WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Seminar Submitted in Partial Fulfillment

of

the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

Mechanical Engineering
By

Shivam Singh
(Roll No. 1716440090)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Arun Kumar

( Assistant professor )

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur

DR A P J ABDUAL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

2019-2020

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 CERTIFICATE

Certified that Mr. Shivam Singh (Roll Number 1716440090) has carried out the seminar work
presented in this seminar entitled “WIRELESS COMMUNICATION” from Pranveer Singh
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, affiliated by A.I.C.T.E and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow under my supervision. The seminar work embodies results of original work,
and studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of the work do not form the basis
for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other
University/Institution.

Date: (Mr.Arun Kumar)

Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

P.S.I.T. Kanpur

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 ABSTRACT
Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor.

The most common wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances can be short, such
as a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep- space
radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications,
including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless
networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage
door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers,
satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications include the use of other
electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of sound.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr Arun Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, for providing me kind guidance,
continuous encouragement, extend help and support during my thesis work. I would also like to
offer thanks to DR. Nitin Srivastava, HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering Pranveer
Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur for allowing me to do this work. I am also thankful to all the
faculty members of Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur for providing me various kind
of support and help directly or indirectly, during my present work.

Date: Shivam Singh

(Roll No. 1716440090)

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate ...................................................................................................................I
Abstract..................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgement… .............................................................................................. III
Table of content. ...................................................................................................... IV
1. History .................................................................................................................. 6
2. Features of Wireless communication.................................................................. 8
3. Typical frequency ................................................................................................ 8
4. Types of Wireless communication… ................................................................. 9
 WiFi

 Bluetooth
 NFC

 LiFi
5. Applications of Wireless Communication………………………………..21
6. Advantages of wireless communication… ....................................................... 23
7. Disadvantages of wireless communication………………………………….24
8. Future Scope…………………………………………………………………25

CONCLUSION… ............................................................................................... XXVI

REFERENCE ................................................................................................... XXVII

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 History of Wireless Communication

If we ignore optics, which fascinated early scientists over two thousand years ago, one might
argue that the long trail of innovations that have brought us to the fast, cheap, and (mostly)
reliable wireless products and services of today in fact began with Benjamin Franklin and his
famous kite.

It is very unlikely that Franklin actually conducted the experiment as it is often described, with
keys tied to a kite string - had he done so, he might never have survived to sign the Declaration
of Independence! But Franklin did, in 1747, propose a model of electricity that proved surprising
correct. And at that point it was evident that electricity could in fact move through the air.

In 1819, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted noted that a compass needle would move in
the presence of an electric field, thus establishing the fundamental relationship between
electricity and magnetism. We call the entire field electromagnetic to this day.

In 1831, Michael Faraday demonstrated electromagnetic induction and built the first direct-
current generator. While this wasn't useful for wireless communications, it did provide a way to
generate electricity.

The next big leap forward was the result of theoretical work by James Clerk Maxwell, the great
Scottish physicist. He published "On a Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" in 1865,
and in 1873 "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism," which became what are known
Maxwell's Equations.
These are a series of very difficult differential equations which describe the movement of
electromagnetic waves through space. Remarkably, we use them to this day. I'm always amazed
that someone working in a cold, damp building in Scotland, with little in the way of
computational technology and probably nothing more than an oil lamp for light, devised
something so fundamental and powerful that we still use it. Maxwell, by the way, had never seen
a radio; they did not exist then, and he had no actual experience with radio waves themselves.
But the theory he developed paved the way for the next set of critical inventions.

Building on Maxwell's work, Heinrich Hertz in 1887 invented the oscillator (an alternating-
current generator) and created radio waves. By the way, this is the Hertz of megahertz and
gigahertz, not the rental-car company. I should also note that Oersted, Faraday, and Maxwell all
had units of physical measurement named in their honor as well.

