The Excel User's Quick Start Guide To SQL

Welcome!
The goal of this workbook is help you use your Excel knowledge as a foundation for learning SQL. For
more context on why you might want to transition your workflow from Excel to SQL, check out this
companion blog post: https://blog.modeanalytics.com/learn-sql-using-excel/
Each worksheet contains an example of manipulated data, a detailed explanation of the function(s)
behind it, and how Excel and SQL are used to approach it. This workbook is not a complete tutorial by
any means. Rather, it's meant to highlight SQL and Excel's relative strengths, suggest cases where it's
appropriate to use one over the other, and direct you to the appropriate resources to execute these
tasks on your own.
The worksheets build upon one another, so they should be viewed from left to right. Here's a quick
table of contents:
1. Arithmetic
2. IF
3. Filtering
4. VLOOKUP (two parts)
5. SUM-COUNT-AVG
6. Grouped Aggregation
Many of the lessons here link to the result in Mode. It's a collaborative analytics platform used by
companies and individuals to analyze data and share their results. The datasets in this file are pre-
loaded into Mode and example SQL code is linked from each tab in this workbook. You can look at the
examples without signing in, but if you create an account, you'll be able to test out some SQL yourself
using this dataset. You can create a Mode account here: http://about.modeanalytics.com
The lessons also link to Mode's SQL School, which is a plain-English guide to SQL and basic database
concepts. If you are completely new to SQL, you might want to check out the first few lessons starting
here: https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/the-basics/introduction/
for learning SQL. For
SQL, check out this
n of the function(s)
a complete tutorial by
gest cases where it's
ces to execute these
ight. Here's a quick
platform used by
n this file are pre-
ok. You can look at the
out some SQL yourself
ytics.com
and basic database

st few lessons starting
product_id product_name product_type unit price/unit wholesale
1 strawberry produce lb 3.28 1.77
2 apple_fuji produce lb 1.44 0.43
3 orange produce lb 1.02 0.37
4 clementines produce lb 1.19 0.44
5 blood_orange produce lb 3.86 1.66
6 blood_lime produce lb 1.69 0.91
7 tayberry produce lb 2.54 0.89
8 pluot produce lb 3.99 1.44
9 tangelo produce lb 0.96 0.56
10 pomello produce lb 0.96 0.57
11 pineberry produce lb 4.89 2.00
12 vegan_egg_substdairy oz 1.15 0.58
13 asparagus_watebeverages fl_oz 0.38 0.21
14 falafel_chips snacks oz 0.53 0.29
15 sweet_potato_hsnacks oz 0.43 0.17
16 arugula_crisps snacks oz 2.43 1.19
17 bottled_organic_other cubic_ft 2.67 0.96
18 chia_seeds dry_goods oz 0.67 0.36
19 all_natural_che snacks oz 0.41 0.16
20 sriracha_popcorsnacks oz 1.11 0.37
21 buttermilk_pancsnacks oz 2.59 1.24
22 smoked_trout meat lb 19.59 9.01
23 pine_nuts dry_goods oz 0.91 0.30
24 dried_apricots dry_goods oz 0.56 0.26
25 smoked_salmonmeat lb 39.99 20.00
26 green_juice beverages fl_oz 0.25 0.13
27 celery_foam other fl_oz 6.00 4.29
28 protein_powderdry_goods oz 0.69 0.33
29 asiago_cheese dairy oz 0.63 0.25
30 camembert_chedairy oz 0.91 0.54
31 almond_nut_thisnacks oz 0.61 0.21
32 arugula produce lb 2.99 1.05
33 white_bean_an canned_jarred_g oz 0.97 0.55
34 edamame_humcanned_jarred_g oz 0.95 0.35
35 eggplant_caponfrozen oz 1.39 0.74
36 olive_tapanade canned_jarred_g oz 1.12 0.57
37 chocolate_ganacfrozen oz 3.52 1.09
38 pork_gyoza frozen oz 1.19 0.65
39 table_wafers snacks oz 0.59 0.21
40 vegetable_gyozafrozen oz 1.17 0.60
41 frozen_tamales frozen oz 1.09 0.58
42 porchini_mushrproduce lb 5.99 3.41
43 garlic_naan bread oz 0.99 0.36
44 frozen_clams frozen oz 4.99 2.54
45 butter_chicken frozen oz 1.29 0.57
46 frozen_salmon frozen oz 16.99 9.17
47 paneer dairy oz 1.17 0.66
48 organic_mung_bdry_goods oz 0.89 0.31
49 silken_tofu dairy oz 0.67 0.33
50 white_cheddar dairy oz 0.77 0.36
51 english_cheddardairy oz 0.89 0.53
52 cranberry_infus dairy oz 1.79 0.72
53 black_pepper_gdairy oz 1.69 0.63
54 aged_gouda dairy oz 1.23 0.69
55 parmigiano_regdairy oz 1.10 0.39
56 organic_glazed_dry_goods oz 0.86 0.40
57 Kumatos produce lb 3.60 1.19
58 pumpkin_spice_dry_goods oz 0.96 0.45
59 medjool_dates produce oz 4.29 1.37
60 satsuma_orangeproduce lb 2.06 0.87
61 grapefruits produce lb 0.55 0.22
62 goji_berries dry_goods oz 1.17 0.56
63 organic_garlic produce lb 3.57 1.32
64 white_onions produce lb 1.22 0.44
65 purple_onions produce lb 1.32 0.45
66 yellow_onions produce lb 1.12 0.44
67 barberries dry_goods oz 1.74 0.87
68 salmonberries produce lb 0.67 0.29
69 wholewheat_coudry_goods oz 0.27 0.09
70 orzo dry_goods oz 0.19 0.10
71 autumn_pilaf dry_goods oz 0.24 0.11
72 wild_rice dry_goods oz 0.27 0.16
73 cheddar_corn_stsnacks oz 0.69 0.32
74 poppy_onion_sesnacks oz 0.75 0.40
75 rice_crackers snacks oz 0.57 0.30
76 cheddar_whalessnacks oz 0.69 0.24
77 sugar_snap_peaproduce lb 2.67 1.52
78 garam_masala dry_goods oz 1.44 0.49
79 darjeeling_blac dry_goods oz 3.30 1.39
80 rooibos_tea dry_goods oz 3.49 1.85
81 irish_breakfast_dry_goods oz 2.99 1.70
82 mango_black_tedry_goods oz 3.08 1.29
83 soy_ginger_trai snacks oz 0.39 0.22
84 buckwheat_floudry_goods lb 2.59 1.22
85 cranberry_milk beverages fl_oz 0.08 0.04
current_inventory profit margin
13 1.5088 0.46 Overview:
2 1.008 The example for this workbook is a fictional market that sells organic
2 0.6528 at right now is an inventory list with products and their current inven
workbook will build on this dataset, so take a minute to look it over a
44 0.7497 information each column contains.
19 2.2002
10 0.7774 The concepts here are applicable broadly. While this is a list of foods
software products. If you were to pull a list of advertisements from G
25 1.651 much different from this.
26 2.5536
Arithmetic in Excel:
32 0.4032 The most basic operation performed in Excel is simple arithmetic. M
33 0.3936 values in the 'profit' and 'margin' columns have been calculated usin
42 2.8851 'wholesale' columns. In later lessons, you'll use this dynamic data in
to solve more complex problems.
41 0.575
42 0.1672 One of the key features of Excel is that each cell is treated as its own
2 0.2438 to any other cells. It can be tied to other cells, but when you open a
alone. You'll notice that cell I2 is the only cell in the 'margin' column
35 0.2623 information in E2 and F2, but it could just as easily reference informa
32 1.2393 or reference nothing at all. This is true of any cell.
38 1.7088
This flexibility is part of what people like about Excel, but it's also Exc
30 0.3082 there's so much flexibility, checking for errors and inconsistencies req
13 0.246 can easily be manipulated, it's harder to trust the integrity of the file
26 0.7437 Arithmetic in SQL:
21 1.3468 You can perform arithmetic calculations in SQL using the same opera
3 10.5786 also share the same order of operations (PEMDAS).
42 0.6097 The major difference is the underlying structure. In SQL, calculations
34 0.3024 column. To see what this might look like, drag the formula in cell I2 d
5 19.995 will now look a lot like this table, which was generated using a SQL q
https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/12b52e961f5f
15 0.125
7 1.71 As you can see, this query is pretty straightforward:
2 0.3588 https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/12b52e961f5f/queries/
20 0.3843 For a couple practice problems and a more complete explanation, ch
15 0.3731 https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/the-basics/where-operators/
20 0.4026
10 1.9435
2 0.4171
13 0.5985
25 0.6533
36 0.5488
40 2.4288
31 0.5355
32 0.3776
28 0.5733
23 0.5123
44 2.5757
38 0.6336
39 2.4451
4 0.7224
5 7.8154
43 0.5148
17 0.5785
16 0.3417
24 0.4081
15 0.3649
15 1.074
11 1.0647
38 0.5412
30 0.715
11 0.4558
20 2.412
19 0.5088
21 2.9172
39 1.1948
15 0.33
19 0.6084
24 2.2491
2 0.7808
20 0.8712
11 0.6832
34 0.87
11 0.3819
20 0.1836
3 0.095
42 0.1296
12 0.108
14 0.3657
44 0.3525
0 0.2736
35 0.4485
11 1.1481
40 0.9504
15 1.914
0 1.6403
40 1.2857
22 1.7864
30 0.1677
2 1.3727
36 0.0384
nal market that sells organic foods. The dataset you're looking
ucts and their current inventory levels. Each tab in the
ke a minute to look it over and get a sense of the type of
. While this is a list of foods, it could just as easily be a list of

