uses: bitumen k asphalt k same

khali tarcoal k different and only 4Contents

• Bitumen 85% carbon 12%hydrogen 3%oxygen
• Characteristics of Bituminous Materials
• Asphalt bitumen=asphalt

• Tar types materials containing bitumen

bitcumenous material

black thick semisolid,sticky

look=asphalt
thick viscous liq. source: petroleum,lakes,rocks
tarcoal
source: coal,wood,shale.

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Bitumen

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 Bitumen
• Bitumen is a hydrocarbon in composition
containing
• 85% carbon, 12% hydrogen and 3% oxygen.
• Bitumen is a non-crystalline solid or
viscous material derived from petroleum,
by natural or refinery process.
• It is a product derived during the distillation of petroleum from the
residue left behind.
• It may occur in gaseous, liquid, semi-solid or solid form.
• When in liquid form, it is designated as naphtha of petroleum. The
solid form is commonly designated as Bitumen.
 Bitumen - Characteristics
• Bitumen is brown or black in color.
• Bitumen is not affected by light, air or water
individually, but in combination they can make it
brittle, porous and susceptible to oxidation forming
blisters and cracks.
• It becomes soft at temperatures between 30 – 100 oC
(no sharp melting point).
• Often it is in solid or semi-solid form.
• It is a sticky substance.
• It is a light material with specific gravity 1.10.

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 Bitumen - Characteristics
• It is water-proof.
• It has resistance to acids.
• It is soft, plastic, and workable when heated.
• It has high binding power.
• It is good insulator for heat, electricity and sound.

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 Bituminous Materials
• Bituminous materials are classified as asphalts and tars

Bitumen

Asphalt Tar

Natural
Coal Tar
Asphalt

Residual
Wood Tar
Asphalt
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 Bituminous Materials
these
• Materials of this kind are used almost exclusively in road
construction. However, bitumen and tar on their own have other
uses in construction.
• For example, bitumen is used in roofing materials and as a
protective/waterproof coating.
• The use of tar in road building materials began in early 20th
century after advent of motor vehicle.

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 Bituminous Materials
• At that time, macadam waterbound roads were constructed .
Motor vehicles generated dust on macadam roads, which led to
the use of tar as a dressing to bind the surface.
• Macadam (broken stone of even size, bound with tar or bitumen and used in
successively compacted layers for surfacing roads and paths.)
• Essential Features of Macadam

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Essential Features of Asphalt

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 Bituminous Materials wearing course

• Bituminous materials are used in

‘flexible’ construction'.
• The alternative is ‘rigid’ construction
where the road consists essentially of a
concrete slab.
• In flexible construction there are a
number of layers to the road structure.
• Bituminous materials may be used in
wearing and base course.
Flexible Pavement

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 Structure of Flexible Road
Asphalt Concrete Aggregate Base Course

Natural Soil (Subgrade)

Aggregate Subbase Course

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Flexible vs Rigid Pavement

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 Bitumen - Uses
• The main large-scale use of bitumen is for the making of flexible
pavements, i.e., roads and high ways.
• It is also used as water proofing agent in building construction.
• Due to flexible and water proof material, it is also used for filling
joints between concrete slabs.

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 Bitumen - Types
Main types of bitumen
high binding power
oily
less viscous

Straight-
Blown Bitumen Cut-back Plastic
Run
Bitumen Emulsion Bitumen Bitumen
Bitumen
roofing repairing roads making and
can be pipecoating coating cast iron repairing roads
sprayed
pipes
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 Bitumen - Types
• Straight-Run Bitumen
• This is the bitumen obtained straight from the petroleum
distillation.
• It is an oily substance with comparatively lesser viscosity and can
be even sprayed.

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 Bitumen - Types
• Blown Bitumen
• This variety is comparatively thick and elastic.
• It is obtained by blowing air through bitumen at a high temperature.
• In doing so, the bitumen is partly oxidized and becomes thick and
elastic.
• It has high binding power; therefore it is extensively used in the
constructional works.
• Use: roofing and pipe coating.

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 Bitumen - Types
• Bitumen Emulsion it contains 50 to 60 % bitumen
• This type of bitumen is a liquid with aqueous medium containing
50 to 60% bitumen in a finely divided form.
• It is prepared by stirring and mixing vigorously the mixture of hot
water, molten bitumen and some resinous substances which acts
as the emulsifying agent.
• It is used for making and repairing roads.
• It is also used for coating cast iron pipes (being water proof).

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 Bitumen - Types
• Cut-back Bitumen
• This is a solution of the bituminous material in a volatile solvent.
• In this case the volatile component called cut is added to the solid
bitumen to reduce its viscosity by dilation in a volatile solvent.
• It contains about 20% solvent and 80% bituminous materials.
• The solvents used include kerosene oil, petrol.
• After application, volatile oil evaporates and bitumen reverts to its
former viscosity.
• It is used for road making, more commonly for road repair work.

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 Bitumen - Types
• Plastic Bitumen
• It is mix consisting of bitumen, inert filler and a thinner.
• It is suitable for filling joints in the concrete slabs as it has a good
binding power and it is water repellent.

concrete slab joint

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 Properties of Bitumen
• Viscosity
• Viscosity depends greatly on temperature.
• At low temperature, bitumen has great viscosity and acquire the
properties of a solid body. With increase in temperature the viscosity of
bitumen decreases and it passes into liquid state.
• Ductility
• Ductility depends upon temperature, group composition and nature of
structure.
• Viscous bitumens containing solid paraffins at low temperature are very
ductile.