Now, who exactly should get the credit for the radio is still a subject of debate. Many believe it
was in fact Nikola Tesla who first sent information through the air. However, I've never seen
evidence that Tesla really communicated something of value - he just moved energy between
two points without wire, demonstrating electromagnetic induction. The credit for the radio itself
belongs, I think, to Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1895 sent a radio telegraph transmission across
the English Channel and in 1901 a transmission across the Atlantic. Public use of radio began in
1907. By the way, no physical unit was named for Marconi, but he did win the Nobel Prize in
1909 - not bad for a self-taught inventor!
There have been so many great contributions since then, from Edwin Armstrong (who created FM
radio, among others), to Lee De Forest (who invented the electron tube), and Andrew Viterbi
(who came up with digital decoding and CDMA) - and so many more that we can't list them all
here.

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There are now more people working in wireless communications than at any other time in
history. So as the computer industry suffers, to some degree, from the pains of maturity, wireless
shows no such trend towards slowing down.

"If I have seen further it is by standing on you shoulders of Giants," Isaac Newton wrote that in a
famous letter of his to Robert Hooke, the great English scientist and inventor.

Today, after well over 200 years, we continue to build on the work of an amazing number of
inspiring people who were fascinated with the concept of communication through the air. And
the innovations, as regular readers of this column can attest, continue at a remarkable pace.

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 FEATURES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

 Freedom from wires.

 No bunch of wires running from here and there.

 “Auto Magical” instantaneous communication without physical connection

setup e.g. - Bluetooth, Wi-Fi.

 Global coverage

 Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly

 E.g. - rural areas, buildings, battlefield, outerspace.

 Stay connected flexibility to connect multiple devices.

TYPICAL FREQUENCIES
88 MHZ
 FM RADIO

200 MHZ
 TV BROADCAST

900 MHZ
 GSM PHONES

1.2 GHZ
 GPS

1.8 GHZ
 PCS PHONES

2.4 GHZ
 BLUETOOTH

2.4 GHZ
 Wi-Fi

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 Types of Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a popular wireless networking technology. Wi-Fi stands for “wireless fidelity”. The Wi-Fi
was invented by NCR corporation/AT&T in Netherlands in 1991. By using this technology we can
exchange the information between two or more devices. Wi-Fi has been developed for mobile
computing devices, such has laptops, but it is now extensively using for mobile applications and
consumer electronics like televisions, DVD players and digital cameras. There should be two
possibilities in communicating with the Wi-Fi connection that may be through access point to the
client connection or client to client connection. Wi-Fi is a one type of wireless technology. It is
commonly called as wireless LAN (local area network). Wi-Fi allows local area networks to
operate without cable and wiring. It is making popular choice for home and business networks. A
computer’s wireless adaptor transfers the data into a radio signal and transfers the data into antenna
for users.

Working Principle:

Wi-Fi is a high speed internet connection and network connection without use of any cables or
wires. The wireless network is operating three essential elements that are radio signals, antenna and
router. The radio waves are keys which make the Wi-Fi networking possible. The computers and
cell phones are ready with Wi-Fi cards. Wi-Fi compatibility has been using a new creation to
constituent within the ground connected with community network. The actual broadcast is
connected with in sequence in fact it is completed by way of stereo system surf as well as the worth
of wires with monitor to classification prone. Wi-Fi allows the person in order to get access to web
any place in the actual provided area. You can now generate a system within Resorts, library,
schools, colleges, campus, personal institutes, as well as espresso stores as well as on the open
public spot to help to make your company much more lucrative as well as interact with their own
customer whenever. Wi-Fi compatibility can make surf with stare to company using their inspiring
cable television much a smaller amount force down.

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 The radio signals are transmitted from antennas and routers that signals are picked up by Wi-Fi
receivers, such as computers and cell phones that are ready with Wi-Fi cards. Whenever the
computer receives the signals within the range of 100-150 feet for router it connect the device
immediately. The range of the Wi-Fi is depends upon the environment, indoor or outdoor ranges.
The Wi-Fi cards will read the signals and create an internet connection between user and network.
The speed of the device using Wi-Fi connection increases as the computer gets closer to the main
source and speed is decreases computer gets further away.

Many new laptops, mobile phones have inbuilt Wi-Fi card you don’t have to do anything which is
one of the best thing. If it is a free- based type of network connection the user will be promoted
with a login id and password. The free base network connections also well in some areas. The Wi -
Fi network connection is creating hot spots in the cities. The hot spots are a connection point of
Wi-Fi network. It is a small box that is hardwired in to the internet. There are many Wi-Fi hot spots
available in public places like restaurants, airports, and hotels offices, universities etc.

