not necessarily, living under the same - Common experience - create a feeling
PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
 What is nationalism? Pride in being part
of the nation
 Loyalty to the nation for which he is
willing to serve its interests
What is a NATION?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION
 STATE- as defined is “ a community of
persons, more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a territory,
completely free of external control, and
possessing an organized government to
which the great body of its inhabitants
render habitual independence.”
- a political concept- the Philippines is a
state composed of groups of people
distinguished by common tradition,
language, customs, norms and
heritage: the Ilokano nation, the
Visayan nation, the Bikolano, the
Bangsa Moro nation, the Cebuano
nation.
 NATION- defined as people, or
aggregation of men, existing in the
form of an organized rural society,
usually inhabiting a distinct portion of
the earth, speaking the same language,
using the same customs, possessing
historic continuity, and disguised from
other like groups by their racial origin
and characteristics, and generally but
government and sovereignty.
- a group of people bound by a common
culture; a cultural concept; more of a
shared belief
 Comprised of a Group of People
- who developed a certain affection or
an attachment to the territory or the
land that sustained them
 Comprised of a geographic territory
- people and nations name the land by
which they occupy
 Has a culture / Identity that is distinct
from others: socialization, people,
religion and language
 Geography
- a factor in delineating the land
occupying the nation
- differentiates culture in society
 Had Common Experiences for the
people of the nation - common rules,
mores and culture; also the
1.) environment
2.) man-made factors
of cohesion between persons and
within the community; adapt, depend
and interact with one another
- for Filipinos, of colonialism and of
oppression (as an “Indio”)
 Had common aspirations/ visions that
transcend personal and individual goals
 A Common Language to unite (Tagalog)
 Benedict Anderson- a nation is an
imagined community because it
created delineations and artificial
boundaries.
- nationalities are manmade and
created due to different social and
cultural developments
 Imagined Communities- comprise of
the people who constitute a nation;
they all belong to one big community.
- Wherever we are, we have an
emotional attachment to the
Philippines as a nation; a sense of
community that bound us as one.
Culture can therefore transcend
boundaries.
- Free market and the printing press
propagated nationalism
 The effect of nationalism can be very
strong
  Wars are fought due to conflicting
nationalisms, but according to
Anderson, nations are really imagined
communities.
Models for Nationalism
 The French model
- the Franks
- the Frankish king and the adoption of
Christianity
- the French language
Rise of Nationalism around the World
 The English model
- the Anglo-Saxons, the Normans and
the Vikings
- English customs
- allegiance to the King of England
 The Russian model
- various Russian Viking tribes (“the
Russ”)
- the Russian language and Greek
Orthodox Christianity
 The Spanish model
- Visigothic tribes
- 800 years of Islamic domination that
influenced the language, the
architecture and the cuisine
 The Italian model
- Risorgimento- a war for unification
with the knowledge of Italy’s great
past, where Italians set aside their
regional differences and formed a
new nation
 The Spanish Reconquista enabled Spain
to regain its Christian character- the
union of the kingdoms of Leon and
Castille gave birth to the Spanish nation
 Castillian- from which the Spanish
language was based
 Spanish are expected to speak Spanish,
be a Catholic and exhibit some
underlying Islamic influence
 The United States (1776)- criollos
(white Americans who lived in America
Latin American Nationalism
under British rule) developed their own
identity and created their own culture
as separate communities with varied
interests and environments
- at first, they considered themselves
loyal Englishmen. But the English
considered the Americans provincials
and inferior
- After much taxation and restrictions,
culminating with the threat to
confiscate firearms the colonists
revolted against the British Empire to
obtain independence
 George Washington led the first pro-
independence movement (the
American Revolution)
 A Continental Congress was formed
and a declaration of independence
proclaiming the aspirations of the
American people to be free and
independent was signed on July 4,
1776.
 France (1789) - revolt of the Third
Estate (“commoners”) against the
French elite (the “clergy” and the
”nobility”)
 Haiti (1798) - revolt against the French
over slavery (Toussaint Louverture)
 Criollos- were lower ranking officials
discriminated by the Peninsulares; pure
Spanish descent born in Spanish
America
- married with Native Americans and
had children who were mestizos or
were mulattos
 Christian teachings, dogma and Spanish
law
 Late 18th and 19th century-
Enlightenment ideals
 During the Napoleonic wars, the South
Americans revolted
Philippine Nationalism in-depth
 Philippines (1870s-1890s, 1896)-
mestizos (Filipinos with mixed Spanish
and Chinese blood) sought reforms
from the Spanish, later they would lead
a revolution against Spain
 Motivated not only by being anti-
Spanish, but as a response to the need
for change.
 Kaginhawaan- a state of contentment
 Bayanihan- must have a purpose
 Bayan- the nation and the state
 Bansa/ Bangsa- community of the
bayan
and that they were merely fortune
seekers.
 Rizal would also criticize Spanish
propaganda which stated that Filipinos
were backward, poor and inferior, and
that the Spanish led the Filipinos to
bondage and to penury.
 Rizal would also criticize Filipinos who
followed the Spanish
 Rizal would also criticize the wholesale
adoption of Western culture, while
Filipinos rejected their heritage
 Rizal therefore sought to evoke
nationalism, with novels such as Noli
and the El Fili seeking to magnify the
Popular Nationalism
 Nationalism from the undersides/
margins- had supernatural origins
Example: Kristong Tagalog- where it
was said that Rizal will return at the
end of time
-Rizal was therefore said to be like
Christ and Bernardo Carpio
 Nativistic Groups- founded by
Aguinaldo, by Bonifacio, Colorums
(such as Pilipinas Espiritong Bansa)
 Syncretism- the mixture of Catholic
beliefs with Native beliefs

 Patriotism- could lead to heroism abuses committed by the Spanish- the  Popular Nationalism can mix with
wholesale oppression of the Indios as a Popular Christianity (provides us with a
How Rizal and his Works Develop Nationalism people and the need to create a call to action)
 Rizal was not born a nationalist, but he cathartic change amongst the Filipinos.
was honed by Teodoro Romualdo de Fictionalizing Nationalism through Literature
Jesus, who stressed on Rizal the need
to preserve the ancestors of the - Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
Filipinos. Also the greatness of Filipino - the story of Bernardo Carpio actually
culture before the arrival of the drawn from Spanish legends (El Cid)
Spaniards
 While the Spanish would call Filipinos
lazy and indolent, Rizal would counter
by saying that colonial practices and
beliefs made them like that. According
to Rizal, the Spanish also had servants