Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
- Review of tenses
Present simple
We use the present simple for habits, repeated actions, facts and things which are
generally true.
I usually do my homework in the evening.
She writes crime stories.
We use the present simple with state verbs for short-term states, verbs of preference
and verbs of the senses.
I want to go home.
Present continuous
We use the present continuous for actions in progress now (at the moment of
speaking) or around now.
Sorry, I can’t talk now – I’m doing my homework.
She’s writing a book about her life.
We use the present continuous for temporary situations.
I’m studying English in Cambridge this semester but normally I work in Milan.
Past simple
We use the past simple to talk about completed past actions and states. We often
specify the time in the past with the past simple.
I lost my phone last week, but then I found it in my car.
Past continuous
We use the past continuous to describe actions that were in progress at a particular
moment in the past.
We use the past continuous for actions or events in progress at the time of a shorter,
past simple action.
He phoned while I was doing my homework.
- Character adjectives
Give up: Rendirse Keep it up: Seguir asi Make an effort: Haz un esfuerzo
Manage to: Lograr Work out: Funciona Successfully: Exitosamente
Try out: Probar Keep to: Mantener Have a go at: Intentar algo
- Questions forms
Indirect questions
We use indirect questions to sound polite. Start indirect questions with “Can you tell
me…/Do you know…”. We don’t use an auxiliary verb and the word order doesn’t
change: Use “if” in indirect yes/no questions.
Why did she become famous? → Do you know why she became famous?
Do you like foreign films? → Can you tell me if you like foreign films?
We can also use indirect questions in sentences starting with: I’m not sure…/I know-
don’t know…/I wonder…/I can’t remember…/etc.
Is this answer correct? → I’m not sure if this answer is correct.
Where have they been? → I wonder where they’ve been.
We use “which + noun” when there is a limited number of options and “what + noun”
when there are many possibilities.
We can have our meeting at 10, 12 or 14. Which time would you prefer?
I’m free all day. What time do you want to meet?
Amazingly Surprisingly
Naturally Not surprisingly
Inevitably
Unit 2: Survival
Wasn’t getting anywhere: No estaba llegando a ninguna parte Got into trouble: Me encuentro en problemas
Get someone’s attention: Llamar la atención de alguien Get to: Tener la oportunidad de hacer algo
Couldn’t get over: Estar muy sorprendido por algo Get hold of: Apoderarse o conseguir
Got over: Superar u olvidar algo malo que paso Got the feeling: Tengo la sensacion
Got swept away: Fue barrido lejos Get away: Ve a otra parte
Get rid of: Deshacerse de Getting on my nerves: Poniendo de los nervios
Got a bit carried away: Me deje llevar un poco Get across: Hacer comprender o entender
Get straight to the point: Llegar directamente al punto Getting me down: Deprimiendome
Got involved: Se involucro Got through: Tener exito en una competencia
- Narrative tenses
We use narrative tenses to tell stories about what happened in the past. The most
important narrative tenses are: past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple and
past perfect continuous.
We use the past simple for completed past actions and states which happened at a
specific time in the past:
We spotted them on the mountain so we recued them and took them to hospital.
We use the past continuous for actions (not states) that were in progress at the time
of the main events in the story:
When we spotted them, they were standing next to some stones. They were
waving their arms but we couldn’t hear what they were shouting.
We use the past perfect simple / continuous for events and activities that happened
before the main events in the story and to give explanations or reasons. It often
occurs after “because”.
We spotted them because they had built the word help out of stones.
We finally spotted them after we had been searching for over a week.
We use the past perfect simple to focus on the results of an earlier completed action:
We spotted them (result) because they’d built a big sign (earlier action).
We use the past perfect simple to talk about “time up to then” with a state verb (e.g.
know, have, be):
When we found them, they’d been on the mountain for a week.
We use the past perfect continuous before a result in the past to show the effect of
an earlier activity:
They were tired (result) because they’d been building a big sign (earlier
activity).
We use the past perfect continuous to emphasize the duration of time with an action
verb (e.g. wait, search, drive):
We found them after we’d been searching for a week.
We use future time clauses to talk about future possibilities, future plans or to give
advice. We can normally use “will, be going to, or the imperative in the main clause”.
We normally use a present tense in the subordinate clause with words like “if, when,
as soon as, unless, as long as, provided, in case, etc”. We can also use the same
time clauses to talk about facts and things which are generally true. In these
sentences we often use a present tense verb in the main clause.
When we go hiking next weekend, we’ll try a new path.
If you see a bear, don’t run.
It won’t attack you provided you’re standing still.
Unless you know the way well, bring a map.
Always bring a snack in case you get hungry.
As soon as it gets too cold, we’ll go home.
When “if” means “whether”, we normally need “will” or “going to” to refer to the future:
I don’t know if / whether I’ll see any wild animals when I’m on holiday.
As soon as shows that something will happen immediately after another thing:
As soon as I get home, I’ll email you.
We can use present perfect or present simple after words like “as soon as” or “when”
to talk about completed processes in the future. There is little difference in meaning:
We’ll leave when / as soon as I’ve finished my work. (Or: … I finish …)
“Unless” means “if not”. The verb after “unless” is usually positive:
You won’t see any animals unless you stay quiet.
“As long as” and “provided” are similar to “only if”:
We’ll be safe provided / as long as we stay here.
You can go out tonight as long as you’re back by 10.
We use “in case” to talk about preparations for possible future situations:
Take your keys in case we’re out when you get home.
- Animals and the environment
Animals Places
At risk At risk
Creature Environment
Endangered Habitats
Extinct Natural
Hunt Protected
Protected
Rare
Species
Use headings
Include the different imperative forms
Make the information clear and direct