Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power

Law Fluid with Consistency Variation

Including Convection

Dhaneshwar Prasad, Sudam Sekhar Panda

and Venkata Subrahmanyam Sajja

Abstract An effort is made to discuss the vital effects of temperature on

hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearing by non-Newtonian power law lubri-
cants. Boundary surfaces are assumed to be rigid and isothermal. It is assumed that
the consistency of the lubricant varies with film temperature and pressure, as
considered by some researchers. The employed equations of motion and the
continuity are solved numerically and analytically. For the numerical solution,
Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method is employed with adequate tolerance. The effects of
temperature and pressure are analyzed through various table and graphs as func-
tions of the consistency index of the lubricant velocity and journal velocity.

1 Introduction

In general, in a heavily loaded lubricated bearing, high pressure and temperature

plays significant role. The lubricant properties do not remain constant, and it
depends on pressure and temperature. However, solving Reynolds and energy
equation simultaneously and analytically is a complicated task, and one has to work
out numerically. Sometimes the convergence of solution is so poor that getting one

D. Prasad
Department of Mathematics, K.M. Centre for Post Graduate Studies,
Lawspet 605008, Puducherry, India
S.S. Panda
Department of Mathematics, Dravidian University, Kuppam,
Andhra Pradesh, India
S.S. Panda
Sir C.R.R. College of Engineering, Eluru 534001,
Andhra Pradesh, India
V.S. Sajja (&)
Department of Mathematics, K.L. University, Guntur 522502,
Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail: manyam19@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 283

M.K. Singh et al. (eds.), Applications of Fluid Dynamics, Lecture Notes
in Mechanical Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5329-0_20
284 D. Prasad et al.

feasible solution is difficult. In view of these situations, one may attempt this by
making some appropriate assumption to get a feasible solution.
Johnson and Mangkoesoebroto (1993) built up a theory of lubrication for the
power law fluid and investigated it intricately. Just the infinite width gap is mea-
sured. Here the flow is considered between rigid walls of subjective shape under
consolidated coquet and crushing movement with a pressure gradient.
A mathematical equation for the pressure gradient is formed by combining these
mathematical statements. To show the hypothesis, it is utilized to compute the
pressure dispersion for a parabolic slider bearing and the pressure inclination and
velocity distribution when the mass flux is recommended. Nessil et al. (2013)
studied the lubrication of journal bearings by utilizing non-Newtonian liquids
which are depicted by a power law model. The performance qualities of the journal
bearings are resolved for different estimations of the non-Newtonian power law
index ‘n’ which lie between 0.9 and 1.1 including Newtonian. The obtained
numerical results demonstrate that for the dilatants liquids (n > 1), the load con-
veying limit, the pressure, the temperature, and the frictional power increases while
for the pseudoplastic liquids (n < 1), the outcome is reversed. The impact of the
temperature consequences for these qualities is critical at higher estimations of the
flow behavior index ‘n’.
Mongkolwongrojn and Aiumpornsin (2010) analyzed the static and dynamic
qualities of journal bearing greased up with non-Newtonian oils in view of Carreau
viscosity model. The unsteady state modified Reynolds, and the non-adiabatic
energy equations have been figured in light of non-Newtonian Carreau liquids to
acquire the static and dynamic qualities of journal bearing in thermohydrodynamic
oil administration. The Reynolds and energy equations including the heat con-
duction equation are simultaneously solved together numerically with the given
boundary conditions using finite difference method. Khonsari and Brewe (1989)
concentrated on the performance parameters for a finite length journal bearing
lubricated with micropolar liquids. Results demonstrate that the load conveying
limit is significantly higher than the Newtonian liquids which rely upon the size of
material characteristic length and the coupling number. It is also explained that in
spite of the fact that the frictional force connected with micropolar liquids is higher
than that of a Newtonian liquid, the friction coefficient of micropolar liquids has a
tendency to be lower than that of the Newtonian. Kango et al. (2014) studied about
the impacts of viscous heat dispersal and non-Newtonian rheology of oil on the
performance parameters of microtextured journal bearing. The finite difference
technique is used to solve this model by the help of mass conservation algorithm
(JFO limit conditions) and oil blending temperature ideas. Yang et al. (2014)
analyzed the rheological properties of bubbly oil under comparatively low-to-high
shear rates using a rheometer. A model equation where cavitation algorithm is
applied which includes shear rate and temperature to develop the bubbly lubrication
model of journal bearings. Furthermore, results show that as volume fraction
increases, maximum pressure, load capacity, friction force, and leak flow increase
slightly at lower shear rates, decline obviously at higher shear rates, but increase to
a peak and then decrease at intermediate shear rates.
Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power Law Fluid … 285

