INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY

Steering and Braking Systems

COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

1. Basic Structure
2. Engine
3. Transmission System
4. Auxiliaries
5. Controls
6. Superstructures
CONTROLS – STEERING SYSTEMS

 A steering system of an automobile is an

integral part of vehicle dynamics of a vehicle in
which a series of mechanical components
having certain important angles comes
together to steer the front wheels of the vehicle
according to input provided by the passenger
through steering wheel.
POWER STEERING

 The power steering system is the advanced

steering system in which the effort required to
steer the front wheels of the vehicle side to
side is reduced by using intermediate electric
or hydraulic devices that multiplies the force
applied by the driver through steering wheel in
order to achieve smooth and quick directional
change of the vehicle.
POWER STEERING
SYSTEM
TYPES OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM

On the basis of the method used to multiply the

steering force there are 3 types of power steering
system that are-
1. Hydraulic power steering system-
It is the type of power steering system in which
hydraulic system having hydraulic pump driven by
the engine and hydraulic cylinders, is used to
multiply the steering wheel input force which in turn
reduces the efforts required to steer the front
wheels of the vehicle.
A highly compressed hydraulic fluid is used inside
the hydraulic cylinder that applies pressure on the
steering gear.
2. Electro – hydraulic power steering system- It is
the modified version of the hydraulic system in
which the rotary hydraulic pump which is driven
by the engine in hydraulic power steering system
is replaced with the hydraulic pump which is
driven by the electric motor.
It is also called the hybrid power steering system
due to the use of both hydraulic and electric
components.
3. Electronic power steering system- It is the latest type of
power steering system in which the hydraulic system from
the hydraulic power steering is completely replaced with
electric motors and electric sensors, instead of using
hydraulic force ,the motor driven by the vehicle’s battery is
used to apply force on the steering gear and torque
provided by the motor is controlled by the sensors that
detects the position of the steering column.
The steering response of this system is quick and very
effective that is why it is used in almost all the new cars
today.
BRAKING SYSTEM

In an automobile vehicle, a braking system is an

arrangement of various linkages and components
(brake lines or mechanical linkages, brake drum
or brake disc , master cylinder or fulcrums etc.)
that are arranged in such a fashion that it
converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the heat
energy which in turn stops or de-accelerate the
vehicle.
THE NEED OF A BRAKING SYSTEM

In an automobile vehicle braking system is needed

• To stop the moving vehicle.

• To de-accelerate the moving vehicle.

• For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat

surface or on a slope.
• As a precaution for accidents.

• To prevent the vehicle from any damage due to

road conditions.
CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKING SYSTEM

1. On the Basis of Power Source

The power source which carries the pedal force applied by
the driver on brake pedal to the final brake drum or brake
disc in order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle the
braking systems are of 6 types-
 Mechanical braking system
 Hydraulic braking system
 Air or pneumatic braking system
 Vacuum braking system
 Magnetic braking system
 Electric braking system
2. On the Basis of Frictional Braking Contact
On the basis of the final friction contact made
between the rotating brake components i.e.
brake drum or disc rotor and the brake shoe the
braking systems are of 2 types-
(i) Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes)
(ii) External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes)
3. On the Basis of Application-
On the basis of method of applying brakes,
braking systems are of 2 types-
(i) Foot or service brakes
(ii) Hand or parking brakes
BRAKING SYSTEM
FACTS ABOUT CARS
 There are over 1 billions cars used all around the
world.
 About 165,000 cars are produced everyday
 An average car has about 30,000 parts
 92% of the cars sold in Brazil use Ethanol as fuel,
which is produced from Sugar cane
 Volkswagen owns Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini,
Audi, Ducati and Porche.
 The inventor of cruise control, Ralph Teetor was
blind.