
Besides the interviews made during site assessment, community consultation was also held
on 21 September, 2010 with the residents in Dilla to discuss in detail the proposed solid
waste management system. Both from the interviews and consultation meeting, it was
observed that the community has a positive attitude towards the landfill site. In fact the
selected site for the landfill is currently under utilization as open field waste disposal of the
city.
The potential impacts on air quality associated with landfill are: the generation and release
of landfill gas from the fill site; odors reaching industrial and school nearby; and smoke and
dust from fires and the activities of on-site machinery at the landfill site.
Without mitigation, there is the potential for odors from waste material in the landfill to
reach future adjacent industrial facilities and the school to the surrounding of the landfill
site when days are calm. Landfill gas (chiefly carbon dioxide and methane) is normally
produced as a result of decay processes in any sanitary landfill facility and again can
migrate under calm weather conditions.
Also smoke from fires and dust from the activities of machinery at the landfill are other
possible irritants to nearby industrial facilities and the school.
Landfill Gas: Landfill gas is a product of all municipal solid waste landfills, and occurs as
a natural consequence of the microbial breakdown of the waste material. The flaring of
landfill gas (or, if in sufficient quantities, its use as an energy supply) are accepted practices
in contemporary landfill operation when the site is in very close proximity to urban
development. At remote sites the normal practice is to allow the gas to vent to the
atmosphere and be taken up by vegetation. Landfill gas contains primarily methane and
carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of hydrogen and various trace chemicals in small
quantities. At an early stage of degradation, the proportion of carbon dioxide is high, but as
a landfill ages, the process gives off a progressively higher proportion of methane. The
planning of a large municipal landfill usually has some future provisions for landfill gas
collection and possibly flaring. Flaring will burn the produced methane, converting it to
carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor. Neither methane nor carbon dioxide is particularly
harmful, although both are “greenhouse” gases, implicated as contributors to global
warming.
The actual quantities for a landfill of this size, however, are very small compared to the
emissions from diesel engines and automobiles along the highway for example.
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A portion of gases that would vent to the surface from a municipal waste landfill would be
absorbed by the green foliage of broad leaf plants in the buffer zones. With the natural
buffers and state of the surrounding areas this would reduce the problems offsite, at the
Wallame Site. Subsequent flaring of landfill gas, albeit an expensive and complex operation
could provide small environmental benefits but this process is not economically justified at
this site.
Dust and Smoke: The facility may create some dust resulting from vehicle movements;
however there is provision for dust suppression in the design and operating plan. This
involves the gravel surfacing of the access road and service roads within the site, as well as
using water to suppress dust that does arise. The timeframe of the impact will be short as
most of it will occur during the construction phase, and the dust issue during the operational
phase is mitigable. This site will be very remote from development at the initial
construction phase and should not need mitigation efforts.
Fires could occur at the landfill, which requires vigilance to extinguish them quickly. Fires
are usually the result of hot loads being received at landfills. These hot portions can be ash
covered charcoals.
With the use of transfer stations for a large portion of the Municipal Solid Waste the hot
loads should be greatly reduced. Loads that are directly hauled to the site could also pose a
problem and site operational staff should be on the lookout for these wastes. Ideally, when a
hot load is encountered it should be isolated in an open area and extinguished with water
before being considered for incorporation in the fill area. Clearly, smoke irritation can be
avoided through the prevention of fires at the landfill.
Fire prevention procedures which should be adhered to at all times throughout the
operational life of the landfill should be prepared. Good communications with neighboring
facilities and surveillance for fires and dust by the landfill operating staff can prevent
significant problems from occurring. Quick reaction to any observed blazing loads will also
reduce these problems.
Odor: Odors from decaying waste material are produced at sanitary landfills, particularly
when waste high in organic material (e.g., animal waste, domestic waste, faecal waste) is
disposed. It is noted that there is no existing development located within four to five
kilometers downwind of the site from the proposed landfill. However, it is possible and
quite feasible to prevent odors from being a problem to downwind neighbouring residents
and facilities by applying adequate cover material sufficiently, frequently and effectively.
There is an ample supply of soil (clay, silt, sand and mixtures thereof) existing on the site,
which can be used as cover material. The methods for applying daily cover, intermediate
cover (when an individual cell is non-active for a period of time), and final cover (when the
cell or landfill is permanently closed) will help in reducing obnoxious odors. Additionally, it
is recommended that the active face (area of uncovered wastes placed during the daily
operation) of the landfill at any given time be minimized. It is absolutely essential that even
at remote sites the above provisions be implemented at the landfill facility, if problems with
odors impinging on neighboring facilities are to be avoided.