st of advertisements from Google Adwords, it wouldn't look
xcel is simple arithmetic. Most of this dataset is static, but the

s have been calculated using data from the 'price/unit' and
u'll use this dynamic data in conjunction with other functions
ach cell is treated as its own entity —it's not necessarily tied
cells, but when you open a new worksheet, each cell stands
cell in the 'margin' column with a value in it. I2 references
t as easily reference information anywhere in this worksheet
any cell.
about Excel, but it's also Excel's Achilles' heel. Because

rrors and inconsistencies requires careful scrutiny. If one cell
trust the integrity of the file as a whole.
n SQL using the same operators as in Excel: +, -, *, /. They

(PEMDAS).
ructure. In SQL, calculations are applied to all values in a given

drag the formula in cell I2 down to cell I85. Your worksheet
was generated using a SQL query:
rts/12b52e961f5f
htforward:
rts/12b52e961f5f/queries/4525b41bfd56
re complete explanation, check out the SQL School lesson:

e-basics/where-operators/
product_id product_nameproduct_type unit price/unit wholesale
5 blood_orangeproduce lb 3.86 1.66
12 vegan_egg_sub dairy oz 1.15 0.58
13 asparagus_wabeverages fl_oz 0.38 0.21
15 sweet_potatosnacks oz 0.43 0.17
16 arugula_crispsnacks oz 2.43 1.19
17 bottled_organother cubic_ft 2.67 0.96
19 all_natural_c snacks oz 0.41 0.16
20 sriracha_popcsnacks oz 1.11 0.37
21 buttermilk_p snacks oz 2.59 1.24
22 smoked_troutmeat lb 19.59 9.01
24 dried_apricotdry_goods oz 0.56 0.26
25 smoked_salmmeat lb 39.99 20.00
28 protein_powddry_goods oz 0.69 0.33
29 asiago_chees dairy oz 0.63 0.25
30 camembert_cdairy oz 0.91 0.54
31 almond_nut_tsnacks oz 0.61 0.21
33 white_bean_ canned_jarred_goz 0.97 0.55
34 edamame_hucanned_jarred_goz 0.95 0.35
35 eggplant_capfrozen oz 1.39 0.74
36 olive_tapana canned_jarred_goz 1.12 0.57
37 chocolate_ga frozen oz 3.52 1.09
40 vegetable_gy frozen oz 1.17 0.60
41 frozen_tamal frozen oz 1.09 0.58
42 porchini_musproduce lb 5.99 3.41
45 butter_chickefrozen oz 1.29 0.57
46 frozen_salmofrozen oz 16.99 9.17
48 organic_mungdry_goods oz 0.89 0.31
50 white_cheddadairy oz 0.77 0.36
51 english_ched dairy oz 0.89 0.53
52 cranberry_in dairy oz 1.79 0.72
53 black_pepperdairy oz 1.69 0.63
55 parmigiano_rdairy oz 1.10 0.39
56 organic_glazedry_goods oz 0.86 0.40
58 pumpkin_spicdry_goods oz 0.96 0.45
59 medjool_dateproduce oz 4.29 1.37
60 satsuma_oranproduce lb 2.06 0.87
63 organic_garlicproduce lb 3.57 1.32
64 white_onionsproduce lb 1.22 0.44
65 purple_onionproduce lb 1.32 0.45
66 yellow_onionproduce lb 1.12 0.44
68 salmonberrie produce lb 0.67 0.29
69 wholewheat_dry_goods oz 0.27 0.09
71 autumn_pilafdry_goods oz 0.24 0.11
73 cheddar_corn_ snacks oz 0.69 0.32
74 poppy_onion_snacks oz 0.75 0.40
76 cheddar_whalsnacks oz 0.69 0.24
77 sugar_snap_pproduce lb 2.67 1.52
78 garam_masal dry_goods oz 1.44 0.49
79 darjeeling_bl dry_goods oz 3.30 1.39
81 irish_breakfa dry_goods oz 2.99 1.70
82 mango_black_dry_goods oz 3.08 1.29
83 soy_ginger_trsnacks oz 0.39 0.22
84 buckwheat_fldry_goods lb 2.59 1.22
85 cranberry_milbeverages fl_oz 0.08 0.04
current_inventory profit margin category
13 1.5088 0.46 low Conditionals:
2 1.008 0.7 high Sometimes you want to maniupulate data or ca
2 0.6528 0.64 medium Conditional statements allow you to do that by
44 0.7497 0.63 medium In this example, we've added a 'category' colum
19 2.2002 0.57 medium considered high-margin items, products with m
10 0.7774 0.46 low between is "medium." These types of classifiers
25 1.651 0.65 medium IF in Excel:
26 2.5536 0.64 medium IF is one of the first fuctions people learn in Exc
32 0.4032 0.42 low Proper syntax for the IF function in Excel is: IF(lo
33 0.3936 0.41 low
42 2.8851 0.59 medium In plain English, you could read that as:
41 0.575 0.5 low IF <some condition is met> THEN <display this v
42 0.1672 0.44 low
2 0.2438 0.46 low The OTHERWISE portion, which is shown as [val
35 0.2623 0.61 medium In this example, we want to create three catego
32 1.2393 0.51 medium statement. That's no big deal. But with each new
38 1.7088 0.64 medium There are a few reasons why nesting multiple co
30 0.3082 0.46 low 1. The formula bar makes it hard to read a really
13 0.246 0.6 medium 2. It's unwieldy to nest complex IF statements th
26 0.7437 0.67 high 3. There are a lot of variations of IF for different
21 1.3468 0.52 medium Because of this, IF isn't ideal when you need to
3 10.5786 0.54 medium
CASE/WHEN in SQL:
42 0.6097 0.67 high The SQL equivalent is very similar to the seman
34 0.3024 0.54 medium
5 19.995 0.5 low Instead of: IF <some condition is met> THEN <d
15 0.125 0.5 low SQL is written as: CASE WHEN <some condition
7 1.71 0.285 low
2 0.3588 0.52 medium The major difference here is that SQL queries ar
different conditions into one column. Doing so w
20 0.3843 0.61 medium
15 0.3731 0.41 low CASE WHEN <condition 1 is met> THEN <display
20 0.4026 0.66 high WHEN <condition 2 is met> THEN <display
ELSE <display a different value>
10 1.9435 0.65 medium END
2 0.4171 0.43 low
You can see the SQL implementation of this wor
13 0.5985 0.63 medium https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/47
25 0.6533 0.47 low
36 0.5488 0.49 low If you click the "Report" link at the top, you will
40 2.4288 0.69 high There are a few big advantages to doing it this w
31 0.5355 0.45 low
32 0.3776 0.64 medium 1. It's much easier to read.
2. SQL queries allow you to write on multiple lin
28 0.5733 0.49 low 3. You only need to know one syntax for CASE, a
23 0.5123 0.47 low above).
44 2.5757 0.43 low You can get a bit more in-depth in the SQL Scho
https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermed
1. It's much easier to read.
2. SQL queries allow you to write on multiple lin
3. You only need to know one syntax for CASE, a
above).
You can get a bit more in-depth in the SQL Scho

