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Entrepreneurs
4
Entrepreneurship: A Mindset
• Small Business
– Independently owned, operated, and financed
– has fewer than 100 employees
– doesn’t engage in new or innovative practices
– Has relatively little impact on its industry
• Entrepreneurial Ventures
– An organization pursuing opportunities
– Characterized by innovative practices
– Main goals are profitability and growth
11
Current Importance
of Entrepreneurship
1. Innovation
• Process of creating, changing,
experimenting, transforming, and
revolutionizing
2. Number of New Start-ups
• Important because new firms contribute
to economic development through
benefits such as product-process
innovation
3. Job Creation
• Vital to the overall long-term economic
health of communities, regions, and
nations
Aspects of Entrepreneurship
Venture
Financing
Corporate Social
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship
Trends in Women
Entrepreneurial
Entrepreneurship and Minority
Cognition
Research Entrepreneurs
Global
Entrepreneurial
Entrepreneurial
Education
Movement
Family
Businesses
The Entrepreneurial Process
1. Exploring the Entrepreneurial Context
2. Identifying Opportunities and Possible
Competitive Advantage
– Opportunities are positive external trends
or changes that provide unique and
distinct possibilities for innovating and
creating value
– Competitive advantage is what sets an
organization apart; it’s competitive edge
3. Starting the Venture
4. Managing the Venture
Types of Entrepreneurs
• Novice Entrepreneur
– Has no prior business ownership
experiences as a business founder,
inheritor, or purchaser
• Habitual Entrepreneur
– Has prior business ownership
experience
• Nascent Entrepreneur
– In the process of starting a new
business
– Can be either a novice or a habitual
entrepreneur
15
Common Characteristics of
Entrepreneurs
• Commitment, determination, and • Calculated risk taking
perseverance • Tolerance for failure
• Drive to achieve • High energy level
• Opportunity orientation • Creativity and Innovativeness
• Initiative and responsibility • Vision
• Persistent problem solving • Self-confidence and optimism
• Seeking feedback • Independence
• Internal locus of control • Team building
• Tolerance for ambiguity
Entrepreneurship Theory
• Entrepreneurs cause
entrepreneurship.
– Entrepreneurship is a function of the entrepreneur:
E f (e)
– Entrepreneurship is the interaction of skills related to
inner control, planning and goal setting, risk taking,
innovation, reality perception, use of feedback,
decision making, human relations, and
independence.
Typology of Entrepreneurial Styles
Source: Douglas W. Naffziger, Jeffrey S. Hornsby, and Donald F. Kuratko, “A Proposed Research Model of
2–24 (spring 1994): 33.
Entrepreneurial Motivation,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
Opportunity Identification:
The Search for New Ideas
• Opportunity identification is central to
entrepreneurship and involves:
– The creative pursuit of ideas
– The innovation process
• The first step for any entrepreneur is
the identification of a “good idea.”
– The search for good ideas is never
easy.
– Opportunity recognition can lead to
both personal and societal wealth.
Entrepreneurial
Imagination and
Creativity
• How entrepreneurs do what they do:
– Creative thinking + systematic analysis = success
– Seek out unique opportunities to fill needs and wants
– Turn problems into opportunities
– Recognize that problems are to solutions what demand
is to supply
The Role of Creative Thinking
• Creativity
– The generation of ideas that result in the improved
efficiency or effectiveness of a system.
• Two important aspects of creativity exist:
– Process
• The process is goal oriented; it is designed to
attain a solution to a problem.
– People
• The resources that determine the solution.
The Critical Thinking Process
The Creative Climate
• Characteristics of a creative climate:
– A trustful management that does not overcontrol the personnel
– Open channels of communication among all business members
– Considerable contact and communication with outsiders
– A large variety of personality types
– A willingness to accept change
– An enjoyment in experimenting with new ideas
– Little fear of negative consequences for making a mistake
– The selection and promotion of employees on the basis of merit
– The use of techniques that encourage ideas, including suggestion systems and
brainstorming
– Sufficient financial, managerial, human, and time resources for accomplishing
goals
Innovation and the Entrepreneur
• Innovation:
– Is the process by which entrepreneurs convert
opportunities into marketable ideas.
– Is a combination of the vision to create a good
idea and the perseverance and dedication to
remain with the concept through
implementation.
– Is a key function in the entrepreneurial process.
– Is the specific function of entrepreneurship.
Process • Sources of Innovation
– Unexpected occurrences
• Types of Innovation – Incongruities
– Invention – Process needs
– Extension – Industry and market
– Duplication changes
– Synthesis – Demographic changes
– Perceptual changes
– Knowledge-based
concepts
Type Description Examples
Invention Totally new product, service, Wright brothers—airplane
or process Thomas Edison—light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell—telephone