Types of WI-FI Technologies:

Currently they are four major types of WIFI technologies.

 Wi-Fi-802.11a
 Wi-Fi-802.11b
 Wi-Fi-802.11g
 Wi-Fi-802.11n
802.11a is the one of a series of wireless technology. That defines the format and structure of the
radio signals sent out by WI-FI networking routers and antennas.

 Wi-Fi-802.11b:

802.11b is the one of a series of wireless technology. 802. 11b support bandwidth 11mbps. Signal
in unregulated frequency spectrum around 2.4 GHz. This is a low frequency compared with Wi-Fi-
802.11a means it is working reasonable distance. It is interference with micro owns cordless
phones and other appliance. It is low-cost; signal range is good using home appliance.

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  Wi-Fi-802.11g:

In 2002 and 2003, This Technology supporting a newer slandered products. It is best technology of
802.11a and 802.11b. The 802.11 b support bandwidth upto 54mbps and it use a 2.4 GHz
frequency for greater range. This cost is more than 802.11b. It is fast accessing and maximum
speed.

 Wi-Fi-802.11n:

The 802.11n is the newest WIFI technology. It was designed to improve on 802.11g .The amount
of bandwidth supported by utilizing multiple wireless signals and antennas instead of one. It
supports 100 mbps bandwidth and increased signal intensity.

Applications:
 Mobile applications
 Business applications
 Home applications
 Computerized application
 Automotive segment
 Browsing internet
 Video conference

Advantages:

 Wireless laptop can be moved from one place to another place

 Wi-Fi network communication devices without wire can reduce the cost of wires.
 Wi-Fi setup and configuration is easy than cabling process
 It is completely safe and it will not interfere with any network
 We can also connect internet via hot spots
 We can connect internet wirelessly.

Disadvantages:

 Wi-Fi generates radiations which can harm the human health

 We must disconnect the Wi-Fi connection whenever we are not using the server
 There are some limits to transfer the data, we can’t able to transfer the data for long distance
 Wi-Fi implementation is very expensive when compared to the wired connection.

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Bluetooth

A Bluetooth technology is a high speed low powered wireless technology link that is designed to
connect phones or other portable equipment together. It is a specification (IEEE 802.15.1) for the
use of low power radio communications to link phones, computers and other network devices over
short distance without wires. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances,
typically up to 30 feet (10 meters).

It is achieved by embedded low cost transceivers into the devices. It supports on the frequency
band of 2.45GHz and can support up to 721KBps along with three voice channels. This frequency
band has been set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical
devices (ISM).rd-compatible with 1.0 device. Bluetooth can connect up to “eight
devices” simultaneously and each device offers a unique 48 bit address from the IEEE 802
standard with the connections being made point to point or multipoint.

History of Bluetooth:

Bluetooth wireless technology was named after a Danish Viking and King, Harald Blatand; his last
name means “Bluetooth” in English. He is credited with uniting Denmark and Norway, just as
Bluetooth wireless technology is credited with uniting two disparate devices.
The Bluetooth technology emerged from the task undertaken by Ericsson Mobile Communications
in 1994 to find alternative to the use of cables for communication between mobile phones and other
devices. In 1998, the companies Ericsson, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba formed the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG) which published the 1st version in 1999.
The first version was 1.2 standard with a data rate speed of 1Mbps. The second version was
2.0+EDR with a data rate speed of 3Mbps. The third was 3.0+HS with speed of 24 Mbps. The
latest version is 4.0.

How Bluetooth Works:

Bluetooth Network consists of a Personal Area Network or a pioneer which contains a minimum of
2 to maximum of 8 Bluetooth peer devices- Usually a single master and up to 7 slaves. A master is
the device which initiates communication with other devices. The master device governs the
communications link and traffic between itself and the slave devices associated with it. A slave
device is the device that responds to the master device. Slave devices are required to synchronize
their transmit/receive timing with that of the masters. In addition, transmissions by slave devices
are governed by the master device (i.e., the master device dictates when a slave device may
transmit). Specifically, a slave may only begin its transmissions in a time slot immediately
following the time slot in which it was addressed by the master, or in a time slot explicitly reserved
for use by the slave device.