Apart from this, good communications with future development and monitoring of odors by
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the landfill operating staff can help to prevent significant problems from occurring.
The potential impacts associated with Soil and Terrains are: erosion of bare slopes during
construction and operational phases, the potential for ongoing slope erosion in post-closure
condition.
In any landfill or similar operation, there is the potential for soils to erode or lose stability
when surface water drains over them. Particulate matter may be carried offsite in surface
runoff, with consequent effects on surface water quality, unless provisions are made through
a storm retention pond to control this.
Portion of the site that has already been the subject of erosion in the form of washed
surfaces requires remediation during the initial site construction period.
The key to avoiding erosion problems is to reduce water flow over bare, erodible soils, and
particularly reducing the velocity of water as it drains over the terrain or through drainage
courses. This can be accomplished using effective contouring to reduce slope grades, ditch
blocks to reduce runoff velocities and prompt and effective re-vegetation of bare ground
whenever possible, which stabilizes the soil and helps to reduce run-off water velocities.
Contouring of the landfill facility and surface water diversion channels shall be constructed
so that surface water run-on in the event of severe storm events is directed to the on-site
storm pond. The concept shall be based on maintaining surface water flows that are no
more, in terms of instantaneous flows, than what would be considered as the natural
undisturbed site conditions. The storm runoff system shall be controlled by constructing
drainage channels and a large storm pond will handle at least a one hour, a 100-year return
period storm event.
All new and existing storm drainage courses shall be constructed to keep velocities to a
reasonable level and the use of culverts, ditch blocks and rip rap will be undertaken to limit
soil erosion in drainage channels. As the development and operation of the landfill
progresses, the number of slopes that will be exposed at any given time, and their
cumulative surface area, shall be kept to a minimum. For the post-operational phase, the
landfill shall be capped, contoured, and vegetated appropriately, with full attention to
providing effective drainage and erosion prevention. All slopes on finished areas will be
limited to a no steeper slope by choosing appropriate vertical to horizontal ratio, in order to
limit soil erosion. This can be compared to normal sites that have steeper slopes.
It is expected that if these measures including the storm pond are put into effect, the landfill
may be constructed, operated and decommissioned with no significant adverse effects to
soils or to surface water through the effects of soil erosion.
One concern that was associated with the landfill is the possibility that contaminants from
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the waste might enter surface runoff water from the landfill and reach major surface water
courses such as the Majage River.
Where the above measures are implemented during the construction, operations and closure
phases of the landfill development, there is no significant adverse impacts on surrounding
surface waters are anticipated.
The ground water condition at the landfill site as well as the entire city was assessed in
detail. Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a
hydrologic setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground
water. Through this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the
groundwater, particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the
groundwater table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of
the groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following
detailed information:
the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including long-
term and seasonal fluctuations;
the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and
minimum values;
the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any
spring;
the groundwater levels; and
the groundwater protection or recharge zones.
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During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of
aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the
permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,
the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.
Potential Impacts
The leachate from landfill cells may leak into ground water, affecting groundwater quality,
well water, and potentially surface water at discharge points. A potential impact that must
be mitigated at many sanitary landfill sites is the possibility that leachate from the waste cell
is allowed to enter the groundwater underlying the site. This could have long-term adverse
effects on groundwater quality, well water quality, and surface water quality stemming from
discharge of the groundwater to the surface water. It is noted that there are no known active
wells within vicinity of the Wallame landfill site.
The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the
downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each
other which give the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to
topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in
the area selected for the landfill.
The proposed sanitary landfill at the Wallame site has been selected partly to take advantage
of the significant depths of impermeable clay found, which will act as a natural liner,
preventing percolation of leachate into potentially a much deeper groundwater regime.
In the proposed design of the facility, the leachate will be collected from each cell and will
be conveyed by gravity, to leachate ponds, which will also be lined with HDPE or
constructed using the native impermeable clays. Leachate will undergo natural anaerobic
treatment in these cells followed by aerobic (oxidative) treatment, before draining. No
leachate shall be released from the pond area until analyses for basic parameters have been
completed and it has been determined suitable for release.
The leachate cells will be sized to also accommodate the incident rainfall flooding storm
event during normal operating conditions, plus the amount of leachate produced in a
specified period.
The waste stream shall be screened at the transfer stations to remove household and other
hazardous materials such as batteries, solvents, used oil, chemicals, etc., which normally
contribute high levels of contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic organics to the waste
stream. (These need to be handled specially).
