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SERIOUS
January
FebruarY
March September
April
16.2
May 16.3
SIMPLE
DIGITAL
Fundamentals of Astro-Naviuation its GP as 3,000 miles by computation. [The distance from our ship
to the GP of a heavenly body = {90°- altitude) x 60 miles].
See Fig. 3, and supplementary note on page 33.
1. PRINCIPLE OF ASTRO-NAVIGATION
When we know the distance from two points, the positions of
which are already known, we can determine our ship's position.
Fig. 3 Distance from ship to GP of star
A,q*,,
Suppose the distance from our ship is 6 miles t o Lighthouse A and
8 miles to Lighthouse B. Draw a circle with a radius of 6 miles and
A as center. This i s called a Position Circle because our ship must
be somewhere on it. Now, draw another position circle with a
radius of 8 miles and B as center. Obviously, the intersection of
3000 miles-
the two position circles is our ship's position. See Fig. I .
Circle
\ /Position Circle
i
/ ,Pnci+irm I inn
It takes some steps and tools to determine our ship's position by Astro-Naviga ion as summarized in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
.. TAKING
1. - ...- . - SIGHT
- - WITH A
SEXTANT. TOOLS:
FiNDlNG GEOGRAPH-
ICAL POSITION (GP) Of TOOLS:
THE SIGHTED BODY:
The GP is the point on the earth
directly beneath the heavenly
body, and i t is expressed by
Greenwich Hour Angle (GHAI or
and Declination (DEC).They
are computed by NC-77 or
found in the Nautical Almanac. DEC
GHA "..
DR Long 6 0 ° i
NC-77 Computer Q Nautical Almanac
3. COMPUTATION BY NC-77
AND PLOTTING:
Compute the Azimuth i:) and Altitude IF?)of
the same body by NC-77 using the factors
found i n Steps ( 1 ) a n d (21. and the DR posl-
tion. iA ship's position determined by applying
the cource and distance travelled from some
known position, e.g.. the departing port, is
called Dead Reckon~ngPosition.) Compare the
computed Altitude ( F l l with the actually
observed True Altitude ( & I . From the above
factors we can plot a line of position (LOPI on
the chart or plotting sheet. Plot two LOP'S t o
derermlne our ship's position at their intersec v- Plotting Instruments
tion (FIX), or compute ~tdigitally by NC-77.
.
- .. .. - - .. II
CHAPTER .- In a high quality sextant the altitude can be read by degrees,
minutes and 1/10 minute. One minute of the sextant reading is
1. SEXTANT
Taking a sight means to measure the vertical angle or altitude
between a heavenly body and the horizon in order to ascertain the
ship's position a t sea. The sextant is used as a tool to accomplish
this aim.
All marine sextants have two mirros arranged as shown in Fig. 7
..- work
-and .
- -on the same principle. The index mirror reflects the
nnlIndex Mirror
Fig. 8
2, QUARTZ WATCH
In Astro-Navigation it is necessary to read hours, minutes, and
seconds of time, so the digital quartz watch having the seconds dis-
play is very convenient for such reading of accurate time. Four
seconds of time is equivalent to one minute of longitude (one nau-
tical mile at latitude 0').
When a sight is taken, record the altitude af the body measured
by the sextant and the exact Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) of the
sight. Greenwich Mean Time is the time a t longitude 0'. Local
Mean Time (LMT) wilt depart 1 hour from GMT for every 1 5 of ~
longitude. Therefore, Zone Time in New York, based on LMT at
7 5 ' ~long., i s 5 hours before GMT, and Zone Time in San Fran-
cisco based on FMT a t 1 2 0 long.~ ~ is 8 hours before GMT. If we
go eastward. Tokyo based on LMT a t 1 3 5 ' ~long. i s 9 hours after
GMT. With this principle in mind, LMTcan be easily converted to
GMT.
S e x t a n t arc a n d r s a d ~ n g
Fig. 7
CHAPTER Ill Problem 2. Find the GHA and DEC of the Moon at GMT 0 5 ~ -
25m18s on Jan. 1, 1978. We need Nautical Alma-
S
08
09
44 18.2
58 50.2
0
N 0
16.8
06.6
Al Na'ir
Alnilorn
153
28
276
20.2
17.6
13.2
N49 25.1
547 04.2
5 1 13.1
!
