Earth Science l First Semester i) Troposphere – lowest, weather Universe & Solar System Theories

and precipitation occurs.

l Big Bang Theory:
ii) Stratosphere – middle part
Terms to Ponder: (ozone), filters UV rays i) Aleksander Friedman & George
iii) Mesosphere – where meteors Lamaitre (1920)
Geology-study of earth’s crust burn ii) “due to the random fluctuation,
Ecology – science that deals with iv) Thermosphere – aurora and there is a great explosion
environment satellites are visible sending space,time, matter, and
v) Exosphere – 10,000 km above energy in all directions”
Earth Science – status of the environment the Thermosphere iii) Combination of pressure, force
vi) Ionosphere – abundant of ions, and friction.
Matter – everything that occupies space
electrons and molecules. b) Timeline:
d) Different Forms of Nitrogen : i) The Big Bang
i) Ammonia – colourless gas with ii) Formation of the Universe
Components of the Earth-Universe System pungent smell. - Nitrogen and iii) Formation of Basic Elements
Biosphere – world of life Hydrogen iv) Period of Radiation-rise of
ii) Nitrates – vasodilator (widens molecular structures.
1) Lithosphere the blood vessel for a good flow v) Period of Matter Domination
a) Land environment of blood) – it has no use in plants vi) Birth of Stars and galaxies
b) Solid and animals unless transformed c) Building Organisms:
c) 3 types of Rocks (1) Denitrification – process that i) Carbon Dioxide
i) Igneous converts nitrate to nitrogen ii) Hydrogen
ii) Sedimentary gas removing bioavailable iii) Nitrogen
iii) Metamorphic Rocks nitrogen iv) Helium
d) Influence in Making Soil Productive iii) Nitrite – when rain occurs, it will v) Oxygen
i) Diastrophism – movement within fall down the ground – soil d) 4 Fundamental Forces
the solid portions of the earth. converts it to be useful to plants i) Gravity-binds the solar system
ii) Weathering – can be mechanical and animals ii) Weak Nuclear Force-radioactive
or chemical 4) Biosphere beta decay
2) Hydrosphere a) Life, world of life iii) Electromagnetism- binds atoms
a) Water is renewable b) Humans, animals, plants, iv) Strong Nuclear Force-binds
b) Sea level environment nucleus together
3) Atmosphere e) Fusion vs. Fission
a) Air environment Story of the Earth
i) Fusion- combination
b) Nitrogen – most abundant element  4.5 Billion years ago ii) Fission- Splitting of heavy atoms
with 78.09%
 Methane – ghg deadlier that CO2
i) CO2+H2O  C6 H12 O6+O2
 Pangaea- supercontinent f) Evidences:
c) Layers of the Atmosphere
 70,000 years ago – Homo Sapiens i) Galaxies are moving away from
each other
 ii) Presence and CMB (Cosmic l String Theory Condensed and Compressed 
Microwave Background) Planets
a) Vibration of one dimentional string
iii) Abundant of Light Elements 5) Solar Nebular Theory
b) Unifies all forces and matter in
a) Movement of solar nebula
l Steady State Theory universe
b) Protosun forming at the center
a) Bondi, Gold, Hoyle (BGH), 1948 l M-Theory c) Spinning Planetary Disk
b) Universe is unchanging in time and
a) Strings + membranes
uniform in space
b) Contact of two hyperdimentional
c) Density of structure is constant as it Origin of the Planets
branes
expands.
a) Dust of Grains – collide
d) Flat, no magnetic molecules or Origin of the Solar System
b) Planetesimals – physical collision
attractions
 In connection to the big bang theory. -solid objects thought to exist in
e) Justifications:
protoplanetary disks and in debris
i) Flatness – nearly flat Collision: caused the stars to build up and disks.
ii) Monopole – no magnetic break down. c) Gravity
monopoles
d) Protosun
iii) Horizon – in-contact with the :fragments formed are sun, planets.