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In the post-operational phase, an impermeable 0.5m layer of clay or similar material will be
placed on top of the closed cells, to curtail the percolation of water into the cell and hence
the ongoing production of leachate.
With the groundwater protection that will be provided by the natural clay at the site, with
the leachate collection and management system in effect, with the screening of the incoming
solid waste stream, and with the proper closure of each cell so as to curtail the production of
leachate, as well as other measures, no significant effects on ground water is anticipated.
The development of a proper landfill site entails clearing and re-contouring activities, as
well as the operations of the facility itself. This can result in loss of habitat for wildlife and
natural vegetation, as well as a tendency to act as a barrier to wildlife movement. The
proposed landfill site will not represent a significant loss in terms of habitat for plants or
animals, nor for commercially important plants/animals. In addition, a large portion of the
site has already been significantly diminished of habitat due to past clearance and
excavation activities and most recent zoning for industrial activities in the immediate area.
It would appear to be of less value for wildlife habitat compared to the surrounding areas. It
is anticipated that there will be no significant adverse effects on vegetation and wildlife.
The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or
agricultural use. Dombosico School which is the closest structure to the landfill site is
located at about 1KM distance from the landfill site while Majage River is located at more
than a kilometer distance from the land fill site.
No additional mitigation is therefore required. While there have been several proposals for
industrial development in the vicinity of the proposed landfill, the implementation of these
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plans has not moved to the point where irresolvable land use conflicts are inevitable.
When new development plans are considered for adjacent properties, the regulatory agency
should ensure that they are done so as to avoid land use or other conflicts involving the
landfill facility.
4.8.1. Traffic
The truck traffic, trucks per day travelling to and from the facility, resulting from the
operation of the town waste management facility at Wallame is very small and would pose
an almost insignificant threat to safety, provided that the timing of waste management
vehicle traffic is more or less distributed in time over the course of any day, or days during
the working week.
4.9.2. Nuisances
The Potential Nuisances associated with the construction and operation of the landfill site
are: The disturbance of adjacent facilities from noise of machinery in landfill; The
disturbance of adjacent facilities from pest populations attracted to the landfill; Litter and
dust generated at the landfill and distributed to neighboring properties; and Visual impacts
from landfill or litter.
The problems of noise, pests, litter and visual impact are all familiar problems associated
with landfill or other related waste management facilities that are improperly operated. If
additional plans for residential developments are realized during the life of the facility, they
will also need to be taken into account as potential receptors.
While noise, pests, litter and visual impacts are potential problems of landfill operations,
there are operational means of addressing all of them, and the difference between a well-run
facility and a poorly operated one is often manifested by the frequency of complaints about
these nuisances.
While some degree of machinery noise may be heard in surrounding areas, the Re-
vegetation and maintenance of a treed buffer zone around the site will serve to reduce the
noise levels heard beyond the site. Normally this is reduced to zero at about one kilometer
distance.
Dust suppression measures will be used during construction and operational phases of the
landfill, for example compaction of surfaces and the use of water or treated leachate on
access and other roads.
As outlined above, the application of daily cover material is critical in reducing the
landfill’s attractiveness to pests such as rodents, insects, feral dogs and cats, and birds.
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scavengers to levels that are not a nuisance to surrounding areas. In addition, the working
face of the landfill should be confined as much as possible, reducing the amount of fresh
waste exposed to the air. Finally, compaction of the waste in the landfill serves not only to
reduce odor and pest problems, but to minimize the escape of windblown litter.
To control litter, all incoming vehicles should be covered (e.g., with netting or tarp), and site
staff should be assigned as necessary to regularly retrieve litter which happens to escape
from the landfill site or collect at its periphery. This crew should also clean the access road
ditches adjacent to the site on a regular basis. It is recommended that all of the above
problems be monitored by visual or other inspection by landfill staff on a regular basis, and
that good communications be maintained with the surrounding neighbours. In this way,
emerging problems can be addressed promptly so as to prevent serious disturbances.
In terms of aesthetics, the treed buffer zone will minimize visual impact from the
perspective of adjacent areas during construction and operations. After landfill closure, the
landfill will be re-contoured and re-vegetated such as to provide an acceptable visual
presentation, using graded slopes and suitable species of grass or other vegetation.
With the measures of the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans fully implemented,
it should be possible to prevent significant adverse impacts in the form of disturbances to
neighbouring institutions or residences.