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 The frequency hopping sequence is defined by the Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR) of the
master device. The master device first sends a radio signal asking for response from the particular
slave devices within the range of addresses. The slaves respond and synchronize their hop
frequency as well as clock with that of the master device.

Scatternets are created when a device becomes an active member of more than one piconet.
Essentially, the adjoining device shares its time slots among the different piconets.

Bluetooth Specifications:
 Core Specifications: It defines the Bluetooth protocol stack and the requirements for testing and
qualification of Bluetooth-based products.

 The profiles specification: It defines usage models that provide detailed information about how
to use the Bluetooth protocol for various types of applications.

The core specification consists of 5 layers:

 Radio: Radio specifies the requirements for radio transmission – including frequency,
modulation, and power characteristics – for a Bluetooth transceiver.
 Baseband Layer: It defines physical and logical channels and link types (voice or data); specifies
various packet formats, transmit and receive timing, channel control, and the mechanism for
frequency hopping (hop selection) and device addressing.It specifies point to point or point to
multipoint links. The length of a packet can range from 68 bits (shortened access code) to a
maximum of 3071 bits.
 LMP- Link Manager Protocol (LMP): defines the procedures for link set up and ongoing link
management.
 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): is responsible for adapting upper-layer
protocols to the baseband layer.
 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): – allows a Bluetooth device to query other Bluetooth
devices for device information, services provided, and the characteristics of those services.
The 1st three layers comprise the Bluetooth module whereas the last two layers make up the host.
The interfacing between these two logical groups is called Host Controller Interface .

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 Advantages of Bluetooth Technology:
 It removes the problem of radio interference by using a technique called Speed Frequency
Hopping. This technique utilizes 79 channels of particular frequency band, with each device
accessing the channel for only 625 microseconds, i.e. the device must toggle between
transmitting and receiving data from one time slot to another. This implies the transmitters
change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a
limited slice of the radio spectrum. This ensures that the interference won’t take place as each
transmitter will be on different frequencies.
 The power consumption of the chip (consisting of transceiver) is low, at about 0.3mW, which
makes it possible for least utilization of battery life.
 It guarantees security at bit level. The authentication is controlled using a 128bit key.
 It is possible to use Bluetooth for both transferring of data and verbal communication as
Bluetooth can support data channels of up to 3 similar voice channels.
 It overcomes the constraints of line of sight and one to one communication as in other mode of
wireless communications like infrared.
Bluetooth Applications:

Cordless Desktop: All (or most) of the peripheral devices (e.g., mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers,
etc.) are connected to the PC cordlessly.

Ultimate headset: It can be used to allow one headset to be used with myriad devices, including
telephones, portable computers, stereos, etc.

Automatic synchronization: This usage model makes use of the hidden computing paradigm, which
focuses on applications in which devices automatically carry out certain tasks on behalf of the user
without user intervention or awareness.

Multimedia Transfer:- Exchanging of multimedia data like songs, videos, pictures can be
transferred among devices using Bluetooth.

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 NFC (Near Field Communication)

NFC stands for “Near Field Communication” and, as the name implies, it enables short-range
communication between compatible devices. This requires at least one transmitting device, and
another to receive the signal. A range of devices can use the NFC standard and will be considered
either passive or active.

NFC is a mainstream wireless technology, thanks to the growth of online payment systems
like Samsung Pay and Google Pay. Especially when it comes to high-end devices and even many
mid-rangers. You’ve likely heard the term before, but what is NFC exactly? In this piece we
rundown what it is, how it works, and what it can be used for.

Passive NFC devices include tags, and other small transmitters, that can send information to other
NFC devices without the need for a power source of their own. However, they don’t process any
information sent from other sources, and can’t connect to other passive components. These often
take the form of interactive signs on walls or advertisements.

Active devices are able to both send and receive data, and can communicate with each other as well
as with passive devices. Smartphones are by far the most common form of active NFC device.
Public transport card readers and touch payment terminals are also good examples of the
technology.

How does NFC work?

Now that we know what NFC is, how does it work? Just like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and all manner
of other wireless signals, NFC works on the principle of sending information over radio waves.
Near Field Communication is another standard for wireless data transitions. This means that
devices must adhere to certain specifications in order to communicate with each other properly.
The technology used in NFC is based on older RFID (Radio-frequency identification) ideas, which
used electromagnetic induction in order to transmit information.

