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Nanyang Technological University Library

EE6508
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2013 - 2014

EE6508 POWER QUALITY

April/May 2014 Time Allowed: 3 hours

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper contains 5 questions and comprises 5 pages.

2. Answer all 5 questions.

3. All questions carry equal marks.

4. This is a closed-book examination.

1. (a) Explain the meanings of the “Prohibited” and “No damage” regions of the ITIC
curve.
(6 Marks)
(b) A 345-kV, 50-Hz source is used to energize a long overhead line and transformer
through the closing of the switch S, as shown in Figure 1. The line has the
capacitance of 0.114 x 10-10 F/m and the inductance of 0.978 x 10-6 H/m. At the
line-end, an arrester is connected to protect the transformer against switching
surges. The arrester has the resistance characteristic R = (72 x 103)/(I0.75), with R
expressed in ohms and I in amps. Assume the source impedance is negligible and
the line is fully discharged before the switching.

Determine :

(i) the maximum voltage that could appear across the transformer without the
arrester; and

(ii) the maximum voltage that could appear across the transformer with the
arrester.
(14 Marks)

Note : Question No. 1 continues on page 2.

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EE6508

S
345 kV
50 Hz R

Figure 1
You may assume the inductance of the transformer is very high. State any other
assumptions made in your calculation.

2. (a) A 3-phase, 33-kV, 50-Hz source is connected to Bus A, as shown in Figure 2.

The short-circuit capacity at Bus A is 800 MVA and the system resistance is
negligible. The star-connected capacitor bank is rated 50 MVAr, 33 kV, 50 Hz.
What would be the maximum possible value of the transient voltage across the
capacitor and how long will it take to reach this voltage after the switching? What
would be the frequency of the transient voltage?
(12 Marks)
A

3-Ø 50 MVAr,
33 kV 33 kV, 50 Hz
50 Hz Y-connected
capacitor bank

Figure 2

(b) A 4-bus power system has the bus impedance matrix

0.1502 0.0807 0.0431 0.0702

0.0807 0.1471 0.0692 0.1103
Z = j 0.0431 0.0692 0.1226 0.0602 pu
0.0702 0.1103 0.0602 0.1155

Suppose an induction motor is suddenly connected to Bus 4. The motor has the
locked rotor impedance of 0.16 + j0.8 pu. Estimate the magnitudes of the voltage
changes at Bus 4 and at Bus 1.

(8 Marks)
State any assumptions made in your calculation.

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EE6508

3. (a) Describe how a static VAR compensator (SVC) can be used to mitigate the
impacts of voltage sag on sensitive loads.
(4 Marks)

(b) As shown in Figure 3, a PCC busbar supplies a factory as well as some voltage-
sensitive loads SL1 and SL2. The short circuit capacity (SCC) at the PCC busbar
can vary between 800 – 1200 MVA, and the sensitive loads are designed to
comply with the ITIC voltage disturbance criteria shown in Figure 4.

(i) If a solid 2-sec 3-phase fault were to occur at the factory bus B, could SL1,
SL2 ride through the voltage sag? Explain.

(ii) Determine the value of the minimum reactive power capacity of a SVC to
be connected to the substation busbar, in order for both SL1 and SL2 to ride
through the 3-phase fault. Comment on the results.

(16 Marks)

You may assume resistances in the power system are negligible. State any other
assumptions made in your calculation.

E = 1 pu
SCC = 800 ~
1200 MVA Substation (PCC)

E = 1 pu 50 MVA SVC 50 MVA SL1

XA = 10% XB = 10%
50 MVA
X2 = 0.2 pu Factory
A B

SL2

Figure 3

Percent of Nominal Voltage

(RMS of Peak Equivalent)
500

Voltage Tolerance
Envelope
400

300

Prohibited region
200

140
120 110
100
90
80

40 No damage region
0
0.001 0.01 1c 10 c 100 c Steady
1 us 1 ms 3 ms 20 ms 0.5 s 10 s State

Time in cycles & seconds

Figure 4

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EE6508

4. (a) Harmonic resonance is a major concern in power systems. Discuss the factors
which cause harmonic resonance to occur in a power system. What are the
consequences of such harmonic resonance?
(6 Marks)

(b) A 3-phase, 25-kV/480-V, 60-Hz distribution substation shown in Figure 5

supplies power to several nonlinear loads at Bus A and Bus B. The equivalent
inductance of the source is 0.1 H per phase. A l.2-MVAr, 480-V capacitor bank is
connected to Bus B for power factor correction. Determine the parallel and series
resonant frequencies in the system.
(10 Marks)

(c) Suggest a method on how the harmonic resonance problem can be eliminated in
the system described in part 4(b).
(4 Marks)

Bus A Bus B
Nonlinear Nonlinear
loads loads
0.1 H
per phase

1.2 MVAr,
2 MVA
480 V
25 kV/480 V
capacitor
X = 6.5%
bank

Figure 5

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EE6508

5. (a) Current harmonic limits are often enforced on individual customer loads
connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). Briefly explain how the limits
can control the amount of distortion in a power distribution network.

(5 Marks)

(b) As shown in Figure 6, a 3-phase converter load at Bus B is supplied from a

substation through a 132/11-kV transformer. The magnitudes of the fundamental
and harmonic components in the converter phase current are also shown in the
figure. The short circuit capacities (SCC) of the substation 132 kV and 11 kV
busbars are 200 MVA and 40 MVA respectively. With Bus B as the PCC,
determine whether the converter load complies with the harmonic current limits as
specified in IEEE Standard 519-1992, reproduced as in Table 1. Suggest a
method to overcome a situation if the requirements of the harmonic current limits
are not met.

(11 Marks)

(c) If the PCC is moved to Bus A, determine whether the converter load is now in
compliance with the requirements of the harmonic current limits.
(4 Marks)

SCC = 40 MVA
Converter
SCC = 200 MVA 132/11 kV
phase
current :
I1 = 40 A
I5 = 4.5 A
Bus A I7 = 2.0 A
Bus B
I11 = 1.5A
I13 = 0.7A
I17 = 0.5A
Figure 6

Table 1

Isc/I1 h < 11 11 < h < 17 17 < h < 23 23 < h < 35 35 < h THD
< 20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20 < 50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50 < 100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100 < 1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0

END OF PAPER