73 2 2 1 5 0 03.6 56.6 / Alphord 218 22.1 5 8 33.9
87 54.0 0 13.8 56.6
102 25.9 S 0 24.0 56.6 Alphecco 126 33.9 N26 47.3
1
@ x 38.025 GHASun
116 57.8 0 34.3 56.7 Alpheratr 358 11.2 N28 58.3
0 to -0.0333 E w s t i o n of Time 131 29.6 0 44.5 56.7 Altoir 62 34.6 N8 48.7
j: 12
@ Repeat d and K
146 01.4 0 54.8 56.7 Ankoa 353 421 542 25.8
160 33.1 1 05.0 56.8 Antorer 112 59.4 526 22.9
175 0 4 4 I I53
Answer: GHA Sun [Dialogue Symbol : X ) 38'02'.5 g: ::; 5 ;;;:; 56.8
; 4 6 2 . 3 N19 17.7
108 25.7 568 59.1
DEC Sun (Dialogue Symbol : d ) 522' 59'.9 20 218 39.7 1 46.2 56.9 Avior 234 28.3 559 26.9
21 I 233 11.2 1 56.5 Bellotrii 279 00.4 N 6 19.7
We will make use of GHA Aries (Xo I later in 2 2 1 247 42.7 2 06.7 57.0 Betelgeuse 271 29.9 N 7 24.1
the star problem, and Equation of Time ( t o ) 2 3 : 262 14.2 2 17.0 57.0
in the noon sight problem.
TABLE 2
DEC is measured like latitude, from the equ*.or to 90' north and
(Continue to page 12)
90' south. It should be noted that GHA and longitude are not
expressed exactly the same. Whereas longitude is measured from
the Greenwich meridian (longitude 0' line1 to 180' east and to
180' west. GHA is measured only westward up to 360' from it.
Therefore, longitude 90' east, for instance, is equivalent t o GHA
270'.
-
ARIES VENUS
G.H.A.
I n order to find the GHA and DEC of the Moon at GMT 0 5 ~ 2 5 ~ -
LO; 1 i . 5
115 20.0 1BS, we first find the data for GMT 0 5 and
~ 0 6 ~and
, feed them to
130 22.4 NC-77 in the following manner.
145 24.9
160 27.4 Problem 2
175 29.8 GHA MC
190 32.3
205 34.8
Moon 1 Key Display ( Key Display
-7 1 11.7
86 14.2
For other plants, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, GHA and DEC are found
in the same manner.
TABLE 2
Probelm 4. Find the GHA and DEC of Arcturus at CHAPTER IV
16hl6m39S on Jan. 1, 1978.
F H A of the Star, Arcturus, i s found by adding
SHA of Arcturus (Sidereal Hour Angle) to the
Computation and Plotting for Fix
GHA Aries.
Greenwich Meridian Now we are ready to compute and pfot our position. As men-
tioned in the Principle of Astro-Navigation, it is impractical to draw
, Aries
a position circle with radius of hundreds or thousands miles on the
chart. So, we plot only a necessary part of the position circle as a
straight line, and call i t a Line of Position [LOP).
LOP is obtained by comparing the computed altitude and the
actually observed true altitude. The former i s the altitude corn-
puted on the assumption that our DR i s correct, and the latter i s
Star
the altitude measured by sextant at the actual position. (True Alti-
tude i s obtained by adding corrections to the direct sextant read-
GHA Ar~es i s a reference meridian for establishing celestial ing. See Chapter V Sextant Altitude Corrections.)
longitude of Stars. I t is constantly changing, and expressed in terms If there i s a difference between the two altitudes the assumption
of westward angle from the Greenwich meridian. SHA Star is the was wrong by the amount of the difference (Altitude Intercept).
westward distance of the particular star from this meridian. So, the So, we will correct our DR position so that there will be no differ-
rule to compute GHA star is: ence beween the two altitudes. It is best to follow the actual steps
to understand this principle.
GHA Star = GHA Aries + SHA Star.
GHA Aries i s computed by NC-77 mode, and SHA's Problem 1 The DR position of a vessel is 30"22'.8~69"35'.5~
of fifty-seven navigational stars are found in Nautical Almanac. a t GMT 1 4 ~ 3 5 ~ on ~ 1, 1978. The lower
4 3Jan.
limb of the Sun is sighted by the sextant at this
monent, and the true altitude ( Ro I after sextant
Key Display
78.0101 3 78.0101 date altitude corrections is 28'3216.