This marks the one major difference between NFC and Bluetooth/WiFi. The former can be used to
induce electric currents within passive components as well as just send data. This means that
passive devices don’t require their own power supply. They can instead be powered by the
electromagnetic field produced by an active NFC component when it comes into range.
Unfortunately, NFC technology does not command enough inductance to charge our smart phones,
but QI wireless charging is based on the same principle.

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The transmission frequency for data across NFC is 13.56 megahertz. You can send data at 106,
212, or 424 kilobits per second. That’s quick enough for a range of data transfers — from contact
details to swapping pictures and music.

To determine what sort of information will be exchanged between devices, the NFC standard
currently has three distinct modes of operation. Perhaps the most common use in smartphones is
the peer-to-peer mode. This allows two NFC-enabled devices to exchange various pieces of
information between each other. In this mode, both devices switch between active when sending
data and passive when receiving.

Read/write mode, on the other hand, is one-way data transmission. The active device, possibly your
smartphone, links up with another device in order to read information from it. NFC advert tags use
this mode.

The final mode of operation is card emulation. The NFC device can function as a smart or
contactless credit card and make payments or tap into public transport systems.

Comparisons with Bluetooth

NFC is a bit unnecessary, considering that Bluetooth has been more widely available for many
years. However, there are several important technical differences between the two that gives NFC
some significant benefits in certain circumstances. The major argument in favor of NFC is that it
requires much less power consumption than Bluetooth. This makes NFC perfect for passive
devices, such as the advertising tags mentioned earlier, as they can operate without a major power
source.

However, this power-saving does have some major drawbacks. Most notably, the range of
transmission is much shorter than Bluetooth. While NFC has a range of around 10 cm, just a few
inches, Bluetooth connections can transmit data up to 10 meters or more from the source. Another
drawback is that NFC is quite a bit slower than Bluetooth. It transmits data at a maximum speed of
just 424 kbit/s, compared to 2.1 Mbit/s with Bluetooth 2.1 or around 1 Mbit/s with Bluetooth Low
Energy.

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But NFC does have one major advantage: faster connectivity. Due to the use of inductive coupling,
and the absence of manual pairing, it takes less than one-tenth of a second to establish a connection
between two devices. While modern Bluetooth connects pretty fast, NFC is still super handy for
certain scenarios. Namely mobile payments.

Samsung Pay, Android Pay, and even Apple Pay use NFC technology — though Samsung Pay
works a bit differently than the others. While Bluetooth works better for connecting devices
together for file transfers, sharing connections to speakers, and more, we anticipate that NFC will
always have a place in this world thanks to mobile payments — a quickly expanding technology.

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LiFi

The Li-Fi (light fidelity) technology was proposed by the German Scientist namely Harald Haas.
The main function of this technology is to transmit the data via light. This technology is idyllic for
high-speed wireless communication in a restricted region, and it offers many benefits over Wi-Fi
technology such as high bandwidth, ease of use, efficiency, and safety. These systems can
communicate from street lights to auto-piloted cars using their headlights. As the light speed is
superior hence the data communication speed is also faster in the existing system. Furthermore, this
technology can be implemented for speedy data access for the laptops, and gadgets that will be
transmitted during the beam in a room.

Li-Fi-light fidelity is similar to Wi-Fi technology and it is one of the future wireless
communication technologies. The main feature of this technology includes fully networked,
bidirectional and high-speed wireless. Nowadays, the most trending domain in wireless
communication is Wi-Fi and internet users are also being increased every year. For obtaining better
speed, efficiency, bandwidth, Li-Fi technology has evolved. The data transmission in this
technology can be done using light because the light intensity changes quicker than the human eye
for capturing. The range of data transmission in Li-Fi is faster 100 times than Wi-Fi.

Block Diagram of Li-Fi System

Li-Fi system mainly includes two parts namely the transmitter and receiver. The input signal at the
transmitter section can be modulated with a specific time period then send the data using LED
bulbs in 0’s and 1’s form. Here, the flashes of LED bulbs are denoted with 0’s and 1’s. At the
receiver end, a photodiode is used to receive the LED flashes strengthens the signal & gives the
output.
The block diagram of Li-Fi system is shown below, and the transmitter section includes the
input, timer circuit, an LED bulb. The input of the transmitter can be any kind of data like text,
voice, etc. The timer circuit in this section is used to provide the necessary time intervals among
every bit, and these are transmitted to the receiver end in the form of LED flashes.

