Name Sumaira Gulshan

Class MSCS(1st Semester)

Data Models used in DBMS

The model is basically the high-level observation between the attributes and entities. The three main data
models in a database management system are relational, network and hierarchical. But nowadays there are
lots of data models that are used in different applications.

The features of data models Object Oriented programming Languages

 Inheritance. (The concept of inheriting or deriving properties of an existing class to get new class.)
 Polymorphism.(To making a function to act in different forms depending on the place they are present is
called Polymorphism
 Data Hiding.( Data Protection or security of data is achieved by concept of data hiding)
 Encapsulation (The technical term for combining data and functions together as a bundle is
encapsulation.)
 Overloading. (Overloading is a kind of polymorphism. overloading the existing functionality with new
one.
 Reusability. It helps in reducing the code size as classes can be just derived from existing one and one
need to add only the new features and it helps users to save their time.)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEMS,

Advantages:
 Reduced data redundancy.
 Reduced updating errors and increased consistency.
 Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs.
 Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages.

Disadvantages:

 Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design.

 Big hardware and software start-up costs.
 Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs.
 Wide alteration costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system.
 Primary training required for all programmers and users.

Hierarchical database Model:

A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data are organized into a tree-like structure.
The data are stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A record is a collection
of fields, with each field containing only one value.

It represents a parent-child relationship with a single parent for each child.

Example: Let us assume that we have a main directory which contains other subdirectories. Each
subdirectory contains more files and directories. Each directory or file can be in one directory only i.e. it
has only one parent.

Here A is the main directory i.e. the root node. B1 and B2 are their child or subdirectories. B1 and B2
also have two children C1, C2 and C2, C3 respectively. They may be directories or other files. This
represents one- to- many relationships.

Network Database Model:

A network database model is a database model that allows multiple records to be linked to the same
owner file. The model can be seen as an upside down tree where the branches are the member information
linked to the owner, which is the bottom of the tree.

Advantages:

 Conceptual l simplicity
 Data access flexibility
 Conformance to standards
 Handle more relationship types
 Promote database integrity
 Allows for data independence

Disadvantages:

 System Complexity limits efficiency

 Lack of Structural independence

Relational Database Model:

A relation is nil but a table of values. Every row in the table represents a collection of related data values.
These rows in the table indicate a real-world entity or relationship.
Operations performed on relational database model are

Insert, update, delete and select.

 Insert is used to insert data into the relation

 Delete is used to delete tuples from the table.
 Modify allows you to change the values of some attributes in existing tuples.
 Select allows you to choose a specific range of data.

When one of these operations are functional, integrity constraints specified on the relational database
diagram must never be violated.

Advantages:

 Simplicity
 Easy to use
 Data Independence
 Structural Independence

Disadvantages:

 Sometimes become complex as the amount of data grows

 The relations b/w pieces of data become more complicated.
 Complex relational database systems may lead to isolated databases where the information cannot
be shared from one system to another.

Graph database:

A graph database is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and
properties to represent and store data. A key concept of the system is the graph.
Graph data modeling is the process in which a user describes an arbitrary domain as a
connected graph of nodes and relationships with properties and labels.

Advantages:
 Object-Oriented Thinking.
 Performance
 Better Problem-Solving
 Update Data in Real-Time
 Support Queries Simultaneously

ER database:
 The ER or (Entity Relational Model) is a high-level conceptual data model diagram. Entity-
Relation model is based on the concept of real-world entities and the relationship b/w them. ER
modeling helps us to analyze data requirements systematically to produce a well-designed database. An
Attribute describes a property or characteristics of an entity. For example, Name, Age, Address etc. it can
be attributes of a Student. An attribute is represented using eclipse.

ER Diagram:

 Rectangle: Represents Entity sets.

 Ellipses: Attributes.
 Diamonds: Relationship Set.
 Lines: They link attributes to Entity Sets and Entity sets to Relationship Set.
 Double Ellipses: Multivalued Attributes.
 Dashed Ellipses: Derived Attributes.
 Double Rectangles: Weak Entity Sets.

Advantages:

 Effective communication
 Highly integrated with RDBM
 visual representation

Disadvantages:

 Loss of Information content

 Data Manipulation
 Limited constraints

Document Database:

A document database, or document store, is a computer program designed for storing, retrieving and
managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data. A document database is a
type of no relational database that is designed to store and query data.

Example: suppose one document has two names, one address, and a list of ages of a home's occupants.

NoSQL Database:

NoSQL, which stand for "not only SQL," is an alternative to traditional relational databases in which data
is placed in tables and data schema is carefully designed before the database is built. NoSQL
databases are especially useful for working with large sets of distributed data.

Example:

Column-based NoSQL databases are widely used to manage data warehouses, business intelligence,
CRM, Library card catalogs, HBase, Cassandra, HBase, Hypertable are examples of column
based database.

Advantages:

 Easily Scalable
 Flexible
 Distributed
 Zero Downtime
 Elasticity

Disadvantages:
 Less mature. RDBMSs have been around a lot longer than NoSQL databases
 Less support. ...
 Business intelligence and analytics. ...
 Administration. ...
 No advanced expertise. ...