BS 8161 - PHYSICS LABORATORY

DETERMINATION OF RIGIDITY MODULUS –TORSIONAL PENDULUM

AIM:

To determine the moment of inertia of a given disc by Torsional oscillations and the rigidity modulus
of the material of the suspension wire.
APPARATUS:
Torsional pendulum, Stop clock, Meter scale, two symmetrical mass, Screw gauge.

FORMULA
Moment of inertia of the circular disc,

Rigidity modulus of the wire,

m mass of one cylinder placed on the disc(100 gm) kg

d1 Closest distance ( minimum) between suspension wire and the centre of mass of the cylinder m
d2 Farthest distance ( maximum) between suspension wire and the centre of mass of the cylinder m
T0 Period of oscillation without any mass on the disc s
T1 Period of oscillation when equal masses are placed on the disc at a distance d1 s
T2 Period of oscillation when equal masses are placed on the disc at a distance d2 s
l length of the suspension wire m
r Radius of the wire m

1
Time period of oscillations
Length of suspension wire l = cm

Time for 10 oscillations

Time period
Position of equal masses Trial 1 Trail 2 Mean (Second)
(Second) (Second) (Second)

Without masses To =

Masses at closest distance.

T1 =
d1 = ……… x 10-2 m

Masses at maximum
distance. T2 =
d2 =……….x 10-2 m

Radius of the Wire (r):

LC = 0.01 mm Z.E = …..div
Z.C =……mm
HSR= HSC x LC Observed Reading Correct Reading
S. No. PSR HSC = PSR+ HSR = OR ± ZC
Unit mm div mm mm mm

Mean (d) =-------------------------- x 10-3 m

Radius of the specimen wire (r) = d/2 = ……. x 10-3 m
CALCULATION:

RESULT:

The moment of inertia of a given disc (I) = kgm2

The rigidity modulus of the given wire (n) = Nm-2

2
 YOUNG’S MODULUS – NON-UNIFORM BENDING
AIM
To determine the young’s modulus of the material of a beam by non-uniform bending.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A uniform rectangular beam, Two knife edges, A weight hanger with slotted weight, Travelling
microscope, pin, screw gauge and vernier caliper.

FORMULA: Fig.
2.
Young’s modulus of the material of the beam
𝑴𝒈𝒍𝟑
Y = 𝟒𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝒚 Nm-2

y Mean depression for a load meter

g Acceleration due to gravity m/s2
l Distance between the two knife edges meter
b Breadth of the beam (meter scale) meter
d Thickness of the beam (meter scale) meter
M Load applied kg
Depression (y)
LC = 0.001 cm TR = MSR + (VSC x LC)
Microscope Reading Depression
Load Mean
S.N Loading Unloading y for M kg
M
o. MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
x 10-3kg cm
Cm Div cm cm div cm Cm

Mean

3
Breadth of the beam using vernier caliper:
LC = 0.01cm Z.E = Nil
Z.C = Nil

Observed Reading = Corrected Reading =

MSR VSC
S.No. MSR + (VSC X LC) (OR ± ZC)
cm div
cm cm

Mean

Thickness of the beam using screw gauge :

LC = 0.01mm Z.E =
Z.C =

Observed Reading = Corrected Reading

PSR HSC
S.No. PSR + (HSC X LC) (OR ± ZC)
mm div
mm mm

Mean

CALCULATION:

Load applied at mid-point M= x10-3 kg.

Acceleration due to gravity g= ms-2.

Breadth of the beam b= x10-2 m

Thickness of the beam d= x10-3 m

Length of the beam between the knife edge 𝒍= x 10 -2 m

𝑴𝒈𝒍𝟑
Y = 𝟒𝒃𝒅𝟑 𝒚 Nm-2

RESULT:
The young’s Modulus of the material of the given beam = Nm-2

4
 WAVELENGTH OF LASER LIGHT SOURCE
AIM:
To determine the wavelength of the laser of light using grating.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Laser source, Laser Grating with stand, Screen, Scale

Grating

Laser x1
x
source Laser
x2

Dl

FORMULA:
Wavelength of the given laser source of light
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ= metre
𝑁𝑛

N Number of rulings in the grating lines/meter

n Order of spectrum No unit
θ Angle of diffraction Degree
OBSERVATION:
Distance between grating and screen (D) = ___________________ x 10-2m
Number of lines in grating per meter (N) = ___________________ lines/meter
Diffraction image
Order of 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
meter θ = tan-1( 𝑛) λ = 𝑁𝑛
S.No. diffraction 𝐷
Left Right Mean degree meter
(n)
xn xn xn

5
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Wavelength of the laser light source = meter.