past
1) Rene Descartes
l Inflation Theory a) Circular and whirlpool-like motion Earth’s Layers
b) Orbits and satellites around the
a) Guth, Linde, Steinhart, Albrecht planet 1. Core
(GLSA) c) Vortices a. Inner
b) Exponential expansion of the 2) Buffon’s Collision Theory i. Inge Lehmann (1936)
universe after the bbt. a) George Louis Leclerc and Comte de ii. 1250 km
c) Justifications: Buffon iii. Fe&Ni
i) Flatness: stretches initial b) Sun + a giant comet iv. 6000c
curvature to near flatness 3) Nebular Hypothesis v. Solid
ii) Monopole: allows its existence a) Imanuel Kant and Pierre Simon b. Outer
iii) Horizon – regions are much Laplace i. 2300 km
closer to each other b) Nebula collapsed due to a ii. 4k to 5k c
d) Timeline: gravitational pull iii. Liquid
i) Big Bang c) Nebulae-a cloud of gas made of H 2. Mantle
ii) Inflation and He a. Lower
iii) Cosmic Microwave Background 4) Tidal Hypothesis i. In-contact with outer
iv) Dark Ages a) James Jean and Harold Jeffrey core
v) First Stars b) Part was torn off the sun ii. Hot: Soft, magma
vi) Galaxy Formation c) Speeding massive star  iii. Plasticity
Gravitational Attraction  (deformation)
iv. Convection Currents
 b. Outer
i. Lithosphere
ii. Rigid/ Solid
iii. Moho Boundary
(Andrija Mohorovicic)
iv. 660 km
3. Crust
a. Oceanic Crust
i. Dark colored
ii. Rock Sample: Basalt
iii. More Dense
iv. Thin Layer
v. 50km
b. Continental Crust
l Earth’s Subsystem
i. Light-colored
ii. Rock sample: Granite :Lithosphere
iii. Less dense
iv. Thicker
v. Coarse-Texture
vi. 40-70km
4. Discontinuities
a. Lehmann D.
i. Between outer and
inner core
b. Guttenberg D.
i. Lower and outer core
c. Repiti D.
i. Upper and lower
mantle
d. Mohorovicic D.
i. Lower and Upper
Mantle
e. Conorod D.
i. Upper and Lower
Crust
5. Asthenosphere
a. Role: movement of plates
under lithospheric plates.
b. Lithosphere b. Divergent  
c. Plastic Asthenosphere c. Transform Fault
d. Upper Mantle 4. Continental Drift Theory
6. Convection Currents a. Gondwana and Laurasia
a. Middle mantle flows b. Alfred Wegener
b. Caused by very hot material
:Hydrosphere
as the deepest part of the
mantle, rising, cooling and 1. 70% of the earth is covered by water
sinking again 2. Cryosphere
c. Caldera a. Frozen part of the
7. Mantle Convection hydrosphere
a. Lithospheric plates ride like a b. Glaciers, Ice caps, Iceberg,
passenger on the mantle snow.
c. Water Cycle/ Hydraulogic
Cycle – water vapor
condenses that forms clouds.
And rain is called as
1. 13 Plate Boundaries
precipitation.
i. African
d. 3 Main Ocean Basins:
ii. Australian
i. Pacific
iii. Arabian
ii. Atlantic
iv. Antarctic
iii. Indian & Arctic Ocean
v. Phil.Sea
e. Major Requirements:
vi. Pacific
i. Energy-amount of
vii. Eurasian Plate
light
viii. Caribbean
ii. Nutrients – Food, O2
ix. Cocos
x. North American : Atmosphere
xi. South American
1. Composed of Ni, O, Ar
xii. Nazca
2. Layers:
xiii. Indian
a. Troposphere
2. Factors/ Reasons of Tectonic Plates:
b. Stratosphere
a. Convection Currents
c. Mesosphere
b. Temperature
d. Thermosphere
c. Global Warming
e. Exosphere
d. Pollution
f. Ionosphere
e. Green House Gases
3. Types of Plate Boundaries: l Life Zones of Fresh Water Environment
a. Convergent  
1. Littoral Zone- latoral (means side)
 a. Shallow, abundant light,  Stratosphere c. Root Transpiration: excess
adequate nutrients in land  Troposphere gases and nutrients are
and water released in a form of liquid.