@
J 16.1639 h 16.1639 GM I
Required: (1) Compute the Altitude and Azimuth
@ Ho 345.074 GHA Aries
a 146.203 Ho 146.203 SHA Arcturus * 1
GHA Arcturus
of the Sun.
(2) Compute Altitude Intercept.
El h'o 497.277 (3) Plot the Line of Position.
0 360 0 Xo 131.277 "2
(4) Obtain "FIX" by two Lines of Posi-
tion.
* 1. SHA Arcturus i s found in Nautical Almanac. SeeTable 2 .
"2. When GHA becomes greater than 360' we customarily sub-
tract 360' to express i t within one round of the earth. If $HA
becomes negative it i s also common practice to add 360 to
1. COMPUTATION OF ALTITUDE ( 8 1 AND AZIMUTH ( i )
BY NC-77
express i t as a positive value.
A convenient NC-77 LOP COMPUTATION CARD has been
DEC of Arcturus i s found in Nautical Almanac. (See Table 21 as prepared t o assure the proper order of input data. See the enclosed
~ 1 17:7.
9 It~ does not change for the whole day. card and Table 3.
Enter the date, GMT, name of body, DR Lat. and DR Long. in
Answer: GHA 131°27:7 DEC ~19'17:7 the blanks so designated. The GHA and DEC at GMT 1 4 ~ 3 5 ~ 4 3 ~
onoJan. 1. 1978 have been obtained in Chapter I l l Problem ( 1 ) as
38 02' .5 and ~22~59'9. Fill in the appropriate blanks with these
data. Then, follow the steps shown on page 16.
Fig. 9
Key Display Answer
' Computed Altitude 28*37:8 Spherical Triangle
@
38.025
& 69.355
Lh' 0.
LX 88.025
LA'-69.355 '1
I1 Azimuth 146'43:l T
(measureddoc kwise
LX -3 1.330 ' 2 from north1
E
'l
@ d 0.
22.599 @ d -22.599
D L Q
30.228 @I L 30.228
@ 8 28.378
@ 146.431 ( Rand !can he repeated by @key)
*2Some navigators are accustomed oto expressing :HA always as A = sin-' [ cos h-cosd.cosL + sind-sinl ]
a positive value by applying 360 : LHA = 360 - 31'339 = sind -sinA-sinL
328°27'.0. In such a case we may enter LHA 3~8~27'.0 instead Z = cos-'[ cos**cosL 1
of -31°33'.0. The end result is the same.
Where d: declination A: Computed Altitude
L : DR tat. 2 : Computed Azimuth
h: LHA (obtained by GHA t DR Long.)
7 mA
Since these equations are programmed in the ~ ~ - 7 mode
and Z are computed simply by feeding d, L and h.
-- - - 16 1
cannumion of Aldtu& and Azimuth (6ramw For '1 and *2 R.pa@ &
ma ma8wro KW Db* 4,
@ -
LH 313%
LHA
~ e c
OR LAT
Continued from above
Reaell ~ ~ r n o 1r y
Chaptar IV Problam (1)
Bi)aSl
@ 30.226
d
L
- 30.228
22.609
Data
SaxUnt rudlng 28Prn.11
lndex wmr V.6 too low
lndex error oornoted alt.
Height of aye 3m
Dlp t o w t a d .It.
Rofmtlrn aomobd Jt
Bun dght
Sun* Somldlammr 16:3
Lovvr limb
A W t d e l n t r r c r p t B o e p ~ ~201
e
Dota Dota Soume Key mlpla~
Ro 28.328 Computed bv NC-77 028.3% d 28.326
fl28378 Compuard by NC-77 08.378 d 28.378
" ,. B d -0.052
I
Let 30~20'
\ Jan. 1, 1978
&- At GMT 1 4 ~ 3 5 ~ 4 3 ~
Mwa from the DR away from the Sun Move from the DR towards the Sun
While we are able to read the plotted fix position from the chart,
or plotting sheet, it may be digitally computed more precisely by
NC-77 as follows.
Input. Dats from fig. 12 Key Display Answer
- - I
O R Lat. 30' 1 6 ' . 6 ~ a@ : 0. Lar. 30' ~ 3 : s ~
Fig. 13 Fix by Two Stars
D R Long. 69'76!OW 30.166D L 30.166 Long. 69- 14!7W
Alt. Intercept 11) 0 ;: 0. : F i x a t GMT i8h38m03s)
5.2 miles away 69.160m :/-69.160 FIX BY TWO CELESTIAL BODIES
Azimuth ( 1 ) 146'4311 @ d 0.