38 0.6336 0.64 medium https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermed
39 2.4451 0.49 low
4 0.7224 0.56 medium
5 7.8154 0.46 low
43 0.5148 0.44 low
17 0.5785 0.65 medium
16 0.3417 0.51 medium
24 0.4081 0.53 medium
15 0.3649 0.41 low
15 1.074 0.6 medium
11 1.0647 0.63 medium
38 0.5412 0.44 low
30 0.715 0.65 medium
11 0.4558 0.53 medium
20 2.412 0.67 high
19 0.5088 0.53 medium
21 2.9172 0.68 high
39 1.1948 0.58 medium
15 0.33 0.6 medium
19 0.6084 0.52 medium
24 2.2491 0.63 medium
2 0.7808 0.64 medium
20 0.8712 0.66 high
11 0.6832 0.61 medium
34 0.87 0.5 low
11 0.3819 0.57 medium
20 0.1836 0.68 high
3 0.095 0.5 low
42 0.1296 0.54 medium
12 0.108 0.4 low
14 0.3657 0.53 medium
44 0.3525 0.47 low
0 0.2736 0.48 low
35 0.4485 0.65 medium
11 1.1481 0.43 low
40 0.9504 0.66 high
15 1.914 0.58 medium
0 1.6403 0.47 low
40 1.2857 0.43 low
22 1.7864 0.58 medium
30 0.1677 0.43 low
2 1.3727 0.53 medium
36 0.0384 0.48 low
t to maniupulate data or calcuate new data depending on what the existing data shows.
nts allow you to do that by filtering data.
ve added a 'category' column to describe margin size. Products with margins above 65% are
rgin items, products with margins below 50% are considered low-margin, and anything in
m." These types of classifiers will be especially useful when aggregating data later on.
fuctions people learn in Excel. Here it's used to create the 'category' column.
e IF function in Excel is: IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])
could read that as:
s met> THEN <display this value> OTHERWISE <display a different value>

rtion, which is shown as [value_if_false], is optional.
want to create three categories, and that requires an IF statement nested inside another IF
o big deal. But with each new category, the IF statement becomes more complex and messy.
sons why nesting multiple conditions is tricky:
makes it hard to read a really long line of functions.

est complex IF statements that include AND or OR.
variations of IF for different situations (IF, IFERROR, SUMIF, SUMIFS).
n't ideal when you need to categorize data on a granular level.
:
is very similar to the semantic example above.
condition is met> THEN <display this value> OTHERWISE <display a different value>
ASE WHEN <some condition is met> THEN <display this value> ELSE <display a different value>
e here is that SQL queries aren't restricted to single line. That makes it easy to nest many
into one column. Doing so would look like this:
tion 1 is met> THEN <display value 1>

tion 2 is met> THEN <display value 2>
a different value>
implementation of this worksheet here:

cs.com/tutorial/reports/47f58f2655bc/queries/309f7dae76ea
ort" link at the top, you will see that the output matches this Excel worksheet.
advantages to doing it this way (as opposed to in Excel):
o read.
you to write on multiple lines, which is conducive to adding complex conditions.
know one syntax for CASE, as opposed to Excel's IF statement with its many variations (see
ore in-depth in the SQL School lesson on CASE/WHEN:

odeanalytics.com/intermediate/case/
o read.
you to write on multiple lines, which is conducive to adding complex conditions.
know one syntax for CASE, as opposed to Excel's IF statement with its many variations (see
ore in-depth in the SQL School lesson on CASE/WHEN:

odeanalytics.com/intermediate/case/
product_id product_name product_type unit price/unit wholesale
5 blood_orange produce lb 3.86 1.66
12 vegan_egg_substidairy oz 1.15 0.58
13 asparagus_water beverages fl_oz 0.38 0.21
15 sweet_potato_hosnacks oz 0.43 0.17
16 arugula_crisps snacks oz 2.43 1.19
17 bottled_organic_aother cubic_ft 2.67 0.96
19 all_natural_chee snacks oz 0.41 0.16
20 sriracha_popcornsnacks oz 1.11 0.37
21 buttermilk_pancasnacks oz 2.59 1.24
22 smoked_trout meat lb 19.59 9.01
24 dried_apricots dry_goods oz 0.56 0.26
25 smoked_salmon meat lb 39.99 20.00
28 protein_powder dry_goods oz 0.69 0.33
29 asiago_cheese dairy oz 0.63 0.25
30 camembert_cheedairy oz 0.91 0.54
31 almond_nut_thinsnacks oz 0.61 0.21
33 white_bean_and_canned_jarred_go oz 0.97 0.55
34 edamame_hummcanned_jarred_go oz 0.95 0.35
35 eggplant_caponatfrozen oz 1.39 0.74
36 olive_tapanade canned_jarred_go oz 1.12 0.57
37 chocolate_ganachfrozen oz 3.52 1.09
40 vegetable_gyoza frozen oz 1.17 0.60
41 frozen_tamales frozen oz 1.09 0.58
42 porchini_mushro produce lb 5.99 3.41
45 butter_chicken frozen oz 1.29 0.57
46 frozen_salmon frozen oz 16.99 9.17
48 organic_mung_bedry_goods oz 0.89 0.31
50 white_cheddar dairy oz 0.77 0.36
51 english_cheddar dairy oz 0.89 0.53
52 cranberry_infuse dairy oz 1.79 0.72
53 black_pepper_godairy oz 1.69 0.63
55 parmigiano_reggidairy oz 1.10 0.39
56 organic_glazed_wdry_goods oz 0.86 0.40
58 pumpkin_spice_pdry_goods oz 0.96 0.45
59 medjool_dates produce oz 4.29 1.37
60 satsuma_orangesproduce lb 2.06 0.87
63 organic_garlic produce lb 3.57 1.32
64 white_onions produce lb 1.22 0.44
65 purple_onions produce lb 1.32 0.45
66 yellow_onions produce lb 1.12 0.44
68 salmonberries produce lb 0.67 0.29
69 wholewheat_cousdry_goods oz 0.27 0.09
71 autumn_pilaf dry_goods oz 0.24 0.11
73 cheddar_corn_stisnacks oz 0.69 0.32
74 poppy_onion_sessnacks oz 0.75 0.40
76 cheddar_whales snacks oz 0.69 0.24
77 sugar_snap_peasproduce lb 2.67 1.52
78 garam_masala dry_goods oz 1.44 0.49
79 darjeeling_black_dry_goods oz 3.30 1.39
81 irish_breakfast_bdry_goods oz 2.99 1.70
82 mango_black_teadry_goods oz 3.08 1.29
83 soy_ginger_trail_snacks oz 0.39 0.22
84 buckwheat_flour dry_goods lb 2.59 1.22
85 cranberry_milk beverages fl_oz 0.08 0.04
current_invenprofit margin category
Filtering:
13 1.5088 0.46 low SQL's CASE statement allows you to create new colu
2 1.008 0.7 high sometimes you need to use conditional statements
2 0.6528 0.64 medium and SQL do this in totally different ways and have so
44 0.7497 0.63 medium Filters in Excel:
19 2.2002 0.57 medium Surprisingly, Excel isn't very flexible when it comes t
10 0.7774 0.46 low cell. In fact, filters only really work when applied to
when applied to all column headers at once.
25 1.651 0.65 medium
26 2.5536 0.64 medium The filters have already been added to this workshe
32 0.4032 0.42 low worksheet, select the cells in row 1 (in this case, A1
that looks like a funnel) in the top navigation bar.
33 0.3936 0.41 low
42 2.8851 0.59 medium To filter the dataset by a specific column, click the ar
by selecting specific values from the list or by selecti
41 0.575 0.5 low etc.) from the dropdown menu.
42 0.1672 0.44 low
2 0.2438 0.46 low Excel's strength is that when you can see results as s
get a sense of how else you might want to filter the
35 0.2623 0.61 medium
32 1.2393 0.51 medium There are a couple limitations:
38 1.7088 0.64 medium 1. It's difficult to see all the filters you have applied t
2. The interface for adding new filters is a little clunk
30 0.3082 0.46 low 3. Filters cannot be applied programmatically, so you
13 0.246 0.6 medium you want to filter.
26 0.7437 0.67 high SQL's WHERE clause:
21 1.3468 0.52 medium SQL's method of filtering datasets is very simple —yo
3 10.5786 0.54 medium to filter and write a conditional statement using the
42 0.6097 0.67 high WHERE category = 'medium'
34 0.3024 0.54 medium
5 19.995 0.5 low You can use AND and OR to string together sets of c
and OR in Excel:
15 0.125 0.5 low
7 1.71 0.285 low WHERE category = 'medium'
2 0.3588 0.52 medium AND price > 3.00
20 0.3843 0.61 medium You can see the complete query here:
15 0.3731 0.41 low https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/2fe491
20 0.4026 0.66 high
Clicking the "Report" link at the top will show the ou
10 1.9435 0.65 medium match the SQL output using the filters in this worksh
2 0.4171 0.43 low this text box when you apply the filters.
13 0.5985 0.63 medium For this task, Excel's weaknesses are SQL's strengths
25 0.6533 0.47 low out in a query, you can see, add, and subtract them
36 0.5488 0.49 low
You can use the WHERE clause to filter data out of v
40 2.4288 0.69 high down a dataset in SQL because Excel can only handl
31 0.5355 0.45 low
32 0.3776 0.64 medium You can learn more about how to do this in the SQL
https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/the-basics/wh
28 0.5733 0.49 low
23 0.5123 0.47 low
44 2.5757 0.43 low
You can learn more about how to do this in the SQL
https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/the-basics/wh
38 0.6336 0.64 medium