Boncompain et al. (1986) presented a general THD theory and a comparison

between theoretical and experimental results. The generalized Reynolds equation,
the energy equation in the film, and the heat transfer equation in the bush and the
shaft are solved simultaneously. The cavitation in the film, the lubricant recircu-
lation, and the reversed flow at the inlet are taken into account. Along with addition,
the thermo-elastic deformations are also calculated in order to define the film
thickness. Mongkolwongrojn and Aiumpornsin (1960) investigated the effects of
temperature variations within the oil film thickness, and the coming about consis-
tency variation along and over the film which are thought to be in charge of the lift
in parallel surface bearing. A numerical solution for a special bearing is acquired for
various heat limit conditions, and a result comparison of the traditional analysis is
made. Exceptionally impressive contrasts from the traditional analysis are acquired.
A few solutions of the heat balance in bearing are likewise displayed. Gao et al.
(2014) discussed the impacts of eccentricity ratio by utilizing computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) and considering the contrasts between the physical properties of
the water and of the oil on pressure distribution of water lubricant film. At that point
numerical analysis of journal bearings with various measurements is embraced
under various rotational velocities. In view of the analysis, under the given load and
rotational velocity, a situation is arised for selecting the initial diameter dimension
which is utilized to plan a productive water-greased up plain bearing.
Ahmad et al. (2014) presented an experimental work to determine the effect of
oil groove location on the temperature and pressure in hydrodynamic journal
bearings. Measurements of temperature and pressure were obtained for speeds of
300, 500, and 800 rpm at different radial loads. Changes in oil groove location were
shown to affect the temperature and pressure to some extent.
In light of the above discussion, an effort has been made in this work to include
the heat of convection in the energy equation. Solutions are obtained for pressure,
temperature, and delta for circular coordinate.

2 Mathematical Model

2.1 Flow Equations

The flow equations of the hydrodynamic lubrication of journal bearing are con-
sidered as—Sing et al. (2008a, b):
"

#
dp @
@u
n1 @u
¼ m

ð1Þ
dx @y
@y
@y

@u @v
þ ¼ 0 ð2Þ
@x @y
286 D. Prasad et al.

where
m ¼ m0 ea pbðTm T0 Þ ð3Þ

with
Zh
1
Tm ¼ T dy ð4Þ
h
0

h ¼ c ð1  e cos h Þ ð5Þ

Prescribed boundary conditions are mentioned below for the above equations as:

u ¼ U at y ¼ h; and u ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0 ð6Þ

where U is the velocities of the journal

@u
From geometry given in Fig. 1, one may observe that for each h, @y = 0 at
y ¼ d ðp  h  pÞ in both the regions:

I : p  h\  h1 and II : h1 \h  p:

Further, four subregions are formed by d profile having velocities u1 , u2 , u3 , and

u4 from the two regions. The velocity boundary conditions for the undertaken
geometry are:

Fig. 1 Journal bearing geometry with delta profile shown in dotted line
Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power Law Fluid … 287

@u1 @u2
 0; d  y  h;  0; 0  y  d; I:  p  h\  h1 ð7Þ
@y @y

@u3 @u4
 0; 0  y  d;  0; d  y  h; II:  h1 \h  p ð8Þ
@y @y

Integration of Eq. (1) twice for the region: p  h \  h1 ; leads to,

  1=n h i
n 1 dp1 nþ1 nþ1
u1 ¼ U þ ðy  dÞ n  ð h  dÞ n ; dyh ð9Þ
nþ1 m1 dx
  1=n h i
n 1 dp1 nþ1 nþ1
u2 ¼ ðd  yÞ n  ð dÞ n ; 0yd ð10Þ
nþ1 m1 dx

