An automated analyser is a medical laboratory instrument designed to measure different chemicals

and other characteristics in a number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance.
These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease.
- Photometry is the most common method for testing the amount of a specific analyte in a
sample. In this technique, the sample undergoes a reaction to produce a color, and then
a photometer measures the absorbance of the sample to indirectly measure the
concentration of analyte present in the sample. The use of an Ion Selective Electrode
(ISE) is another common analytical method that specifically measures the ions present in
the sample.[1]
- The automation of laboratory testing does not remove the need for human expertise
(results must still be evaluated by medical technologists and other qualified clinical
laboratory professionals), but it does ease concerns about error reduction, staffing
concerns, and safety.
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or
"see") is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
- Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an
instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
- There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One
way is to describe the way the instruments interact with a sample to create images,
either by sending a beam of light or electrons to a sample in its optical path, or by
scanning across, and a short distance from the surface of a sample using a probe. The
most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which
uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other major types of
microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope (both
the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the
various types of scanning probe microscopes.[1]
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a
circle), applying a force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward) that can be very strong.

- The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centrifugal
acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial
direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the
center. In a laboratory centrifuge that uses sample tubes, the radial acceleration causes
denser particles to settle to the bottom of the tube, while low-density substances rise to
the top.[1]
- There are three types of centrifuge designed for different applications. Industrial scale
centrifuges are commonly used in manufacturing and waste processing to
sediment suspended solids, or to separate immiscible liquids. An example is the cream
separator found in dairies. Very high speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges able to
provide very high accelerations can separate fine particles down to the nano-scale, and
molecules of different masses.
A blood bank is a center where blood gathered as a result of blood donation is stored and
preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a
hospital where the storage of blood product occurs and where proper testing is performed (to reduce
the risk of transfusion related adverse events). However, it sometimes refers to a collection center,
and indeed some hospitals also perform collection.
- Whole blood or blood with RBC, is transfused to patients with anaemia/iron deficiency. It
also helps to improve the oxygen saturation in blood. It can be stored at 1.0 °C-6.0 °C for
35–45 days. Platelet transfusion, is transfused to those who suffer from low platelet
count. This can be stored at room temperature for 5–7 days. The donation of Plasma is
called (plasmapheresis).Plasma transfusion is indicated to patients with liver failure,
severe infections or serious burns. Fresh frozen plasma can be stored at a very low
temperature of -25 °C for up to 12 months.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an important component of modern therapy for
diabetes mellitus. SMBG has been recommended for people with diabetes and their health care
professionals in order to achieve a specific level of glycemic control and to prevent hypoglycemia.
- Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to below
normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble
talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures or death
- SMBG can aid in diabetes control by:
o facilitating the development of an individualized blood glucose profile, which can
then guide health care professionals in treatment planning for an individualized
diabetic regimen;
o giving people with diabetes and their families the ability to make appropriate day-
to-day treatment choices in diet and physical activity as well as in insulin or other
agents;
o improving patients’ recognition of hypoglycemia or severe hyperglycemia; and
o enhancing patient education and patient empowerment regarding the effects of
lifestyle and pharmaceutical intervention on glycemic control
A vascular ultrasound is a noninvasive ultrasound method (also called a duplex study) used to
examine the circulation in the blood vessels of the body.
- Vascular ultrasound can be used to evaluate arteries or veins in nearly any part of the
body, including blood vessels in the neck, abdomen, arms and legs. Non- invasive
means the procedure does not require the use of needles or anesthesia. Unlike other
imaging tests, ultrasound does not require radiation or contrast dye.

- During a vascular ultrasound study, sound waves are transmitted through the tissues of
the area being examined. These sound waves reflect off of blood cells moving within the
blood vessels, and return to the ultrasound machine. The sound waves are recorded and
displayed on a computer screen to make an image of the blood vessel. The speed of the
sound waves returning to the ultrasound machine allow for calculation of the speed of
blood flow in the vessel. When the speed of blood flow in a blood vessel is too fast, this
indicates a narrowing (blockage).
Hematology analyzers are used to count and identify blood cells at high speed and accuracy.
Hematology analyzers are used to conduct a complete blood count (CBC), which include red blood
cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, and platelet counts, as well as hematocrit levels.
Other analyses include:

- RBC distribution width

- Mean corpuscular volume
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations
- WBC differential count in percentage and absolute value
- Platelet distribution width
- Platelet mean volume
- Large platelet cell ratio
- Platelet criteria[6]
Techniques:

 Flow Cytometry
 Spectrophotometry
 Electrical Impedance (Coulter's Principle)