39 2.4451 0.49 low
4 0.7224 0.56 medium
5 7.8154 0.46 low
43 0.5148 0.44 low
17 0.5785 0.65 medium
16 0.3417 0.51 medium
24 0.4081 0.53 medium
15 0.3649 0.41 low
15 1.074 0.6 medium
11 1.0647 0.63 medium
38 0.5412 0.44 low
30 0.715 0.65 medium
11 0.4558 0.53 medium
20 2.412 0.67 high
19 0.5088 0.53 medium
21 2.9172 0.68 high
39 1.1948 0.58 medium
15 0.33 0.6 medium
19 0.6084 0.52 medium
24 2.2491 0.63 medium
2 0.7808 0.64 medium
20 0.8712 0.66 high
11 0.6832 0.61 medium
34 0.87 0.5 low
11 0.3819 0.57 medium
20 0.1836 0.68 high
3 0.095 0.5 low
42 0.1296 0.54 medium
12 0.108 0.4 low
14 0.3657 0.53 medium
44 0.3525 0.47 low
0 0.2736 0.48 low
35 0.4485 0.65 medium
11 1.1481 0.43 low
40 0.9504 0.66 high
15 1.914 0.58 medium
0 1.6403 0.47 low
40 1.2857 0.43 low
22 1.7864 0.58 medium
30 0.1677 0.43 low
2 1.3727 0.53 medium
36 0.0384 0.48 low
ment allows you to create new columns based on certain conditions. But
eed to use conditional statements to filter data out of your dataset entirely. Excel
n totally different ways and have some pretty clear tradeoffs.
l isn't very flexible when it comes to filtering. You can't apply filters to just any
only really work when applied to a row of column headers, and they work best
all column headers at once.
ready been added to this worksheet. If you want to add filters to another
the cells in row 1 (in this case, A1 through J1) and click the "Filter" icon (the one
unnel) in the top navigation bar.
et by a specific column, click the arrow next to that column name. You can filter
fic values from the list or by selecting options (equal to, less than, greater than,
pdown menu.
that when you can see results as soon as you turn on a filter, so you can quickly
w else you might want to filter the data.
e limitations:
ee all the filters you have applied to a dataset at a given time.
or adding new filters is a little clunky.
be applied programmatically, so you have to set them all individually each time
use:
filtering datasets is very simple —you simply specify the column name you want
a conditional statement using the WHERE claus:
= 'medium'
and OR to string together sets of conditions similar to how you would use AND
= 'medium'
00
omplete query here:

ytics.com/tutorial/reports/2fe491777da0/queries/911320160429
ort" link at the top will show the output. As an exercise, try making this output
tput using the filters in this worksheet. Side note: check out what happens to
n you apply the filters.
el's weaknesses are SQL's strengths. Because the filters you've applied are written
u can see, add, and subtract them without digging around.
WHERE clause to filter data out of very large datasets. It's handy to be able to pare
n SQL because Excel can only handle a little over a million rows of data.
re about how to do this in the SQL School lesson:

modeanalytics.com/the-basics/where-operators/
re about how to do this in the SQL School lesson:
modeanalytics.com/the-basics/where-operators/
product_id product_nameproduct_type unit price/unit wholesale current_inven
1 strawberry produce lb 3.28 1.77 13
2 apple_fuji produce lb 1.44 0.43 2
3 orange produce lb 1.02 0.37 2
4 clementines produce lb 1.19 0.44 44
5 blood_orangeproduce lb 3.86 1.66 19
6 blood_lime produce lb 1.69 0.91 10
7 tayberry produce lb 2.54 0.89 25
8 pluot produce lb 3.99 1.44 26
9 tangelo produce lb 0.96 0.56 32
10 pomello produce lb 0.96 0.57 33
11 pineberry produce lb 4.89 2.00 42
12 vegan_egg_sub dairy oz 1.15 0.58 41
13 asparagus_wabeverages fl_oz 0.38 0.21 42
14 falafel_chips snacks oz 0.53 0.29 2
15 sweet_potatosnacks oz 0.43 0.17 35
16 arugula_crispsnacks oz 2.43 1.19 32
17 bottled_organother cubic_ft 2.67 0.96 38
18 chia_seeds dry_goods oz 0.67 0.36 30
19 all_natural_c snacks oz 0.41 0.16 13
20 sriracha_popcsnacks oz 1.11 0.37 26
21 buttermilk_p snacks oz 2.59 1.24 21
22 smoked_troutmeat lb 19.59 9.01 3
23 pine_nuts dry_goods oz 0.91 0.30 42
24 dried_apricotdry_goods oz 0.56 0.26 34
25 smoked_salmmeat lb 39.99 20.00 5
26 green_juice beverages fl_oz 0.25 0.13 15
27 celery_foam other fl_oz 6.00 4.29 7
28 protein_powddry_goods oz 0.69 0.33 2
29 asiago_chees dairy oz 0.63 0.25 20
30 camembert_cdairy oz 0.91 0.54 15
31 almond_nut_tsnacks oz 0.61 0.21 20
32 arugula produce lb 2.99 1.05 10
33 white_bean_ canned_jarred_goz 0.97 0.55 2
34 edamame_hucanned_jarred_goz 0.95 0.35 13
35 eggplant_capfrozen oz 1.39 0.74 25
36 olive_tapana canned_jarred_goz 1.12 0.57 36
37 chocolate_ga frozen oz 3.52 1.09 40
38 pork_gyoza frozen oz 1.19 0.65 31
39 table_wafers snacks oz 0.59 0.21 32
40 vegetable_gy frozen oz 1.17 0.60 28
41 frozen_tamal frozen oz 1.09 0.58 23
42 porchini_musproduce lb 5.99 3.41 44
43 garlic_naan bread oz 0.99 0.36 38
44 frozen_clams frozen oz 4.99 2.54 39
45 butter_chickefrozen oz 1.29 0.57 4
46 frozen_salmofrozen oz 16.99 9.17 5
47 paneer dairy oz 1.17 0.66 43
48 organic_mungdry_goods oz 0.89 0.31 17
49 silken_tofu dairy oz 0.67 0.33 16
50 white_cheddadairy oz 0.77 0.36 24
51 english_ched dairy oz 0.89 0.53 15
52 cranberry_in dairy oz 1.79 0.72 15
53 black_pepperdairy oz 1.69 0.63 11
54 aged_gouda dairy oz 1.23 0.69 38
55 parmigiano_rdairy oz 1.10 0.39 30
56 organic_glazedry_goods oz 0.86 0.40 11
57 Kumatos produce lb 3.60 1.19 20
58 pumpkin_spicdry_goods oz 0.96 0.45 19
59 medjool_dateproduce oz 4.29 1.37 21
60 satsuma_oranproduce lb 2.06 0.87 39
61 grapefruits produce lb 0.55 0.22 15
62 goji_berries dry_goods oz 1.17 0.56 19
63 organic_garlicproduce lb 3.57 1.32 24
64 white_onionsproduce lb 1.22 0.44 2
65 purple_onionproduce lb 1.32 0.45 20
66 yellow_onionproduce lb 1.12 0.44 11
67 barberries dry_goods oz 1.74 0.87 34
68 salmonberrie produce lb 0.67 0.29 11
69 wholewheat_dry_goods oz 0.27 0.09 20
70 orzo dry_goods oz 0.19 0.10 3
71 autumn_pilafdry_goods oz 0.24 0.11 42
72 wild_rice dry_goods oz 0.27 0.16 12
73 cheddar_corn_ snacks oz 0.69 0.32 14
74 poppy_onion_snacks oz 0.75 0.40 44
75 rice_crackers snacks oz 0.57 0.30 0
76 cheddar_whalsnacks oz 0.69 0.24 35
77 sugar_snap_pproduce lb 2.67 1.52 11
78 garam_masal dry_goods oz 1.44 0.49 40
79 darjeeling_bl dry_goods oz 3.30 1.39 15
80 rooibos_tea dry_goods oz 3.49 1.85 0
81 irish_breakfa dry_goods oz 2.99 1.70 40
82 mango_black_dry_goods oz 3.08 1.29 22
83 soy_ginger_trsnacks oz 0.39 0.22 30
84 buckwheat_fldry_goods lb 2.59 1.22 2
85 cranberry_milbeverages fl_oz 0.08 0.04 36
profit margin category
1.5088 0.46 low Joining Datasets:
There are a lot of cases in which you might want to join data from multiple s
1.008 0.7 high lacks all the data you need, forcing you bring in data from a second sheet. Th
0.6528 0.64 medium why Excel's commands for this are VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP (for Vertical Loo
been working with—the one that shows information about each product —c
0.7497 0.63 medium
2.2002 0.57 medium In this exercise, we're going to join it to a food sales data. Skip to the next wo
0.7774 0.46 low and SQL.
1.651 0.65 medium It's worth noting again that while this dataset shows grocery information, th
2.5536 0.64 medium this could be a table of all Amazon Prime users and we could be joining it on
0.4032 0.42 low users.
0.3936 0.41 low
2.8851 0.59 medium
0.575 0.5 low
0.1672 0.44 low
0.2438 0.46 low
0.2623 0.61 medium
1.2393 0.51 medium
1.7088 0.64 medium
0.3082 0.46 low
0.246 0.6 medium
0.7437 0.67 high
1.3468 0.52 medium
10.5786 0.54 medium
0.6097 0.67 high
0.3024 0.54 medium
19.995 0.5 low
0.125 0.5 low
1.71 0.285 low
0.3588 0.52 medium
0.3843 0.61 medium
0.3731 0.41 low
0.4026 0.66 high
1.9435 0.65 medium
0.4171 0.43 low
0.5985 0.63 medium
0.6533 0.47 low
0.5488 0.49 low
2.4288 0.69 high
0.5355 0.45 low
0.3776 0.64 medium
0.5733 0.49 low
0.5123 0.47 low
2.5757 0.43 low
0.6336 0.64 medium
2.4451 0.49 low
0.7224 0.56 medium
7.8154 0.46 low
0.5148 0.44 low
0.5785 0.65 medium
0.3417 0.51 medium
0.4081 0.53 medium
0.3649 0.41 low
1.074 0.6 medium
1.0647 0.63 medium
0.5412 0.44 low
0.715 0.65 medium
0.4558 0.53 medium
2.412 0.67 high
0.5088 0.53 medium
2.9172 0.68 high
1.1948 0.58 medium
0.33 0.6 medium
0.6084 0.52 medium
2.2491 0.63 medium
0.7808 0.64 medium
0.8712 0.66 high
0.6832 0.61 medium
0.87 0.5 low
0.3819 0.57 medium
0.1836 0.68 high
0.095 0.5 low
0.1296 0.54 medium
0.108 0.4 low
0.3657 0.53 medium
0.3525 0.47 low
0.2736 0.48 low
0.4485 0.65 medium
1.1481 0.43 low
0.9504 0.66 high
1.914 0.58 medium
1.6403 0.47 low
1.2857 0.43 low
1.7864 0.58 medium
0.1677 0.43 low
1.3727 0.53 medium
0.0384 0.48 low
t want to join data from multiple sources. It's common to see an Excel sheet that
ing in data from a second sheet. This is often referred to as a "lookup", which is
UP and HLOOKUP (for Vertical Lookup and Horizontal Lookup). The table we've
nformation about each product —could be referred to as a lookup table.
food sales data. Skip to the next worksheet to see how this is executed in Excel
aset shows grocery information, the same patterns exist elsewhere. For example,
users and we could be joining it onto a list of all transactions made by those
transaction_id time product_id product_name product_type price/unit
1 2016-01-08T17:4 3 orange produce 1.02
1 2016-01-08T17:4 61 grapefruits produce 0.55
2 2016-01-07T14:1 23 pine_nuts dry_goods 0.91
4 2016-01-06T17:5 52 cranberry_infuse dairy 1.79
4 2016-01-06T17:5 4 clementines produce 1.19
4 2016-01-06T17:5 76 cheddar_whales snacks 0.69
5 2016-01-07T14:5 45 butter_chicken frozen 1.29
7 2016-01-07T12:0 17 bottled_organic_aother 2.67
7 2016-01-07T12:0 31 almond_nut_thinsnacks 0.61
7 2016-01-07T12:0 21 buttermilk_pancasnacks 2.59
7 2016-01-07T12:0 47 paneer dairy 1.17
7 2016-01-07T12:0 44 frozen_clams frozen 4.99
8 2016-01-07T09:3 8 pluot produce 3.99
8 2016-01-07T09:3 60 satsuma_orangesproduce 2.06
8 2016-01-07T09:3 38 pork_gyoza frozen 1.19
8 2016-01-07T09:3 64 white_onions produce 1.22
9 2016-01-03T09:0 12 vegan_egg_substidairy 1.15
9 2016-01-03T09:0 14 falafel_chips snacks 0.53
9 2016-01-03T09:0 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
9 2016-01-03T09:0 10 pomello produce 0.96
10 2016-01-04T08:4 18 chia_seeds dry_goods 0.67
11 2016-01-08T11:4 77 sugar_snap_peasproduce 2.67
11 2016-01-08T11:4 25 smoked_salmon meat 39.99
11 2016-01-08T11:4 47 paneer dairy 1.17
11 2016-01-08T11:4 36 olive_tapanade canned_jarred_ 1.12
12 2016-01-04T17:4 66 yellow_onions produce 1.12
15 2016-01-05T09:1 42 porchini_mushroproduce 5.99
15 2016-01-05T09:1 56 organic_glazed_wdry_goods 0.86
15 2016-01-05T09:1 29 asiago_cheese dairy 0.63
16 2016-01-05T14:2 41 frozen_tamales frozen 1.09
16 2016-01-05T14:2 22 smoked_trout meat 19.59
17 2016-01-07T18:5 73 cheddar_corn_stisnacks 0.69
19 2016-01-04T12:2 71 autumn_pilaf dry_goods 0.24
20 2016-01-04T10:0 6 blood_lime produce 1.69
21 2016-01-05T09:2 47 paneer dairy 1.17
21 2016-01-05T09:2 68 salmonberries produce 0.67
22 2016-01-06T14:3 27 celery_foam other 6
23 2016-01-07T09:0 67 barberries dry_goods 1.74
23 2016-01-07T09:0 13 asparagus_water beverages 0.38
23 2016-01-07T09:0 55 parmigiano_reggidairy 1.1
23 2016-01-07T09:0 69 wholewheat_cousdry_goods 0.27
24 2016-01-03T10:4 54 aged_gouda dairy 1.23
24 2016-01-03T10:4 3 orange produce 1.02
25 2016-01-06T19:0 83 soy_ginger_trail_snacks 0.39
26 2016-01-06T08:4 26 green_juice beverages 0.25
26 2016-01-06T08:4 5 blood_orange produce 3.86
26 2016-01-06T08:4 32 arugula produce 2.99
26 2016-01-06T08:4 47 paneer dairy 1.17
27 2016-01-07T17:5 51 english_cheddar dairy 0.89
27 2016-01-07T17:5 40 vegetable_gyoza frozen 1.17
27 2016-01-07T17:5 48 organic_mung_bedry_goods 0.89
29 2016-01-07T12:2 28 protein_powder dry_goods 0.69
31 2016-01-05T13:1 3 orange produce 1.02
32 2016-01-04T19:3 65 purple_onions produce 1.32
32 2016-01-04T19:3 7 tayberry produce 2.54
32 2016-01-04T19:3 3 orange produce 1.02
33 2016-01-03T11:1 72 wild_rice dry_goods 0.27
34 2016-01-08T12:3 84 buckwheat_flour dry_goods 2.59
36 2016-01-07T16:1 59 medjool_dates produce 4.29
36 2016-01-07T16:1 63 organic_garlic produce 3.57
37 2016-01-06T15:3 19 all_natural_chee snacks 0.41
37 2016-01-06T15:3 8 pluot produce 3.99
39 2016-01-08T16:4 24 dried_apricots dry_goods 0.56
40 2016-01-03T10:4 1 strawberry produce 3.28
41 2016-01-05T14:4 62 goji_berries dry_goods 1.17
43 2016-01-03T19:0 2 apple_fuji produce 1.44
44 2016-01-06T17:0 75 rice_crackers snacks 0.57
45 2016-01-07T08:2 39 table_wafers snacks 0.59
46 2016-01-03T09:1 43 garlic_naan bread 0.99
48 2016-01-08T15:4 30 camembert_cheedairy 0.91
48 2016-01-08T15:4 20 sriracha_popcornsnacks 1.11
49 2016-01-07T17:5 53 black_pepper_godairy 1.69
50 2016-01-06T14:5 80 rooibos_tea dry_goods 3.49
52 2016-01-05T15:4 50 white_cheddar dairy 0.77
53 2016-01-06T11:5 33 white_bean_and canned_jarred_ 0.97
54 2016-01-03T08:5 79 darjeeling_black_dry_goods 3.3
55 2016-01-05T19:1 8 pluot produce 3.99
56 2016-01-03T12:2 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
57 2016-01-07T19:3 81 irish_breakfast_bdry_goods 2.99
57 2016-01-07T19:3 11 pineberry produce 4.89
58 2016-01-08T09:5 37 chocolate_ganachfrozen 3.52
60 2016-01-03T13:5 78 garam_masala dry_goods 1.44
61 2016-01-03T09:1 46 frozen_salmon frozen 16.99
63 2016-01-06T18:5 16 arugula_crisps snacks 2.43
64 2016-01-06T18:3 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
65 2016-01-07T16:4 50 white_cheddar dairy 0.77
65 2016-01-07T16:4 58 pumpkin_spice_pdry_goods 0.96
67 2016-01-04T19:0 49 silken_tofu dairy 0.67
69 2016-01-05T09:0 82 mango_black_teadry_goods 3.08
71 2016-01-04T11:1 74 poppy_onion_sessnacks 0.75
76 2016-01-06T12:2 57 Kumatos produce 3.6
79 2016-01-05T19:4 9 tangelo produce 0.96
91 2016-01-07T12:1 35 eggplant_caponatfrozen 1.39
95 2016-01-08T14:0 15 sweet_potato_hosnacks 0.43
106 2016-01-03T09:4 34 edamame_hummcanned_jarred_ 0.95
110 2016-01-08T10:4 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
118 2016-01-06T14:2 8 pluot produce 3.99
157 2016-01-04T14:5 8 pluot produce 3.99
157 2016-01-04T14:5 8 pluot produce 3.99
158 2016-01-08T12:2 47 paneer dairy 1.17
163 2016-01-03T10:1 3 orange produce 1.02
166 2016-01-04T18:5 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
207 2016-01-03T19:3 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
213 2016-01-04T08:0 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
224 2016-01-06T17:5 8 pluot produce 3.99
229 2016-01-06T13:3 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
232 2016-01-06T16:5 8 pluot produce 3.99
237 2016-01-04T19:5 47 paneer dairy 1.17
244 2016-01-07T17:2 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
246 2016-01-07T19:1 8 pluot produce 3.99
254 2016-01-04T13:5 3 orange produce 1.02
product_type_partial
produce VLOOKUP:
produce The VLOOKUP function in column D shows how Excel joins data from one table to another
this, but typically cell D2 refers to an identifier that is also in row 2 (in this case, it's 'produ
used to look up data in another table (from the first VLOOKUP tab) and pull the appropria
This is a little complicated, so if you don't know how it works and want more info, we sugg
produce https://support.office.com/en-us/article/VLOOKUP-function-0bbc8083-26fe-4963-8ab8-9
VLOOKUP accomplishes the goal of taking data from one dataset and joining it onto the n
Consider this scenario:
Imagine there were two rows in the lookup table for which the 'product_id' was equal to
particular dataset, but there are many instances in which you might perform a "many to m
in this worksheet. The formula in that cell takes the product_id (in this case, 3), looks it up
the product name. If there are two products with the same ID, which name should it retu
produce value, but that may not always be correct. And when that's not the behavior you'd like, Ex
of an alternative.
produce
There are other ways to merge data from two tables in Excel. HLOOKUP is very similar to V
combination of INDEX and MATCH (see here: http://fiveminutelessons.com/learn-microso
produce instead-vlookup). Unfortunately, neither of these address the underlying problem that so
create new rows.
The lookup functions also slow down Excel a lot. If you're working with hundreds of thous
downright unusable.
produce Joins in SQL:

Joins in SQL are much more robust. This one of the places where SQL really shines above
produce For starters, SQL can do 1:1, 1:many, and many:many joins. Moreover, SQL is smart enoug
matter what, while Excel might give you misleading information. In the example above, Ex
with the same ID. SQL knows that there are two values with the same ID, so it creates an e
—without any change in the code you write. In other words, SQL much more gracefully h
data.
produce In order to get more robust with VLOOKUP, you have to add more functions into the mix (
produce above), which complicates things and doesn't solve a lot of the problems inherent in VLOO
and can get very messy quickly.
produce In this worksheet, we're using a simple example for which the correct results can be obtai
a table containing transactions and we're joining two columns from another table: 'produ
Each row only has one 'product_id', so VLOOKUP will correctly find the entry from the oth
Fortunately, 'product_id' is unique in the other table —no two products have the same ID
sense. In other words, this is a join that is actually possible in Excel. There are many other
(even easy) in SQL that are impossible to do in Excel without VBA programming. We're jus
how the two applications work on the same problem.
Here's how this join looks in SQL: https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/6f71eb9a8
SQL can also incorporate conditional statements into joins, so that only a portion of eithe
Excel can do this too, but it requires at least one IF statement, and a few extra VLOOKUPs,
more and are really tough to reason about. In SQL, it's really, really easy. To illustrate this,
produce 'product_type_partial' column that only joins the product type if the value should be "pro
produce attached SQL query that this is much easier in SQL.
Here's how to create this particular type of join in SQL:

https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/d0a4cedc4807/queries/70371e75873e
Compare the output in the "Report" section here to that in the above query and check ou
particularly powerful feature of SQL.
SQL School lessons on JOIN start here:

https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermediate/join-intro/
SQL can also incorporate conditional statements into joins, so that only a portion of eithe
Excel can do this too, but it requires at least one IF statement, and a few extra VLOOKUPs,
more and are really tough to reason about. In SQL, it's really, really easy. To illustrate this,
'product_type_partial' column that only joins the product type if the value should be "pro
attached SQL query that this is much easier in SQL.
Here's how to create this particular type of join in SQL:

produce https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/d0a4cedc4807/queries/70371e75873e
Compare the output in the "Report" section here to that in the above query and check ou
produce particularly powerful feature of SQL.
SQL School lessons on JOIN start here:

https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermediate/join-intro/
produce
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el joins data from one table to another. There's a bit of flexibility in
is also in row 2 (in this case, it's 'product_id'). That identifier is then
t VLOOKUP tab) and pull the appropriate value.
w it works and want more info, we suggest you check it out here:
-function-0bbc8083-26fe-4963-8ab8-93a18ad188a1
m one dataset and joining it onto the next, but it has a few problems.
r which the 'product_id' was equal to 3. It's not the case with this
which you might perform a "many to many" join. Now consider cell D2
product_id (in this case, 3), looks it up in the other table, and returns
he same ID, which name should it return? Excel defaults to the first
n that's not the behavior you'd like, Excel doesn't really give you much
s in Excel. HLOOKUP is very similar to VLOOKUP. You can also use a