Similarly, for the region h1 \ h  p:

  
n 1 dp2 1=n h n þn 1 nþ1
i
u3 ¼  ðdÞ  ðd  yÞ n ; 0yd ð11Þ
nþ1 m2 dx
  
n 1 dp2 1=n h nþ1 nþ1
i
u4 ¼ U þ  ðh  dÞ n  ðy  dÞ n ; dyh ð12Þ
nþ1 m2 dx

Again Q, the volume flux which is obtained by solving Eq. (2) for the region:
p  h \  h1 , as

Rh Rh
@
@x u dy ¼ 0 ) ddQx ¼ 0 where Q = u dy
0 0
Zd Zh
Q ¼ u2 dy þ u1 dy
0 d ð13Þ
  
n 1 dp1 1=n h 2nnþ 1 2n þ 1
i
¼Uðh  dÞ  ðdÞ þ ðh  dÞ n
2n þ 1 m1 dx

The flux Q may be taken at h = −h1, because it is constant everywhere in the

region, where x = Rh,

Rh
Q¼ udy ¼ c1 , say
0

with the condition ddpx ¼ 0; at h ¼ h1 ; h ¼ h1 in (1) and calculate Q where (1)
reduces to
288 D. Prasad et al.




@

n1 @u
0 ¼ @y m
@u
@y
@y , We get the volume flux at h ¼ h1 is U h1 =2.

Rh1
Hence, Qðh1 Þ ¼ u dy ¼ Uh2 1 ¼ c1 and
0

  " #n
dp1 2n þ 1 n Uðh  dÞ  Uðh1 =2Þ
¼ m1 2n þ 1 2n þ 1 ; p  h\  h1 ð14Þ
dx n ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n
 " #n
dp2 2n þ 1 n Uðh1 =2Þ  Uðh  dÞ
¼ m2 2n þ 1 2n þ 1 ; h1 \h  p ð15Þ
dx n ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n

By taking x ¼ Rh; dx ¼ Rdh we get

  " #n
dp1 2n þ 1 n Uðh  dÞ  Uðh1 =2Þ
¼ m1 R 2n þ 1 2n þ 1 ; p  h\  h1 ð16Þ
dh n ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n

In the same way, one can obtained in other region as:

  " #n
dp2 2n þ 1 n Uðh1 =2Þ  Uðh  dÞ
¼ m2 R 2n þ 1 2n þ 1 ; h1 \h  p ð17Þ
dh n ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n

Using the velocity matching conditions: u1 = u2 and u3 = u4 at y = d, one can

obtain a single relationship as:
2 h i3
  ½ðh  d  h =2Þ ðh  dÞn þn 1  ðdÞn þn 1
2n þ 1 4 1
5¼1 ð18Þ
nþ1 2n þ 1 2n þ 1
ð dÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n

It may be emphasized that Eq. (18) cannot be used to evaluate d in the region
h ¼ h1  e1 and h ¼ h1 þ e1 since @u @y 6¼ 0 at these points at all. Hence it can be
calculated using circular coordinate as

ðr2  r1 Þ
r  r1 ¼ ð h  h1 Þ ð19Þ
ð h2  h1 Þ
Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power Law Fluid … 289

2.2 Energy Equation

The temperature equation of the fluid flow with normal assumptions for this
problem is taken as Tropea et al. (2007)


n1  2  
@2T
@u
@u dTm
k þ m

¼ q C u
@y2
@y
@y
s m
dx


    ð20Þ
@ T
2
@u
n1
@u 2
dTm


k 2 þ m


¼ /ðxÞ; where /ðxÞ ¼ q Cs um
@y @y @y dx

For this equation, the boundary conditions are taken as

T1 ¼ T11 at y ¼ h; T2 ¼ T12 at y ¼ 0 ð21Þ

Applying these above conditions in the region, p  h \  h1 , T11 , and T12

are calculated as:

y2 m  1 dp n þn 1 n2 3n þ 1
1 1
T1 ¼ /ðxÞ  ðy  dÞ n
2k k m1 dx ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ ð22Þ
þ c 2 y þ d2 ; dyh

y2 m  1 dp n þn 1 n2 3n þ 1
1 1
T2 ¼ /ðxÞ  ðd  yÞ n
2k k m1 dx ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ ð23Þ
þ c 3 y þ d3 ; 0yd