The receiver section includes photodiode as well as amplifier. Here, photodiode receives the LED
bulb flashes then changes the flashes into electrical signals. Finally, the amplifier receives the
signals from the photodiode and amplifies to provide the output.
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 How Li-Fi Works?

Li-Fi is a VLC (visible light communications) system and the speed of this system is very high. Li-
Fi uses normal LEDs to allow the data to transfer and increase the speed up to 224 Gigabits/sec.
The data transmission of this technology can be done via illumination. The essential devices of this
system are the bright light emitting diodes.

The ON/Off activity of LEDs permits a type of data transmission in the form of binary codes but
the human eye cannot recognize this transform & the bulbs appear with a stable intensity .

Differences between Li-Fi & Wi-Fi

 The Bandwidth Expansion of Wi-Fi technology is limited and exceptional for Li-Fi
 The Speed of the Wi-Fi is150 Mbps and >10 Gbps for Li-Fi
 The Data Density of Wi-Fi technology is low and high for Li-Fi
 The Range of Wi-Fi is medium and low for Li-Fi
 The Security of Wi-Fi is medium and excellent for Li-Fi
 The power availability of Wi-Fi is low and high for Li-Fi
 The ecological impact of Wi-Fi is medium and low for Li-Fi
 The cost of the Wi-Fi is medium and low for Li-Fi
 The network topologies of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi technologies is a point to point

Advantages of Li-Fi

 Speed-The speed of the Li-Fi is very high, and we can watch the videos without buffering.
 Security- The light of the Li-Fi doesn’t run through the partition, therefore, it is more protected
and hacking is not possible.
 Risk-free-Li-Fi utilizes light waves which are harmless.
 Consistent- The data transfer is more protected.

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 Disadvantages of Li-Fi

 Apart from several benefits, the Li-Fi technology is facing several problems. It requires LOS
(line of sight), as well as the receiver, would not be a move in inside.
 The main problem is how the receiver will send the data back to the transmitter section.
 Another disadvantage of this technology is an interference of exterior light sources such as
normal bulbs; sunlight in the lane of communication will cause intermission in the transmission.
 It doesn’t work in the dim areas.

Li-Fi Technology Applications

 Traffic Management & Road Safety

 Medical Applications
 Aviation
 Communication Underwater
 Elegant Lighting
 Interior map-reading system for blind people
 In dangerous Environments or In Sensitive regions
 Transportations
 Industrial Areas

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 Applications of Wireless Communication

 Broadcasting services: including short wave AM and FM radio as well as terrestrial

television.

 Mobile communications of voice and data: including maritime and aeronautical mobile
for communications between ships, airplanes and land; land mobile for communications
between a fixed base station and moving sites such as a taxi fleet and paging services, and
mobile communications either between mobile users and a fixed network or between
mobile users, such as mobile telephone services.

 Fixed Services: either point to point or point to multipoint services.

 Satellite: used for broadcasting, telecommunications and internet, particularly over long
distances.

 Amateur radio; Professional LR (Land Mobile Radio) and SMR (Specialized Mobile
Radio) typically used by business, industrial and Public Safety entities.

 Consumer Two Way Radio including FRS (Family Radio Service), GMRS (General
Mobile Radio Service) and Citizens band ("CB") radios Consumer and professional
Marine VHF radios.

 Cellular telephones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile
applications, both personal and business.

 Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of boats and
ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth.

 Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example; keyboards

and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless.

 Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with cell
phones.

 Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from hundreds of
channels.

 Wireless gaming: new gaming consoles allow players to interact and play in the same
game regardless of whether they are playing on different consoles. Players can chat, send
text messages as well as record sound and send it to their friends.
 Security systems: Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired
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 implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings.

 Television remote control: Modern televisions use wireless (generally infrared) remote
control units. Now radio waves are also used.

 Cellular telephony (phones and modems): These instruments use radio waves to enable
the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They can be used
anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to
transmit and receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from
these instruments.

 Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi (for wireless fidelity) is a wireless LAN technology that enables laptop
PC’s, PDA’s, and other devices to connect easily to the internet. Technically known as
IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi is less expensive and nearing the speeds of standard Ethernet
and other common wire-based LAN technologies.

 Wireless energy transfer: Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy
is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not has a built-in power
source, without the use of interconnecting wires.

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 Advantages
Anywhere, Anytime Work

Through wireless communication, working professionals and mobile workers can work and
access the Internet just about anywhere, anytime without the hassles of wires and network cables.

Enhanced Productivity

Workers, students, professionals and others need not be constrained by wired Internet
connections or dial-up connectivity. Wireless Internet connectivity options ensures that work and
assignments can be completed anywhere and enhance overall productivity of all concerned.

Remote Area Connectivity

Workers, doctors and other professionals working in remote-location hospitals and medical
centers can keep in touch with anyone through wireless communication. Non-profit organization
volunteers working in remote and underserved areas can stay connected to the outside world with
the help of wireless communication.

On-Demand Entertainment Bonanza

For those unable to keep away from their daily soap operas, reality-programs, online TV shows
and Internet surfing or download activities, wireless communication ensures an entertainment
bonanza on--demand and anytime.

Emergency Alerts

Through wireless communication, many emergency situations and crisis situations can be
addressed quickly. Help and other assistance can reach affected areas quickly through early alerts
and warnings provided with the help of wireless communication.

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 Disadvantages
 Wireless communications are limited by the range of the transmitter

 Cost of wireless communication system and components are high

 When transmitting data, users must sometimes send smaller bits of data so the information
moves more quickly. The size of the device that's accessing the information is also still an issue.
 Many applications need to be reconfigured if they are going to be used through wireless
connections.

 Most client/server applications rely on a persistent connection, which is not the case with
wireless.

 Since radio waves travel through the atmosphere they can be disturbed by electrical interferences
(such as lightning) that cause static.

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 Future Scope
By the year 2025, nearly one-third of the world’s population will have access to high speed mobile
networks, namely, 5G and 6G.

4G is the fourth generation in mobile communication networks and is aimed at fulfilling the ever -
growing business and consumer needs of customers across Europe, North America and Asia.
Mobile manufacturers will be gearing up to design and develop mobiles capable of supporting 4G
technology.

Wireless communication will play a major role in the medical domain. Doctors will be able to
monitor and diagnose patients who are thousands of miles away thanks to wireless communication.

The current generation of youngsters finds it difficult to believe that their elders used a phone tied
to the wall for most of their lives. Similarly, the next generation will find it amusing that we once
had to stick something up to our heads to talk.

Researchers have put forth the theory of embedded intelligence through implantation, where a
simple thought is enough to wirelessly communicate with another individual anywhere in the world.

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 CONCLUSION
Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical
conductors or "wires". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two- way
radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.

Wireless communications begin with a message that is converted into an electronic signal by a
device called a transmitter. The encoded electronic signal is then sent as a radio wave. Devices
known as receivers decode or demodulate the radio waves and reproduce the original message over
a speaker.

There are 4 types wireless communication; they are Infrared Wireless Transmission, Broadcast
Radio, Microwave Radio, Communications Satellites.

Wireless communication is employed for a wide range of applications such as Broadcasting

services, Mobile communications of voice and data, Fixed Services, Satellite, Cellular telephones
and pagers, Global Positioning System , Cordless computer peripherals, Wireless gaming, Security
systems, Wi-Fi, Wireless energy transfer.

Therefore wireless communication is advantageous over the wired communication as we can work
without the hassles of wires and network cables and enhance overall productivity and also at a
higher speed.

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 REFERENCE
1. Asif, Saad (2018). 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies. CRC
Press. pp. 128–134. ISBN 9780429881343.
2. Cherry, Steven (2004). "Edholm's law of bandwidth". IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60.
doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1309810.

3. "Rethink Power Density with GaN". Electronic Design. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 23
July 2017

4. F.L. Lewis. "Wireless Sensor Networks." Smart Environments: Technologies,

Protocols, and Applications, ed. D.J. Cook and S.K. Das, John Wiley, New York,
2004. Automation and robotics research institute. 26 Oct. 2013

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