6
 PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION BY USING LASER
AIM:
To determine the size of the micro particle using laser.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Laser source, Fine micro particles of nearly uniform size (Lycopodium powder), Glass plate,
White screen, Stands, Meter Scale.
Screen
Glass Plate with
fine particles

LASER

FORMULA:
Particle size (diameter) d is given by
𝒏𝝀𝑫
d= metre
𝒙𝒏

n Order of diffraction
λ Wavelength of the laser source meter
Xn Distance between glass plate and the screen meter

D Distance between the glass plate and the screen meter

OBSERVATION:
Distance between glass plate and the screen (D) = _______________ x 10-2m
Wavelength of the laser source (λ) = _____________ x 10-10m

Distance Distance between the

between screen Order of central bright point and nth Particle size
𝑛𝜆𝐷
S.No and glass plate Diffraction fringe d= 𝑥
𝑛
(D) (n) (xn) cm
cm cm

Mean =

7
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Average size of the particle = meter.

8
 NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE IN OPTICAL FIBER
AIM:
To determine the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of the given optical fibre.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Optical fiber cable, Laser source, Numerical aperture, White screen, with concentric circles,
scale.

Laser source

Optical fiber cable

jig

Fiber Lase
r

FORMULA:
𝒓
Acceptance angle (θ) = 𝒅 radians

Numerical aperture (NA) = sin θ

r Radius of the circular image meter
d Distance from the fibre end to circular image meter
OBSERVATION:
Distance from the
Radius of the Acceptance angle
fibre end to
circular image r
S.No. circular image θ=d NA = sinθ
(r)
(d) degree
meter
meter

mean

9
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Acceptance angel of the optical fibre = radian.
Numerical aperture of the optical fibre =

10
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A BAD CONDUCTOR – LEE’S DISC
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor using Lee’s disc
apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Lee‟s disc apparatus, bad conductors, stop-clock, thermometers, screw gauge, vernier calipers,
steam boiler

FORMULA
Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor
𝑑𝜃
𝑀𝑆( ) 𝑑 (𝑟+2ℎ)
𝑑𝑡 𝜃2
K = 𝜋𝑟 2 (𝜃 Wm-1K-1
1 − 𝜃2 )(2𝑟+2ℎ)

M Mass of the metallic disc kg

S Specific heat capacity of the material of the disc J kg-1 K-1
𝑑𝜃 Rate of cooling at θ2 o
C/s
( )
𝑑𝑡 𝜃2
r Radius of metallic disc meter
h Thickness of metallic disc meter
d Thickness of bad conductor meter
θ1 Steady temperature of a steam chamber o
C
θ2 Steady temperature of the metallic disc o
C

11
Radius of the metallic disc using vernier caliper(r):
LC = 0.01cm Z.E = Nil
Z.C = Nil

Observed Reading = Corrected Reading =

MSR VSC
S.No. MSR + (VSC X LC) (OR ± ZC)
x 10-2m div
x 10-2 m x 10-2 m

Mean

Thickness of the bad conductor using screw gauge (d) :

LC = 0.01cm Z.E =
Z.C =

Observed Reading = Corrected Reading

PSR HSC
S.No. PSR + (HSC X LC) (OR ± ZC)
x 10-3m div
x 10-3 m x 10-3m

Mean

12
Thickness of the metallic disc using screw gauge (h) :
LC = 0.01mm Z.E =
Z.C =

Observed Reading = Corrected Reading

PSR HSC
S.No. PSR + (HSC X LC) (OR ± ZC)
x 10-3m div
x 10-3 m x 10-3m

Mean

Temperature Time
o
C (t) second

CALCULATION:
Mass of the metallic disc M= kg
Specific heat capacity of the metallic disc S = 370 Jkg-1K-1
Radius of the metallic disc r= x 10-2 m
Thickness of the metallic disc h= x 10-3 m
Thickness of the bad conductor d= x 10-3 m
Steady state temperature of steam chamber θ1 = o
C
θ1 = K
Steady state temperature of the disc θ2 = o
C
θ2 = K
𝑑𝜃
Rate of cooling ( 𝑑𝑡 ) at steady state temperature =
𝜃2

13
 𝑑𝜃
𝑀𝑆( ) 𝑑 (𝑟+2ℎ)
𝑑𝑡 𝜃2
K = 𝜋𝑟 2 (𝜃 Wm-1K-1
1 − 𝜃2 )(2𝑟+2ℎ)