By using the matching heat flux condition and temperature matching condition
k @T @T2
@y ¼ k @y at y ¼ d, T11 = T12 at y = d and in (22) and (23), one may get
1

c1 ¼ c2 ¼ c (say) and d1 ¼ d2 ¼ d (say), hence using (21), (22), (23) give

"  n þ 1
1 h2 m  n2 1 dp1 n
1
c¼ c ¼ T11  T12  /ðxÞ þ
h 2k k ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ m1 dx ð24Þ
h 3n þ 1 3n þ 1
ii
ðh  dÞ n  ðdÞ n

m   n þ 1
1 n2 1 dp1 n 3nnþ 1
d ¼ T12 þ d ð25Þ
k ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ m1 dx

In the same way, one can get in the region h1 \h  p

290 D. Prasad et al.

m  1 dp n þn 1 n2 3n þ 1
2 2
T3 ¼   ðd  yÞ n þ a1 y þ b1 ð26Þ
k m2 dx ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ

m  1 dp n þn 1 n2 3n þ 1
2 1
T4 ¼   ðy  dÞ n þ a2 y þ b2 ð27Þ
k m2 dx ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ

Use of the matching heat flux condition and temperature matching condition
k @T @T4
@y ¼ k @y at y ¼ d, T11 = T12 at y = d, in (26) and (27) with a1 ¼ a2 ¼
3

a; and b1 ¼ b2 ¼ b one can get

"  n þ 1
1 h2 m  n2 1 dp n
2
a¼ T11  T12  /ðxÞ þ 
h 2k k ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ m2 dx ð28Þ
h 3n þ 1 3n þ 1
ii
ðh  dÞ n  ðdÞ n

m   n þ 1
2 n2 1 dp2 n 3nnþ 1
b ¼ T12 þ  d ð29Þ
k ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ m1 dx

At last as defined in (4), the mean temperatures Tm1 and Tm2 are:

Zh Zd Zh
1 1 1
Tm ¼ T dy ¼ T2 dy þ T1 dy; or
h h h
0 0 d
" 4n þ 1 4n þ 1
#
1 h 2
nA ðh  dÞ n þ ðdÞ n ð30Þ
Tm1 ¼ ð T11 þ T12 Þ  /ðxÞ 
2 12k ð4n þ 1Þ h
" 3n þ 1 3n þ 1
#
ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n
þA ; p  h\  h1
2

m
 1 dp1 n þn 1  n2

where A =  k
1
m1 dx ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ , Similarly,

" 4n þ 1 4n þ 1
#
1 h2 nB ðh  dÞ n þ ðdÞ n
Tm2 ¼ ð T11 þ T12 Þ  /ðxÞ 
2 12k ð4n þ 1Þ h
" 3n þ 1 3n þ 1
# ð31Þ
ðdÞ n þ ðh  dÞ n
þB ; h1 \h  p
2

m
 n þn 1 
n2

where B =  2
k  m12 dp
dx
2
ð2n þ 1Þð3n þ 1Þ :
Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power Law Fluid … 291

2.3 Dimensionless Schemes

Using dimensionless scheme Prasad et al. (2014), the Eqs. (16), (17), (30), and (31)
can be written as

dp1
n
¼m f ; p  h\  h1 ð32Þ
dh
dp2
n
¼ m f ; h1 \h  p ð33Þ
dh
   
dT m1 n
n þ 1
¼ T A  T m1  pr m f g =ðpe cÞ; p  h\  h1 ð34Þ
dh 3n þ 1
   
dT m2 n
n þ 1
¼ T A  T m2  pr m f g =ðpe cÞ; h1 \h  p ð35Þ
dh 3n þ 1
" 4n þ 1 4n þ 1
! 3n þ 1 3n þ 1
!#
ðhdÞ n
þd n
ðhdÞ n
þd n
where g¼ n
4n þ 1 h
 2 , m ¼ mcn a etc.;
 n    
U 2n þ 1 n R ðh  dÞ  h1 =2
cn ¼ ,f ¼
2n þ 1 2n þ 1
c n c h  d n þd n

q Cp Uc b Uc  c  hh1 T11 þ T12

pe ¼ ; pr ¼ ; c¼ ; TA ¼
K Ka R 24R 2

here Pe and Pr are modified Peclet and Prandtl numbers.