Alt. Intercept ( 2 ) 5.2 0 1-5.2 We may take sights of two different celestial bodies like the Sun
6 . 5 miles away @I r 0. and Moon, the Moon and a star, two different stars etc.
Azimuth (21 21 1' 18!1 146.431 106.431 Ifwe take sights of two bodies in a very short time interval we can
@ d 0. consider it as a simultaneousobservation,and a Line of Position can
6.50 d-6.5 be plotted from one DR position as illustrated in Fig. 13.
0 E 0. The position "fix" has the best reliability when the two LOP'Sare
211.581 1 211.181
at righr angle to each other. (This is also true with running fix.)
@ L 30.235
For star sights, suitable stars to make an ideal fix can be selected
@ ::-69.147
from the list of fifty-seven navigational stars, Polaris and four
planets in the Nautical Almanac. Before taking a sight the azimuth
I @ Repear L and :: and altitude of the desired star may be precomputed using the
approximate time of the sight to be taken. In this way the star can
be found very easily.
Note: [n @ mode, if 90' or 270" i s entered as the first azimuth
the answer will become " E M as tan 90" or tan 270" includ-
ed in the program produces "E". However, a 90' or 270'
can be accepted as the second az irnuth.
CHAPTER V
~ e x t a n t ~ l t i t u dCorrections
e
After taking a sight of a celestial body we must make necessary
corrections t o the direct sextant reading to obtain the true altitude.
The corrections t o be made are (1) tndex correction ( 2 ) Dip cor-
rection (3) Refraction correction (4) Semidiameter Correction,and
(5) Parallax correction.
( I ) index correction \..
Index error is the error of the sextant itself. This error can be H o r i z o n viewed from above sea
checked by looking at the horizon with the sextant with its read-
Fig. 15 Dip
ing set at 0~00:0 If the reflected image of the horizon in the
horizon mirror does not form a straight line with the directly view- (3) Refraction correction
ed horizon through the clear part, an error exists caused by the Refraction is the difference between the actual altitude and
lack of parallelism of the two mirrors. Then, move the index arm apparent altitude due t o the bending of the light passing through
slowly until the horizon line is in alignment, and see how much rnedia'of varying densities (Fig. 16).
the reading is off the"0". This amount should be added to or
subtracted from the sextant reading depending on the direction Apparenc Position
of the error (Fig. 14).
fl EARTH
Fig. 16 Refraction
Fig. 11.
Fig. 17 Semidiameter
STANDARD ALTITUDE CORRECTIONS
Problem 1. The sextant reading of the lower limb of the Sun is
(5) Parallax correction 28'2015 on Jan.1, 1978. The sextant reads 0:5 too
Parallax is the difference in the apparent position of the body low because of the index error. The height of eye
viewed from the surface of the earth and the center of the earth. above sea level is 3 meters. Find the true altitude of
While the angle must be measured from the center we can view the the Sun.
body only from the surface, and the difference must be adjusted First, make the index correction.
(Fig. 181. Sextant Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28'20'5
Index Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 0.5
28'27 .O
Fig. 18 Parallax
1
Semidiameter @ Rn 28,161 Refract. corrected alt 6.5 ht 6.5
16'.3 (Jan. 1, 1978) a
0,16303 5d 0,163Semidiameter of the
Heighr of E v e 6.5 m e t e r @ R 18.420
121.3 fil @ Rn 18.391
5d O' Sun (iower limb)
@ Ro 28.326 True slt. 28'32'.6
H.P. 5W.9 (Jan. 25. 1978) a hP 0.
0.589 hP 0.589 H.P.Moon
ai
p~
hP -0.589
Ra 19.189 1 Trus altitude
119"18'.9
@ (21.3 f t . )
@
Rr
Rn
58.234
58.228 rue
attitude
/58' 22'.8
~ e r n p e r a t u r e- 3 ' ~ (26.6O F)
Pressure986rnb ( 2 9 . 1 2 i n . )
hL
%
6.5
5.157 D I P corrected alt. !j015'7
S.D. 16'.2
Since there is no H.P. for the stars, the refraction corrected altitude :986 p 986. :
R, is the true altitude. :,.@,...,...,Pc..pi?e?:
0
0.162nr
Sd
5d -0.162
0. .!