RESULT:
Thermal conductivity of the given bad conductor = Wm-1K-1

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15
 SPECTROMETER - GRATING
EXPT NO: DATE:
AIM:
To determine the wavelengths of the prominent lines of the mercury spectrum using grating.
APPARATUS:
Spectrometer, grating, sodium and Mercury vapour lamps etc.
FORMULA:
Wavelength of the prominent lines of the mercury spectrum
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
λ= m
𝑁𝑛

θ Angle of diffraction degree

N Number of lines per metre in the grating lines/meter
n Order of the diffraction
PROCEDURE
To standardize the grating using sodium light:
The preliminary adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The slit is illuminated with sodium
light. The telescope is brought in a line with the collimator and the direct reading is taken on both

the verniers. The prism table is firmly clamped and the telescope is turned through 900 and fixed in
this position. The grating is mounted on the table so that the rulings on it are parallel to the slit. The
grating platform is rotated till the image of the slit reflected from the surface of the grating is seen in
the telescope.
The platform is fixed in the position at which the vertical crosswire coincides with the

fixed edge of the image of the slit. The vernier table is rotated through exactly 45 0 in the proper
direction, so that the surface of the grating becomes normal to the collimator. The prism table is a
fixed in this position, now the grating is adjusted for normal incidence. The telescope is now released
and brought to the position of the direct image. On either side of it are seen the diffracted images of
the first order. The telescope is turned to the left to view the first order diffracted image. The
vertical crosswire is made to coincide with the fixed edge of the image of the slit. Readings of
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
lines per metre N of the grating is calculated using the relation N = λ𝑛

16
Determination of wavelength of
spectral line
Order of
Number of lines (N) = spectrum (n)
lines/meter =
Difference
Reading of the differaction image between the
readings

Left Side Right Side

Sepectral Mean
Line θ λ = sinθ/Nn
2θ
Vernier A Vernier B Vernier A Vernier B 2θ 2θ
(A1) (B1) (A2) (B2) A1- B1-
A2 B2

MS VS MS VS MS VS MS VS
TR TR TR TR
R C C C C C C C

17
(B) Determination of Wavelength of the prominent line of the Mercury spectrum:

Without disturbing the spectrometer replace the sodium vapour lamp by Mercury
vapour lamp whose wavelengths are to be determined. Rotate the telescope and observe the dispersed
diffracted spectral lines of Mercury light of first order and second order on either side of central
undispersed direct image. Take reading on both side for the first order diffraction pattern. The angle
of diffraction θ for the different lines of the first order is measured. The wavelength λ of each line is
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
calculated using the relation λ = 𝑁𝑛

18
CALCULATION:

19
RESULT:
The wavelength of the prominent spectral lines in the mercury source are calculated and
tabulated.

20
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FORMULA:
𝜆𝑙
Thickness of the wire, t = 2𝛽 m

where,
λ - Wavelength of the sodium light (5893 Å)
l - Distance of the wire from the edge of the contact (m)
β − Mean fringe width (m)
PROCEDURE:
Two optical plane glass plates are placed one over another. One of their edges is tied with rubber
band. The given wire is placed in between the two plates at the other end. This forms an air wedge
arrangement.
This arrangement is placed on the horizontal bed of the vernier microscope. Light from the sodium
vapour lamp is rendered parallel with the help of a condensing lens. The parallel beam of the light is
allowed to fall on a glass plate inclined at 45o. The refracted light from the plate is made to fall vertically
on the air wedge. The interference pattern is seen through the eye-piece of the microscope held just above
the air wedge.
Large number of equi-spaced alternative bright and dark fringes can be seen. The vertical cross
wire is made to coincide with any one of the dark fringes (n) at one end. The microscope reading given
by the vertical scale is noted. Then the cross wire is made to coincide with n + 5, n + 10, n + 15 etc., up
to n+50 and the corresponding reading are noted. The readings noted are tabulated and from the reading,
bandwidth is β calculated. The distance between the wire and the edge of contact is measured with the
microscope. Assuming the wavelength of sodium light, the thickness of the wire is determined

Determination of the Band Width (β):

Travelling Microscope Readings: L.C =0.001cm

Mean Width
of one band
(β)
Microscope Reading Width of 10 bands x 10-2m
Order of

23
 MSR VSC TR=MSR+(VSCxLC)
-2
Sl.No. the band x 10 m div x 10-2m

1 n

2 n+5

3 n+10

4 n+15

5 n+20

6 n+25

7 n+30

8 n+35

9 n+40

10 n+45

Mean (β) = __________ x10-2 m

24
Determination of distance between Edge of contact
and wire (l):
L.C =0.001cm

MSR VSC TR
Position Cross Wire Distance
x 10-2m div x 10-2 m

Rubber Band

Edge of contact

Calculation:

25
Result:
The thickness of the thin wire (t) = m

26