2.4 Load

The load components W is calculated as

Zp Zp
dp
W¼2 p cos h R dh ¼ 2R sin h dh
dh
0 0
Zp Zp
Wa dp
W¼2 p cos h dh; where W ¼ ; W ¼ 2 sin h dh
R dh
0 0
292 D. Prasad et al.

Fig. 2 At different values of 0.15 n = 1.15

n, h versus pressure profile
n=1.0
0.1 n = 0.545
n=0.4

0.05
P
0
-4 -2 0 2 4

-0.05

q
-0.1

-0.15

Fig. 3 Temperature at u/c= 3000

1.25
n = 1.15, at different velocity u/c =15000
u/c =30000
1.2 u/c= 40000
u/c= 50000

1.15

1.1 Tm

1.05

1
-4 -2 0 2 4
q

3 Numerical Calculation

Theoretical approach of numerically calculated results for pressure and temperature

regarding the flow characteristics index n and the velocity ratio U/c is exhibited
through figures and tables. We consider the estimation of n in the middle of
0.4 and 1.15. For computing, the following sets of values are used: R  ¼ 12:0;
9 1 2
a ¼ 1:6  10 dyne m , e ¼ 0:701; Pe ¼ 400:9; U ¼ 44000=s. The simultaneous
Eqs. (32, 34) and (33, 35) are numerically solved for dimensionless temperature Tm
and pressure P and by Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method to analyze the qualitative
behavior of lubricants. The difference of P and Tm is presented, respectively, in
Figs. 2 and 3. One can observe that one feature is common in every case that the
general shape of the profile does not changed if n varies.
Journal Bearing Lubrication of Power Law Fluid … 293

3.1 Pressure Distribution

For various values of n, the pressure distribution P versus h has been shown in

Fig. 2. P increases constantly when h increases from −p to −h1. The pressure profile
 then decreases from here to +h1 then again increases up to h = p Wang et al.
P
(2001), Thomsen and Klit (2011), and Balasoiu et al. (2013). The increase of
pressure with n is similar to that of Peng and Khonsari (2006), Singh et al. (2008a,
b), Xiong and Wang (2012), and Chen et al. (2013).

3.2 Temperature Distribution

For various values of U/c, the mean temperature distributions Tm are shown in
Fig. 3. It is exciting to observe that Tm increases with h except in the neighborhood
of zero where the trend is somewhat zigzag. The same feature is seen by Liu et al.
(2008). Further, temperature Tm is studied for different values of n.

Table 1 Load U/c N Theta1 Load Traction

44,000 1.15 0.52675 0.092651 0.092906
1 0.559 0.032125 0.032201
0.545 0.659 0.020373 0.022046
0.4 0.7095 0.005891 0.006734
40,000 1.15 0.5268 0.086423 0.086503
1 0.56 0.029728 0.029742
0.545 0.659 0.019424 0.021032
0.4 0.7094 0.005666 0.006492
36,000 1.15 0.528 0.079721 0.079579
1 0.561 0.027276 0.027166
0.545 0.66 0.018353 0.019991
0.4 0.711 0.005453 0.006218
32,000 1.15 0.5293 0.072685 0.072381
1 0.5616 0.024634 0.024566
0.545 0.6602 0.017345 0.018863
0.4 0.7107 0.005193 0.005952
28,000 1.15 0.53094 0.065245 0.064864
1 0.564 0.016996 0.01685
0.545 0.66099 0.016222 0.017671
0.4 0.711 0.004929 0.005644
294 D. Prasad et al.

3.3 Load

Load is shown in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the load increases with
n and U/c both. Load increases with n shows that dilatant fluid exerts more pressure
than that of pseudoplastic fluids (Prasad et al. 2014). Further, increase of load with
U/c shows that higher velocity is responsible for higher pressure.

4 Conclusion

An additional effort has been made to include the heat of convection in the energy
equation. Solutions are obtained for pressure, the mean temperature, and delta for
circular coordinate. The following conclusions may be drawn:
•  increases when the power law index n increases.
The pressure P
• The mean temperature Tm increases with n for fixed Pe.
• Temperature Tm decreases as Pe increases, for fixed n.
• Load and traction decrease when the values of n decrease for a fixed value of
U/c.
• For a fixed value of n, load increases with U/c.

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