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 Properties of Bitumen
• Softening point
• Softening point is related to viscosity. Bitumen needs sufficient fluidity
before specific application.
• Resilience flexible
• Bitumen is resilient, non-rigid.
• It is capable of absorbing shocks and accommodate itself to the
movement in structure due to temperature, settlement or shrinkage.

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 Uses of Bitumen
• Flexible pavement construction.
• It is used in damp-proof course in walls, under basements and in
lining tanks, swimming pools, etc.
• It is used for filling up the joints in leaky roofs.
• It is used for making heat insulating materials for buildings.

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Asphalt

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 Asphalt
• In America, Asphalt = Bitumen (Black Viscous Liquid)
• In Europe, Asphalt = Aggregates + Bitumen i.e. Paving Material
• In composition, it is actually a mixture of bitumen and certain inert
mineral matter, like silica, alumina and lime.

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same as bitumen uses Asphalt - Uses
• Main uses of Asphalt are as under:
• It is mainly used for the construction of
flexible pavements i.e., Roads
(highways).
• To give lining to the swimming pools
and other water tanks.
• As D.P.C in the building construction
works.
• It is used as water-proof cover for the
roofs.
• It is also used in the preparing of paints.

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 Asphalt - Types
• There are two main types known as Natural Asphalt and Residual Asphalt.
• Natural Asphalt:
• It is the asphalt that occurs in nature. It is just collected and used.
• If at all any purification is required, it is done by simple melting and
boiling.
• At some places it is found in the lakes, as in South Africa, described as
Lake Asphalt.
• It contains as much as 70% bitumen and some water and other impurities.
• It is easily purified by heating and boiling. In doing so, the water content
escapes, the impurities rise up, leaving the bituminous matter beneath.
• This refined asphalt is suitable for making flexible pavements.

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 Asphalt - Types
• There are two main types known as Natural Asphalt and Residual
Asphalt.
• Natural Asphalt:
• Another type of natural asphalt is known as rock asphalt, found in the
rocks.
• It is a mix of rocky matter and bitumen.
• The percentage of bitumen is about 10 to 15 %.
• It can be used as such for road making.
• The rock asphalt is just crushed and spread along the road. It is then
heated and processed by rolling.

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 Asphalt - Types
• There are two main types known as Natural Asphalt and Residual
Asphalt.
• Residual Asphalt: obtained by residue left behind after distillation of petroleum
• This is the solid or semi-solid material left behind after the distillation
of petroleum.
• It is commonly known as artificial asphalt.

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 Asphalt - Types
• In addition to the above two types on the basis of mode of
occurrence, there are few more types which are actually the finished
products prepared from raw asphalt. These include:
• Asphaltic Emulsion,
• Asphaltic Cement,
• Mastic Asphalt,
• Cut-back Asphalt, and
• Bituminous Paints.

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 Asphalt Concrete
• Asphalt concrete, also known as
hot-mix asphalt (HMA), consists
of asphalt binder and aggregates
mixed together at a high
temperature and placed and
compacted on the road while still
hot.

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 Asphalt Concrete
• Video

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Tar

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 Tar
• Tar is a highly viscous black coloured
sticky substance derived from coal,
wood or shales.
• It contains 70 % to 95% bituminous
matter.
• However, its characteristics depend
Q) upon the raw material from which it is
extracted and the amount of residual
matter present in it.
• The method of distillation is used for
the extraction of tar from its raw
materials.
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 Tar - Uses
• Uses
• This is used for the making of roads (flexible pavements).
• It is used for roofing.
• It is used for making bituminous paints and water-proofing
only
compounds.
• Coal tar is used as a preservative for timber.

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 Tar - Types
• Depending upon the raw materials from which the tar is derived,
there are three types described as:
• Coal Tar,
• Wood Tar,
• Mineral Tar.

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 Tar
• Coal tar
• It is obtained, as a byproduct in the destructive distillation of coal, or in
the manufacture of coal gas.
• It is heavy, strong smelling and black.
• It has high specific gravity and viscosity, and good adhesive properties.
• Wood tar
• It is obtained by destructive distillation of resinous wood (pine etc.)

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 Asphalt vs Coal Tar
• Often coal tar is confused with bitumen however they are two
entirely chemically different products and should not be mistaken.
Asphalt Coal Tar
Origin Naturally occurring Derives from coal
Production Petroleum processing from crude oil Through a process of carbonization of coal at a high
(petroleum), the process does not involve temperature. It is essentially a by-product of the
cracking or thermal conversion production of coke from coal
distructive distillation
Appearance Black, sticky, viscose, thermoplastic. Thick, black, sticky liquid.
Application Construction. Construction, coal tar is also added to the dye
Currently, approximately 80% of asphalt treatments that are administered to the fabrics.
demand is for road construction. Coal tar was also used for road construction and
water proofing until it was replaced by bitumen after
the Second World War.
Toxicity Not toxic Toxic
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 Assignment 4
• Group Assignment
• Use of Recycled Materials in Civil Engineering Works
• Name of Material
• Source
• Description
• Photo
• Advantage
• Applications
• Include at least 5 recycled materials
• Assignment deadline: 16th May 2018
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