/fiveminutelessons.com/learn-microsoft-excel/how-use-index-match-
ddress the underlying problem that sometimes joins should logically
you're working with hundreds of thousands of rows, it can become
places where SQL really shines above Excel.
ny joins. Moreover, SQL is smart enough to join them correctly no

information. In the example above, Excel only returns the first value
ues with the same ID, so it creates an extra row and joins both values
er words, SQL much more gracefully handles changes to the underlying
e to add more functions into the mix (like INDEX/MATCH as mentioned

a lot of the problems inherent in VLOOKUPs. The syntax is hard to read
which the correct results can be obtained in Excel. We're starting with
wo columns from another table: 'product_name' and 'product_type'.
ill correctly find the entry from the other table with that 'product_id'.
e —no two products have the same ID—so this joining logic makes
ossible in Excel. There are many other types of joins that are possible
l without VBA programming. We're just doing this easy one to compare
m.
ytics.com/tutorial/reports/6f71eb9a898b/queries/4e331243df46
o joins, so that only a portion of either table is included in the join.

statement, and a few extra VLOOKUPs, which slow down the file even
it's really, really easy. To illustrate this, we've added a
roduct type if the value should be "produce." You can see in the
QL:
edc4807/queries/70371e75873e
o that in the above query and check out the difference. This is a
/join-intro/
o joins, so that only a portion of either table is included in the join.
statement, and a few extra VLOOKUPs, which slow down the file even
it's really, really easy. To illustrate this, we've added a
roduct type if the value should be "produce." You can see in the
QL:
edc4807/queries/70371e75873e
o that in the above query and check out the difference. This is a
/join-intro/
transaction_id time product_id product_name product_type price/unit
1 2016-01-08T1 3 orange produce 1.02
1 2016-01-08T1 61 grapefruits produce 0.55
2 2016-01-07T1 23 pine_nuts dry_goods 0.91
4 2016-01-06T1 52 cranberry_infuse dairy 1.79
4 2016-01-06T1 4 clementines produce 1.19
4 2016-01-06T1 76 cheddar_whales snacks 0.69
5 2016-01-07T1 45 butter_chicken frozen 1.29
7 2016-01-07T1 17 bottled_organic_aother 2.67
7 2016-01-07T1 31 almond_nut_thinsnacks 0.61
7 2016-01-07T1 21 buttermilk_pancasnacks 2.59
7 2016-01-07T1 47 paneer dairy 1.17
7 2016-01-07T1 44 frozen_clams frozen 4.99
8 2016-01-07T0 8 pluot produce 3.99
8 2016-01-07T0 60 satsuma_orangesproduce 2.06
8 2016-01-07T0 38 pork_gyoza frozen 1.19
8 2016-01-07T0 64 white_onions produce 1.22
9 2016-01-03T0 12 vegan_egg_substidairy 1.15
9 2016-01-03T0 14 falafel_chips snacks 0.53
9 2016-01-03T0 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
9 2016-01-03T0 10 pomello produce 0.96
10 2016-01-04T0 18 chia_seeds dry_goods 0.67
11 2016-01-08T1 77 sugar_snap_peasproduce 2.67
11 2016-01-08T1 25 smoked_salmon meat 39.99
11 2016-01-08T1 47 paneer dairy 1.17
11 2016-01-08T1 36 olive_tapanade canned_jarred_ 1.12
12 2016-01-04T1 66 yellow_onions produce 1.12
15 2016-01-05T0 42 porchini_mushroproduce 5.99
15 2016-01-05T0 56 organic_glazed_wdry_goods 0.86
15 2016-01-05T0 29 asiago_cheese dairy 0.63
16 2016-01-05T1 41 frozen_tamales frozen 1.09
16 2016-01-05T1 22 smoked_trout meat 19.59
17 2016-01-07T1 73 cheddar_corn_stisnacks 0.69
19 2016-01-04T1 71 autumn_pilaf dry_goods 0.24
20 2016-01-04T1 6 blood_lime produce 1.69
21 2016-01-05T0 47 paneer dairy 1.17
21 2016-01-05T0 68 salmonberries produce 0.67
22 2016-01-06T1 27 celery_foam other 6
23 2016-01-07T0 67 barberries dry_goods 1.74
23 2016-01-07T0 13 asparagus_water beverages 0.38
23 2016-01-07T0 55 parmigiano_reggidairy 1.1
23 2016-01-07T0 69 wholewheat_cousdry_goods 0.27
24 2016-01-03T1 54 aged_gouda dairy 1.23
24 2016-01-03T1 3 orange produce 1.02
25 2016-01-06T1 83 soy_ginger_trail_snacks 0.39
26 2016-01-06T0 26 green_juice beverages 0.25
26 2016-01-06T0 5 blood_orange produce 3.86
26 2016-01-06T0 32 arugula produce 2.99
26 2016-01-06T0 47 paneer dairy 1.17
27 2016-01-07T1 51 english_cheddar dairy 0.89
27 2016-01-07T1 40 vegetable_gyoza frozen 1.17
27 2016-01-07T1 48 organic_mung_bedry_goods 0.89
29 2016-01-07T1 28 protein_powder dry_goods 0.69
31 2016-01-05T1 3 orange produce 1.02
32 2016-01-04T1 65 purple_onions produce 1.32
32 2016-01-04T1 7 tayberry produce 2.54
32 2016-01-04T1 3 orange produce 1.02
33 2016-01-03T1 72 wild_rice dry_goods 0.27
34 2016-01-08T1 84 buckwheat_flour dry_goods 2.59
36 2016-01-07T1 59 medjool_dates produce 4.29
36 2016-01-07T1 63 organic_garlic produce 3.57
37 2016-01-06T1 19 all_natural_chee snacks 0.41
37 2016-01-06T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
39 2016-01-08T1 24 dried_apricots dry_goods 0.56
40 2016-01-03T1 1 strawberry produce 3.28
41 2016-01-05T1 62 goji_berries dry_goods 1.17
43 2016-01-03T1 2 apple_fuji produce 1.44
44 2016-01-06T1 75 rice_crackers snacks 0.57
45 2016-01-07T0 39 table_wafers snacks 0.59
46 2016-01-03T0 43 garlic_naan bread 0.99
48 2016-01-08T1 30 camembert_cheedairy 0.91
48 2016-01-08T1 20 sriracha_popcornsnacks 1.11
49 2016-01-07T1 53 black_pepper_godairy 1.69
50 2016-01-06T1 80 rooibos_tea dry_goods 3.49
52 2016-01-05T1 50 white_cheddar dairy 0.77
53 2016-01-06T1 33 white_bean_and canned_jarred_ 0.97
54 2016-01-03T0 79 darjeeling_black_dry_goods 3.3
55 2016-01-05T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
56 2016-01-03T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
57 2016-01-07T1 81 irish_breakfast_bdry_goods 2.99
57 2016-01-07T1 11 pineberry produce 4.89
58 2016-01-08T0 37 chocolate_ganachfrozen 3.52
60 2016-01-03T1 78 garam_masala dry_goods 1.44
61 2016-01-03T0 46 frozen_salmon frozen 16.99
63 2016-01-06T1 16 arugula_crisps snacks 2.43
64 2016-01-06T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
65 2016-01-07T1 50 white_cheddar dairy 0.77
65 2016-01-07T1 58 pumpkin_spice_pdry_goods 0.96
67 2016-01-04T1 49 silken_tofu dairy 0.67
69 2016-01-05T0 82 mango_black_teadry_goods 3.08
71 2016-01-04T1 74 poppy_onion_sessnacks 0.75
76 2016-01-06T1 57 Kumatos produce 3.6
79 2016-01-05T1 9 tangelo produce 0.96
91 2016-01-07T1 35 eggplant_caponatfrozen 1.39
95 2016-01-08T1 15 sweet_potato_hosnacks 0.43
106 2016-01-03T0 34 edamame_hummcanned_jarred_ 0.95
110 2016-01-08T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
118 2016-01-06T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
157 2016-01-04T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
157 2016-01-04T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
158 2016-01-08T1 47 paneer dairy 1.17
163 2016-01-03T1 3 orange produce 1.02
166 2016-01-04T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
207 2016-01-03T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
213 2016-01-04T0 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
224 2016-01-06T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
229 2016-01-06T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
232 2016-01-06T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
237 2016-01-04T1 47 paneer dairy 1.17
244 2016-01-07T1 70 orzo dry_goods 0.19
246 2016-01-07T1 8 pluot produce 3.99
254 2016-01-04T1 3 orange produce 1.02
product_type_partial rows transactions total_amount average_amount
produce 594 234 1,473.94 2.48
produce
Aggregation:
It's tough to crown a given function as the most valuable in data analysis, but SUM and COUNT
produce in the running. Aggregation allows us to understand potentially huge volumes of data very quic
Excel's most popular features, pivot tables, highlights the value of exploring data through aggre
on those later. For now, here's a breakdown of Excel's standard aggregation functionality.
Excel Aggregations:
You can see the magic in cells I2:L2. You've probably seen this magic before, but you might not
a few things:
You can put the aggregations anywhere in the sheet that you want. For everyday Excel users, th
like a big deal—you can put anything in any cell. As mentioned in earlier worksheets, this flexib
to tricky situations. In this case, though, it's quite handy. As you can see, we have the entire dat
produce the left and the summary directly above this text box. The flexibility of the layout is excellent fo
produce work easy to consume. SQL is much more rigid—if you want this exact layout, you'll need to run
and then drop the data into Excel and format it.
produce These functions are limited, though. They get more complicated when you want to aggregate o
fits certain conditions. You have to use different functions if you want to segment, and there ar
them that it's hard to remember the differences (COUNT, COUNTA, COUNTIF, COUNTIFS, COUN
Once you've written those functions, they're annoying to update and tough to read. Pivot table
this problem, but have their own issues.
produce One of the biggest problems with aggregating in Excel is that it's a challenge to count unique va
cell J2—it's a smaller number than cell I2 because there are multiple rows per transaction. This
as one trip to the cash register might be to purchase multiple items. If you look at the formula,
produce it's an unintuitive workaround (found here: https://exceljet.net/formula/count-unique-values-in
with-countif).
SQL does aggregations, too:

SQL's strengths in aggregation are really more of what we've already covered. SQL can handle a
data. In fact, aggregating in SQL is often necessary to get data to a size at which it can be manag
produce
produce SQL also doesn't break when the underlying data changes. You'll notice that the aggregation fu
specify row numbers from row 2 to 595. If you were to add more data, you'd have to remembe
those formulas.
produce
What's new here is that it's much more intuitive to find distinct values in SQL. All you need to d
word "distinct." For some applications, this alone is worth switching the bulk of your work to SQ
Check out how this same set of aggregations happens in SQL:

https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/2d65f139ceda/queries/8da2b54d038c
Learn more about how to perform aggregations in SQL:

https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermediate/aggregation-functions/
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nalysis, but SUM and COUNT are certainly
ge volumes of data very quickly. One of
exploring data through aggregations. More
gregation functionality.
ic before, but you might not have noticed
. For everyday Excel users, this doesn't feel

earlier worksheets, this flexibility can lead
n see, we have the entire dataset over on
y of the layout is excellent for making
xact layout, you'll need to run two queries
hen you want to aggregate only data that

ant to segment, and there are enough of
COUNTIF, COUNTIFS, COUNTBLANK...).
nd tough to read. Pivot tables help solve
challenge to count unique values. Look at

le rows per transaction. This makes sense,
s. If you look at the formula, you'll notice
rmula/count-unique-values-in-a-range-
dy covered. SQL can handle a lot more

size at which it can be managed in Excel.
otice that the aggregation functions above

data, you'd have to remember to update all
ues in SQL. All you need to do is add the

g the bulk of your work to SQL.
s/8da2b54d038c
nctions/
product_type Average - Data Grouped Aggregations:
beverages In the previous worksheet we mentioned pivot tables and grouped a
an example pivot table. It does some of the things that regular aggre
bread —it makes it easy to add conditional statements to aggregations, it
canned_jarred_goods type of aggregation, and it can find distinct values (sort of).
dairy
If you haven't used pivot tables before, we suggest you learn about
dry_goods powerful. Here's a great resource: http://www.excel-easy.com/data
frozen
meat But pivot tables aren't perfect. They're not very responsive when ne
you add data, you have to refresh the pivot table, and if you add mo
other that you've done so. In most cases, people just make new pivot tabl
produce problems. Viewers typically assume that pivot tables are up to date,
snacks Pivot tables don't have Excel's biggest strength: flexibility. They can't
Total Result functions in cells. It's not easy to link them to cells outside the pivot
table, it can break the links.
Aggregations and GROUP BY in SQL:

Grouping in SQL is pretty similar to pivot tables. There isn't a graphic
slower until you've had a little practice. There are advantages, thoug
Groupings are scripted, which means that they can easily be transfe
another, unlike in Excel where pivot tables have to be set up from sc
Here's an example that will produce the same results you see in this
https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/d13dfea938c2/queries
In SQL, once you have made an aggregation, you can filter on that a
clause) or build upon it easily (using an outer query).
Learn more about grouped aggregations in SQL here:

https://sqlschool.modeanalytics.com/intermediate/grouped-aggreg
pivot tables and grouped aggregation. To the left, there's
he things that regular aggregation functions can't do well
ements to aggregations, it allows quick changes in the
ct values (sort of).
we suggest you learn about them, as they are incredibly

/www.excel-easy.com/data-analysis/pivot-tables.html
ot very responsive when new datasets are introduced. If

ot table, and if you add more rows, you need to specify
le just make new pivot tables. These issues can lead to big
pivot tables are up to date, even when they're not.
ength: flexibility. They can't be formatted as freely as

m to cells outside the pivot table. If you change the pivot
tables. There isn't a graphic UI, so making changes is

here are advantages, though:
t they can easily be transferred from one query to

s have to be set up from scratch each time.
same results you see in this pivot table:

rts/d13dfea938c2/queries/2cffb6728d78
on, you can filter on that aggregation (using the HAVING

uter query).
in SQL here:
ermediate/grouped-aggregations/

The Excel User's Quick Start Guide To SQL

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The Excel User's Quick Start Guide To SQL

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Welcome!

ight. Here's a quick

and basic database

. While this is a list of foods, it could just as easily be a list of

xcel is simple arithmetic. Most of this dataset is static, but the

about Excel, but it's also Excel's Achilles' heel. Because

n SQL using the same operators as in Excel: +, -, *, /. They

ructure. In SQL, calculations are applied to all values in a given

re complete explanation, check out the SQL School lesson:

You can get a bit more in-depth in the SQL Scho

e IF function in Excel is: IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])

could read that as:

s met> THEN <display this value> OTHERWISE <display a different value>

makes it hard to read a really long line of functions.

n't ideal when you need to categorize data on a granular level.

tion 1 is met> THEN <display value 1>

implementation of this worksheet here:

advantages to doing it this way (as opposed to in Excel):

ore in-depth in the SQL School lesson on CASE/WHEN:

ore in-depth in the SQL School lesson on CASE/WHEN:

38 0.6336 0.64 medium

omplete query here:

re about how to do this in the SQL School lesson:

Consider this scenario:

produce Joins in SQL:

Here's how this join looks in SQL: https://modeanalytics.com/tutorial/reports/6f71eb9a8

Here's how to create this particular type of join in SQL:

SQL School lessons on JOIN start here:

Here's how to create this particular type of join in SQL:

SQL School lessons on JOIN start here:

s in Excel. HLOOKUP is very similar to VLOOKUP. You can also use a

you're working with hundreds of thousands of rows, it can become

places where SQL really shines above Excel.

ny joins. Moreover, SQL is smart enough to join them correctly no

e to add more functions into the mix (like INDEX/MATCH as mentioned

o joins, so that only a portion of either table is included in the join.

SQL does aggregations, too:

Check out how this same set of aggregations happens in SQL:

Learn more about how to perform aggregations in SQL:

ic before, but you might not have noticed

. For everyday Excel users, this doesn't feel

hen you want to aggregate only data that

challenge to count unique values. Look at

dy covered. SQL can handle a lot more

otice that the aggregation functions above

ues in SQL. All you need to do is add the

Aggregations and GROUP BY in SQL:

Learn more about grouped aggregations in SQL here:

we suggest you learn about them, as they are incredibly

ot very responsive when new datasets are introduced. If

ength: flexibility. They can't be formatted as freely as

tables. There isn't a graphic UI, so making changes is

t they can easily be transferred from one query to

same results you see in this pivot table:

on, you can filter on that aggregation (using the HAVING

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