The proposed landfill site does not cause the loss of artifacts of historical/ importance due to
construction and related activities. Construction, clearing and related activities could not
result in the loss or damage of buried or surface artifacts of potential historical importance.
Given the above, it is not anticipated that any significant loss or damage to historical
resources will result from the development of the proposed landfill.
Personnel involved in transporting and handling waste at collection, transfer and landfill site
can encounter different health and safety hazards. These may include, exposure to
biological hazards (bacteria, virus, fungal and other microorganisms), chemical hazards
that may include various chemical disposals such as dusts and others, physical hazards such
as noise, and weather factors cold and hot weather and mechanical hazards. These hazards
are preventable by taking the required safety and health measures.
Safety and health problem unless properly addressed will result in impacting personnel
health and safety at work. To mitigate these problems, it is recommendable (where
applicable) to move the waste mechanically (using shovels, etc) rather than doing the
loading and unloading activity manually. This condition will minimize exposure of
personnel to various safety and health hazards. Besides, providing employees with personal
protective equipment (PPE) and controlling usage of same will contribute in preventing
employees from health and safety hazards. As the waste to be disposed can contain various
health hazards, it is also advisable to arrange regular medical check up to employees
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involved in waste transporting activity. Arranging washing facility will help employees to
have improved health.
Other Factors
Provided that the general recommendations for the environmental mitigation and
monitoring are implemented, the loss resulting from the use of the site under consideration
as a new town landfill facility would be outweighed by the environmental benefits such as
improved waste disposal system for Dilla, resulting in less litter, odor and pests. One
positive feature of using the Wallame site for a sanitary landfill is the availability of cover
material. This material could be used not only for daily, intermediate and final cover at the
site, but also for reclaiming existing problem landfills and dumps.
The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or
agricultural use. However, it was observed that residents in Dilla organized in association
are performing quarrying activity which they produce approximately 3-5 cubic meters of
stone daily for their lively hood. These people are performing this task legally getting the
land from the town administration. As the area they are quarrying is with in the boundary of
landfill site, they will be removed from the area at the start of the project which will affect
their income.
Mitigation Measures
Project Affected Persons (PAPs) persons whose livelihood or shelter is directly affected by
the project activities due to acquisition of the land owned or used by them.
As these people have formal legal rights to the land, project owner or town administration is
required to compensate them by availing replacement for the land that has been taken by the
project so that they can restore their lively hood. Besides, as deemed necessary, they may be
required to be compensated for any investment they made to develop the site. This has to be
performed and completed before the construction activity starts.
For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for
implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project
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proponent in this particular case, Dilla Town Administration, the construction contractor,
construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take the
major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and
monitoring plans
During the design phase, the consultant assigned to design the Landfill project will be
responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the design and the
technical specifications of the bidding document.
During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the
regional office responsible for environment, Dilla Town Administration, and the Works and
Urban Development Office of the SNNPR Administration. In particular, the regional office
in charge of environment will coordinate other organizations that will be involved in the
monitoring of some of the parameters.
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of operation, equipment, and design measures and eventually on the protection of the
environment.
Compliance to the regulations set by the Federal and Regional Environmental Agencies and
other relevant agencies to limit air, water, and soil pollution as well as occupational health
and safety shall be observed. Compliance monitoring shall be the responsibility of the
Municipality and Landfill facility administration, and regional environment agency thus
monitoring activities shall be budgeted for accordingly.
For effective compliance monitoring, the following shall be assured:
Trained staff and defined responsibilities
Adequate analytical facility (ies), equipment, and materials,
Authorized Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for representative sampling,
laboratory analysis, and data analysis,
Maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment,
Provision of safe storage and retention of records.
The technical staff that would run the plant shall attend training programs to improve their
qualifications and update their information. Both Contractors and Consultants would be
involved in knowledge transfer to operators and management through regular assistance and
specialized technical workshops.
Given that the facility capacity at the start of operation is small, it is recommended that
compliance monitoring occurs once every 6 months. However, in the case of facility
expansion, the frequency of monitoring should be increased accordingly.
In addition to compliance monitoring, process control monitoring is needed since a precise
and adapted process control strategy translates into a better process performance, and thus
regulatory compliance. Process control monitoring also includes occupational health and
safety monitoring.
Occupational health and safety is crucial for the proper performance of the Landfill. In
addition, the Landfill site supervisor must continuously observe the occupational safety
standards of the labor law.
