REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (rcc)

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Points to be discussed here:-

1. Difference between PCC/RCC and PSC

2. Methods of analysis in RCC
3. Stress strain diagram for steel & concrete
4. Types of concrete sections in singly reinforced beam
5. Stress block diagram for singly reinforced beam

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INTRODUCTION:
There are mainly three types of concrete structure or concrete members generally
constructed considered in practice those are:-

1. Plain cement concrete (PCC)

2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
3. Pre-stressed concrete (PSC)

Plain cement concrete (PCC)

((PCC):-
Basically PCC is defined as the mixture of different constituent materials such as
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water and sometimes admixtures to form
a compound called plain cement concrete or simply called as concrete.

We know that plain concrete is strong enough in compression and very weak in
tension, its tensile strength is only 8 to 15% of its compressive strength. Since it is
a brittle material and when it is subjected to external load top fiber subjected to
compressive stress whereas bottom fiber subjected to tensile stresses, due to this
cracks will develop at the extreme bottom fiber when it reaches the maximum
tensile strength of concrete. This is the main reason behind that we provide
reinforced steel at the bottom fiber of concrete beam. This reinforced steel will
take care of all the tensile stresses induced in the concrete and thereby reduce the
crack development.

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 Reinforced cement concrete (RCC):-
Reinforced cement concrete is a composite member that is made up of two
materials such as concrete and steel. Since steel is reinforced into the concrete at
the bottom fiber to take care of all the tensile stresses of concrete, hence it is called
as reinforced cement concrete. Reinforced cement concrete is ductile in nature.

Pre-stressed concrete (PSC):-

Prestressed concrete members is one in which a definite amount of pre-
compressive stresses are induced and its distribution into the concrete member are
done to counter balance the external moments due to external loads to a desired
degree. This pre-compressive stresses are developed by tensioning the high yield
strength prestressing strands (yield stress nearly equal to 1800N/mm 2). Basically
high grade strength of concrete is used to resist these prestress. Due to prestress the
stiffness of the member is substantially enhanced and thereby the load carrying
capacity also increases.

The main classification of prestressed concrete is pretension and post tensioned

prestressed concrete member. If the pretensioning of tendon is done prior to the
pouring of concrete is called pretension whereas tensioning is done after the
concrete has hardened is called post tensioned member.
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 Design Methods of RCC Member
There are generally three methods of RCC member those are:-

1. Working stress method (WSM)

2. Ultimate load method (ULM)
3. Limit state method (LSM)

Working stress method (WSM):-

 Traditional method also used for steel and timber
Assumptions:

 Structural member behaves in a linear elastic manner

 Permissible (allowable) stresses are kept well below the material strength
 In this design method, member are designed to never go beyond their elastic
range
 Allowable stress = working stress/ factor of safety
Factor of safety (FOS) as per IS: 456-200
 For concrete =3
 For steel = 1.78
 For example let us assume the yield strength of steel is 500N/mm2, then
its allowable stress = 500/1.78 = 280N/mm2.
 Also called as elastic theory or modular ratio method
Drawbacks of WSM:-

1. The actual concrete stress distribution is not described. It is assumed to be

elastic but in reality, concrete is not a elastic material.
2. Same FOS is used for different types of loads.
3. The failure mode cannot be observed.
4. The warning before failure cannot be studied precisely.
5. We cannot account shrinkage and creep effects by using WSM
6. As per IS-456:2000, WSM is used only if it is not possible to adopt the limit
state design.

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Ultimate load method (ULM)
 To overcome the shortcomings of WSM
Assumptions:
 It considers the non-linear behavior of concretes
 Distribution of compressive stresses is non-linear
 Increase the working load by suitable factors to obtain ultimate loads
 Also called as factored load method
 Collapse load or ultimate load = load factors x working loads
 For example if your working load is 100kN, then factored load is equal to
1.5x100=150kN.

Drawbacks:
-
1. There is no way to find the uncertainty in variation in material stresses.
2. There is no control against excessive deflection
3. Do not considered the serviceability criteria

Limit state method (LSM):-

 This method is advancement over traditional design method. It is a plastic
design method.
 This method gives comprehensive and rational solution to design problems
 Unlike WSM which is based on calculation of working stress of the
materials alone and unlike ULM which is based on calculation of ultimate
load condition alone, here in this method (LSM) both criteria’s are
considered.
 Concept of LSM: - here in this method they consider safety at ultimate
loads and serviceability at working loads.
 Used multiple safety factors for adequate safety and serviceability.

What is “Limit state”?

Definition: - The acceptable limit for the safety & serviceability
requirement before failure occur.

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Classification of Limit state methods

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Analysis of singly reinforced concrete section:-

Assumptions:
-

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Stress block diagram for singly reinforced beam:-

Compressive force and its location:-

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Depth of actual Neutral axis (xu):-

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 Limiting depth or balanced depth of NA (xu, max):-

Types of sections in singly reinforced beam:-

There are 3 types of singly reinforced sections.

1. Under reinforced section (URS)

2. Balanced section or Limiting section (BS)
3. Over reinforced section (ORS)

Under reinforced section (URS):-

 In this section steel yields (reaches its yield stress) first than only concrete
yields ( concrete reaches its maximum compressive stress, (i.e.,0.45fck))
 When steel yields the strain in steel is greater than (0.002+0.87fy/Es).
 URS are ductile type failure
 It gives ample warning in the form of large deflection and more number of
cracks due to good ductility.
 At steel yield the strain in the concrete is less than 0.0035 which is the
ultimate strain of concrete under bending compression.
 It occurs when xu < xu,max
 Percentage of reinforced steel provided is less than limiting steel percentage

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Balanced section or Limiting section (BS)
 It occurs when xu= xu,max (i.e., actual depth of NA(xu) = limiting depth
(xu,max))
 Here both steel and concrete yields simultaneously
 Both concrete and steel fails simultaneously (i.e., both reaches their
maximum stresses and strains limits at the same time)
 Percentage of reinforced steel provided is equal to limiting steel percentage
Over reinforced section (ORS)

 It occurs when xu > xu,max

 In this type concrete fails first and at this instant steel cannot reaches its
yield stress.
 This type of section fails by sudden or brittle failure
 No intimation or alarm before failure ( i.e., less cracks & less deflections)
 ORS are not permitted or recommended to design as per IS-456:2000 code
 Percentage of reinforced steel provided is more than limiting steel
percentage
Position of NA for three types of sections:-

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Moment of resistance equation for the types of section considered:-

Thank you

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