Stephanie Claire M.

Tiongson
Mark Ardee T. Reccion
GED106-B8

Natural Sciences Research:

Kim, Juryoung & Castro, Kathlia & Lim, Minkyung & Rhee, Hakjune. (2010).
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Aromatic and Aliphatic Keto Esters Using Sodium
Borohydride/MeOH at Room Temperature: A Thorough Investigation. Tetrahedron. 66. 3995-
4001. 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.062. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040402010006150.
Social Science Research:
Iceland, J., Dehm, S. (2017). Black-white differences in happiness, 1972-2014. Retrieved
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X17307561

INTRODUCTION
In this part of the paper it is observed that the natural science research has a shorter length
compared to the paper in the social science section. In a natural science research, a brief statement
about the topic is needed in the introduction. It must also include the background of the study from
previous researches. “Reduction is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis
and sodium borohydride as reducing agent is the most common since its conception.1 It has been
effective for the selective reduction of aldehydes and ketones, but it shows lower reactivity for
esters and other relatively difficult to reduce functionalities. However, due to its relatively cheaper
cost and ease of handling, modification to augment its reducing power has never stopped.”
The introductory part of a social science research may reach up to one to two whole pages
with no historical backgrounds as well as comments about human history. “Racial and ethnic
inequality continues to be among the most significant social issues in the United States today. This
is evidenced by the attention it receives in the media, political discussions, as well as in academic
work. Among these racial and ethnic divisions, the black-white color line may be the starkest.
Nevertheless, by many measures, levels of black-white inequality have declined,
especially when measured over a long period of time. For example, there has been some narrowing
of the gap in educational attainment, poverty, life expectancy, and residential segregation and
neighborhood economic conditions since the 1960s (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016a; 2016b; CDC,
2016; Logan and Stults, 2011; Firebaugh and Farrell, 2016; Iceland, 2017).”

METHODOLOGY
In a social science research qualitative approach is used. They often do surveys to gather
data about their study. “The survey also collects information on the demographic composition,
behaviors, attitudes, and conditions in the household. The GSS is one of the most widely used
sources of happiness data in the United States. It was administered every year from 1972 to 1994
(except for 1979, 1981, and 1992), and then biannually thereafter.”
 Natural science researches are carried out by both quantitative and qualitative approaches
by means of an experiment. “In a flask, the starting material a-keto ester (1 mmol) was dissolved
in methanol (5 mL for a-keto ester and 2.5 mL for b-keto ester). Then NaBH4 (3.0 equiv) was
added portion wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was
completed based on TLC monitoring. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was acidified
using 5.0 M HCl until pH 6.”

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Both researches utilized tables and figures in presenting the data. In a social science
research descriptive statistics was used. Such in table 1; it shows that Whites are considerably
more likely to report that they are “very happy” (35 percent) than blacks (24 percent) when
respondents are pooled over the entire 1972 to 2014 period. Moreover, the social science research
further investigates the relationship between race and happiness over time with multinomial
logistic regressions and pooled cross-sectional samples.
On the other hand, the Natural science research quantitative approach was used. They have utilized
percent yield in order to show the reactiveness of different compounds. For example; they have
verified the amount of NaBH4 necessary for a reaction to proceed and indeed 3.0 M equivalent
was necessary. This was checked using a-keto ester; reducing the amount of NaBH4 to 1.0 or 2.0
M equivalent gave lower yield.

CONCLUSION
Both of their conclusion described the success of their research; thus, answering their objectives
and goals. Both research’s conclusion is a brief summation. They have reminded the reader of
what they have argued and what they have proven. They have also acknowledged the weaknesses
in their argument and analyze their subject from a broader perspective. Moreover, their conclusions
are somewhat speculative in nature.