The Landfill site supervisor must also regularly check for outdoor odor levels. This is
performed weekly by a field visit to the area surrounding the facility, especially in the
predominant wind direction and close to the residential area. Monitoring for pest is essential
to maintain hygienic standards within the facility. This is an ongoing process. All labor
should be instructed to report unusual pest rises to the Landfill site supervisor.
It is the responsibility of the Municipality and Landfill site administrator to ensure the
development of a database that includes a systematic tabulation of process indicators,
performed computations, maintenance schedules, logbook, and compliance and process
performance monitoring outcomes. Such a historical database benefits both the facility
operator and design engineers.
The Landfill facility should submit a periodic compliance monitoring report to the
appropriate regional and federal authorities.
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S/N Potential Proposed mitigation measures Responsible for Responsible for Time Horizon
environmental & implementing the monitoring the
social impacts mitigation measures implementation
of mitigation
measures Mitigation Monitorin Cost
g
Ethi.Birr
1 Generation of proper ventilation Dilla Environmental and REPA Construction Operation 50,000
landfill gas and applying coverage for waste on daily beautification process period period
odors from and regular basis UGCBB
decomposing Environmental
process specialist
2 Erosion of soil reduce water flow over bare soil Contractor REPA Construction Operation Included
reduce velocity of water by using period period in the
effective contouring to reduce slope REPA UGCBB constructi
grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff Environmental on
velocities and prompt and effective Supervisor specialist agreement
re-vegetation of bare ground
whenever possible, which stabilizes
the soil and helps to reduce run-off
water velocities
appropriate measures including
provision of berms and silt traps
during construction
3 Contaminations of all water from the waste should be Contractor Contractor Construction Operation Included
surface and ground kept in an appropriate leachate pond period period in the
water use appropriate liners- either natural REPA REPA constructi
or synthetic to contain leachate on
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agreement
4 Noise, pest, dust establish buffer zone Dilla City Environmental REPA Operation Operation 25,000
and other daily proper cover of waste and beautification process period period
disturbances use dust suppressor Dilla City
proper maintenance of machineries,
vehicles, and use of low noise
equipments
5 Occupational and provision and use of proper personal Dilla City Administration Dilla City During 300,000
public health protective equipment Administration construction
hazards regular medical check-up and &operation
provision of appropriate sanitary period
facilities
Community training and
awareness creation
salary for permanent and
temporary staff
Total estimated budget for implementation of mitigation measures will be ETB 375,000.00
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The improvement measures being taken as regards to house hold level waste handling, door
to door waste collection, waste recycling and reuse are good examples & indicators for a
better urban waste management practice. The strategic plan prepared by the Adigrat town
Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Office, if properly implemented is believed to bring
further improvements in the waste management works of the town. One of such
improvement measures is the provision of properly designed sanitary land fill for treatment
and disposal of the solid waste of the town.
The transfer containers or dust bins are located on street sides, like most urban centers;
instead door to door collection should be done and directly transported to the disposal site
by either the tractors, or by the carts. This could avoid/minimize the odor problems of waste
containers located at road sides as experienced elsewhere. Capacity building is required to
maintain this operation procedure, to cope with the urban population growth and increase in
volume of waste generated from time to time.
The study emphasizes and recommends the strict adherence to waste management hierarchy
advocated worldwide at present. The waste management hierarchy follows the principles of
sustainable development that encourages using scarce natural resources more efficiently,
and avoiding the environmental impacts of waste disposal. The waste management
hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore, recognize the following trend;
Avoiding waste
Re-using materials
Recycling and reprocessing materials
Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible).
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ANNEXES
ANNEX I - REFERENCES
5. The conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, volume II ,Federal Policy on Natural resources and
the Environment, EPA ,1996
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d)
Interfere substantially with the
movement of any native resident or
migratory wildlife species?
e) Conflict with any local policies or
ordinances protecting biological
resources, such as a tree
preservation policy or ordinance?
f) Conflict with the provisions of an
adopted or other approved local,
regional, or federal habitat
conservation plan?
CULTURAL RESOURCES - Would the
project
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a) Exposure of persons to or
generation of noise levels in excess
of standards established?
b) Exposure of persons to or
generations of excessive ground-
borne vibration or ground-borne
noise levels?
c) A substantial permanent increase
in ambient noise levels in the
project vicinity above levels
existing without the project?
d) A substantial temporary or periodic
increase in ambient noise levels in
the project vicinity above levels
existing without the project?
POPULATION AND HOUSING - Would
the project:
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PUBLIC SERVICES
iii) Schools?
iv) Parks?
RECREATION
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