Refraction corrected alt.
5'05'.9
- -
sun.:, : Maon,: - VFWU. MIV 1 J u ~ i t e r .S d t u E 8 5
The key sequence for @ until Refraction Correction is uniform
KOY Ihspley Key. . Display - Kay -- Dway Kcy Owlay
for all Sun, Moon, planets and stars.
In the case of Jupiter, Saturn and Stars Rn equals the True Alti-
tude since there i s no Horizontal Parallax or Semidiameter to
be taken into consideration.
Accuracy:
In [sac] @ mode programs, correction for dip = -1l.776
dheight of.eye in meters = -0l.98 dheight of eye in feet is used
Rt Sextant Altitude
based on F.W. Bessel's terrestrial refraction theory.
Rr Dip Corrected
For astronomical refraction R . Radau's mean refraction table is
Fln Refraction Corrected
simulated by the program. There is no significant difference in
So True Altitude
accuracy between the various refraction theories.
h t Height of eye
So' Sun's Semidiameter
hP Horizontal Parallax of Moon. Venus or Mars
Equations: tan L2
DLOVI = cos'l (-tan L 1 -) DLOVZ = COS-' ( I
tan m
' a, tan Lrnax
MERCATOR CHART
Vertex:
Every great circle lies haff in the northern hemisphere and half in
the southern hemisphere. Any two points 780' apart on a great
circle have the same latitude numerically, but contrary names, and
are 180° apart in longitude. The point of greatest latitude is called
the vertex.
Answer: V1: The longitud; at which the limiting parallel is
reached i s 39 0U.9 west of the departure point,
Vertex 48' 1 9:ON. 1 6 8 ' 3 8 ' . 8 ~ which is 161°26'.4~.
Yo k o h a m a . l c ' A . p m Francisco
,
' V2: The longitude at which the limiting parallel should
be left is 45°50'.0 east of the arrival point, which is
174"28'.0~.
@
*I Always reverse the sign of "drift" input in solving the @
d 2. problem.
88.569
3. Finding the Course t o steer at a given speed t o make good a
@ Repeat c and d
given course through a current
@ Current 1 mode is also used for the solution of Traverse Problem 5 Key Display Answer
Sailing. A traverse is a series of courses, or a track consis- Shirr course 17 5" 1 1c 0. Wind Direction
l~rue
ing of a number of course lines, as might result from a sail- Ship Speed 6.5 knots 115 c 115. 162'24'.0
ing vessel beating into the wind. Traverse Sailing is the Apparent Wind Direction @ d 0. True Wind Speed
finding of a single equivalent course and distance. 30' starboard 6.5 d 6.5 30.9 knots
Apparent Wind Speed @ c 0.
16 knots 115030@ c 145.000 '1
Problem 4 KW Display Answer @ d 0.
Course Distance c 0. Single Equivalent 16 d 16.
158 c 158. Course and Distance @ c 162.240
d 0. 161"29'.7
@ d 10.9
d 15.5 @ Repeat c snd d
43.5n.m.
c 0.
c 135. " 1 Ship course + Apparent Wind Direction should be entered
d 0. here. Use (+) when the apparent wind is blowing from star-
d 33.7 board and (-) for port.
c 142.118
d 48.3 Note: NC-77 solves the current and wind problems by plane Sail-
d 48.3 ing.
c 142.718
c 142.118
d 0.
d 48.3
c 0.
c 259.
d 0.
d 16.1
: 161.247
I Id 43.5
Repeat c and d
I
44
CHAPTER Ill low tides is computed on the assumption that the rise and fall
conform t o simple cosine curves. (See the formulas below).
Tide and Stream (Tidal Current1 Therefore the heights obtained will be approximate. The rough-
ness of approximation will vary as the tide curve differsfrom a
cosine curve.
TlDE TABLES By U.S. Department of Commerce includes
1. Finding the Height of Tide
-~ - HEIGHT OF TlDE AT ANY TIME"
" T.A. R L E 3. to derive
@ Tide mode computes the height of tide at any selected time. the intermediate height based on the same cosine curve. For
European waters the ADMIRALTY TlDE TABLES VOL 1 by
Problem 1 Key Display Answer the Hydrographer of the British Navy gives the tidal curves for
Time of Low Tide 01h45"' 1@ h 0. / Height of Tide a t 07h3~m the areas where the curves are seriously distorted. I n such areas
Height of Low Tide O.5ft. 1.45 the tidal curve for the particular port contained i n the Admi-
Time of High Tide 0 9 ~ 0 5~
@ ralty Tide Tables should always be used.
