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What are vitamins ?
▪ are organic compound, essential in small amounts for the
proper functioning of the human body, that must be
obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot
synthesize it.
Fat-soluble vitamins
▪ Are absorbed in the duodenum
▪ Storage
▪ Vitamin A is mainly stored in the liver
▪ Vitamins K and E are partially stored in the liver
▪ Vitamin D is mainly stored in the fat and muscle
tissue
▪ Can build up in body to point of toxicity
Digesting and Absorbing Vitamins
Vitamin Absorption & Storage
▪ All absorption takes place in the small intestine
Water-soluble vitamins
▪ Absorbed with water and enter directly into the blood
stream
▪ Most absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum
▪ Most are not stored in the body
▪ Excess intake excreted through the urine
▪ Important to consume adequate amounts daily
Digesting and Absorbing Water-Soluble
Vitamins
Destruction of Vitamins
▪ Water-soluble vitamins can be destroyed by
▪ Exposure to air
▪ Exposure to ultraviolet light
▪ Water
▪ Changes in pH
▪ Heat
▪ Food preparation techniques
▪ Fat-soluble vitamins tend to be more stable
The B
Vitamins
B-1, B-2, B-3,B5,B-6,B9 B-12
▪ Vitamins used in the
prevention of degenerative
changes in the central nervous
system
• Types
• Niacinamide (Nicotinamide)
• does not regulate cholesterol
• Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
• highly toxic in large doses
Who’s at Risk?
• alcoholics
• patients with kidney failure
• women using oral contraceptives
B-7 Biotin/ Vit. H/ co-enzyme R,
anti-egg white injury factor
• be obtained both from dietary intake and also via biotin-producing bacteria
(microbiota, hence the name biotin) present in the human large intestine
(1) a nitrogen-containing
double-ring system (pteridine)
(2) paraaminobenzoic
acid (PABA) and
(3) one or more residues of the
amino acid glutamate
• Deficiency:
• Megaloblastic and macrocytic
anemia - is a condition in which
the bone marrow produces
unusually large, structurally
abnormal, immature red blood
cells (megaloblasts).
• Glossitis
• Coronary disease
• Sterility
Vitamin
Vitamin K:
• Structurally refers to 2,methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and
derivatives of this compound that exhibit an
antihemorrhagic activity
• Active forms:
• Menadione
• Menaquinone
• Phylloquinone
Forms:
• K1
• Phylloquinone,phytonadione,phytylmenaquinone,
2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4naphthoquinone
• Occurs in green leafy vegetables
• Treatment of hypoprothrombinemia
• K2
• Menaquinone, prenylmenaquinone-7
• form of vitamin K in vitamin K rich supplement
• K3
• Menadione, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone
• K4
• Menadiol or 2-methyl,1,4-naphthalenediol
Vitamin K
• Function
• For coagulation disorders as essential in formation of prothrombin
• Antidote for heparin toxicity
• Deficiency
• Hemorrhage
• red blood cell fragility
VITAMIN RELATED FACTORS:
• A. PABA – Para-aminobenzoic acid
• Precursor of folic acid
• Used for rheumatic fever and other conditions benefiting from salicylate
therapy
• UV sunscreen in topical preparation
• B. Choline (B-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium hydroxide)
• Occurs in eggyolk, animal organs, fish,milk,cereal grains,fruits and roots
vegetables
• Use: lipotropic agents in conditions such as liver cirrhosis, huntington’s
chorea, presenile dementia and tardive dyskinesia
• C. Inositol (meso-inositol,myoionositol or
cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol)
• Dietary sources: legumes, cereal grains, nuts and animal organs
• Implicated in membrane transport of amino acid and K and Na ions
• Large doses may cause moderate diarrhea
END