Heightof High Tide 11.9ft. 0.5
Selected Time 0 7 ~ 3 5 ~ d The velocity of current at any intermediate time between the
9.05 2.
(Sesrtle, Wash. Oec. 1. 1977) @ slack and maximum currents is also computed on the assump-
11.9 tion that i t changes i n accordance with simple cosine curves.
B (See the formulas below).
7.35 h' 7.35 Make sure t h e ricie selector
B d' 10.8 switch i s set on "it".
D Height of Tide
Conrinue
46
CHAPTER IV CHAPTER V
8
inverse trigonometric function keys
Icosl) [ianlJ
Square root computation key
I ~ e c a i Key
t mode key computes the Dead Reckoning Position by
.S~W C h a n ~
Key K~~
Mercator Sailing or Parallel Sailing.
0 Multiplication Key
mode key computes the Course and Distance by Mercator
Minus Key
Sailing or Parallel Sailing.
Plus Key
Equal Key mode key computes the Great Circle Distance and the
Initial Course. The program continues to compute Latitude
and Longitude of the Vertex, and the Latitude at any
selected Longitude on the Great Circle track.
mode key computes the True Wind Direction and True This key also converts degrees, minutes, 1/10 minute into
Wind Speed. hours, minutes and seconds.
(ARC to TIME or TIME to ARC conversion is made by the
mode key computes the Course and Speed Made Good above two keys.)
through a current. This key is also used for the solution of
Traverse Sailing. key converts hours, minutes and seconds into hours, 1/10
hour and 1 /I 00 hour.
mode key computes the Course to Steer and the Speed to
Use to make good a given course and speed through a key converts hours, 1/10 hour, 1/100 hour into hours,
current. minutes and seconds.
The above two keys are used in Speed, Time and Distance
mode key computes the Course to Steer a t a given speed to computations.
make good a given course through a current.
mode key computes the Height of Tide a t any selected key designates North in latitude and East in longitude.
time.
key designates South in latitude and West in longitude.
mode key computes the Velocity of Stream (Tidal Current)
a t any selected time. MEMORY KEYS
mode computes the True Altitude by the standard sextant @ [MZj Memory keys
altitude corrections a t loOc, 1013.25mb ( ~ o ' F , 29.92
in.). FZJ
(G] Recall memory keys
*-
puter is powered, automatically cieared and ready Rr
-
Dip Corrected Alt. Time of H i h
for operation in normal calculation mode. t /
Temperature
P 1
Pressure
METRlClFEET SELECTION SWITCH efract. Corrected Alt. d' I Correr. Ht.
m. 5d Semidiameter
I n @ and @ mode the switch selects the
RQ
hP Hor~zontalParallax
input by meters, Celsius (temperature) and millibars & i
ft. (pressure), or feet. Fahrenheit and inches of mercury.
Fah. I n [oro) mode it selects the input by meters or feet.
inch
DIALOGUE SYMBOLS AND THE MEANING
Dialogue system makes the operation very easy b y telling you at
; 1 cyrse ;1
each step what data t o feed in. The answers are also accompanied
by the symbols which specify the meaning.
-
M& GOO^ ;1 Course t o Steer
Speed Thru Water
C? t o Steer
sign after :indicates South latitude S eed Made Good S eed Made Good
- sign after :: indicates West longitude
E: overflow error symbol
-: minus symbol
1
:uF
' Starboard
t
-
Vertex Lat.
f, Corres. Arc
Selected Time
1 Lat.
com&ted ~ l t .
Azimuth
Port
-;*+%%
v nun J 8 -.
Eqn. of Time
MEMORY CAPABILITIES
NC-77 has two user-accessible memories, M I M2 and RMl RM2,
to greatly increase the flexibility of computations. Use of the
memory keys does not affect the displayed number or computa-
tion i n progress, so 'they can be used at any point in a computa-
tion. They can save you keystrokes by storing long numbers that
are to be used several times.
Key Display
5 ma 2.236067977
@ 2.236067977
I3 10 C f J 0 @ 5.398345637
am 2.236067977
0 4 @ 8.944271 908
a
m@ 0
2.236067977