2. Limnetic Zone Reasons of Pollution in the Atmosphere d. Respiration: absorb then
a. Enough light for 1. Series of Aircraft release
photosynthesis 2. Human Intrusion 2. Carbon: essential part of all organic
b. Open Water Area: a. Primary Air Pollutants mol.
i. Upper (limnetic) i. Carbon Monoxide a. Two Biological Processes
ii. Lower ( profundal) 1. colorless i. Photosynthesis
c. Profundal Zone ii. Nitrogen Oxide ii. Respiration
i. Insufficient light for 1. Electric 3. Phosphorus Cycle
photosynthesis generating a. Form of phosphate rocks
ii. Dependent upon the plant where its stored
amount of sediments iii. Sulfur Oxide b. Strengthen the dev. And
1. Burning of growth of plants
Ocean Zones
Coal c. HOW? – Diastrophic activity
1. Photic iv. Hydrocarbons and weathering
a. Epipelagic 1. Petroleum d. Water-agent to synthesize
b. Mesopelagic Fuel proteins
c. Bathypelagic v. Particulate Matter e. Leaching-lower soil fracture
2. Aphotic 1. WORST air f. Erosion-upper soil
a. Abyssalpelagic problem g. Phosphorus-essential to
b. Hadalpelagic b. Indoor Air Pollutants genetics and structure of
i. Chloroform living systems.
Stratopause-radiosconde h. Forms ATP, RNA and DNA
ii. Trichloroethane
Between stratosphere and mesosphere iii. Asbestos i. Occurs in mineral deposits
iv. Nitrogen Oxide and marine sediments.
Tropopause – commercial aircraft 4. Nitrogen Cycle:
Biogeochemical Cycle a. Sequence Steps:
Between stratosphere and troposphere
i. Nitrogen Fixation-
1. Nutrients
starts in the
a. Chemical building blocks of
atmosphere
Thermo Nuclear Fusion – the core of the life
1. Full fixation-in
sun b. Two Types:
soil microbes
i. Macronutrients-
,rhizobia
acquired in great
ii. Nitrification-
4 Principal Layers: amount O, C
Ammonia
ii. Micronutrients –
Nitratesby
 Thermosphere smaller amount are
 Mesosphere absorbed.
 bacterias/ soil
microbes
Nitrococcus,
Nitrosomoras,Nitroba
cter
iii. Assimilation-
capturing, absorbing
nitrates of organisms
iv. Ammonification-
formed through
decomposition.
v. Denitrification-
reduction of Nitrates
to gaseous nitrogen. 3. Biotic Factors
Biomes
1. Climatic Factors 4. Aspects of Ecological Behavior
a. Temperature – physiological
rate
b. Light-reproductive rate
-influence in growth,
photosynthesis, transpiration
and enzymatic action.
Xylem – Inorganic, upward
Phloem – Organic/ food
Downward
5. Characteristics
2. Edaphic/ Soil Factors
a. Physico Chemical Nature of
the Soil.
i. Texture- Loam,
Sandy, Clay
ii. Water Holding c. Coniferous Forest/ Taiga –
Capacity/ Hydraulic cone bearing plants
Conductivity i. Snow, soil not fertile
iii. Permeability – d. Grassland – grasses are
dependent on the growing
concentration e. Desert Biome – hottest
b. Chemical Properties biome’
i. Dependent in N- i. Cork Cell/ Cutine cell
Content – prevents
ii. Dependent in O.M. evaporation of water
Content ii. Vacuoles- water tank
iii. Ph acidity and of plant
alkalinity f. Tundra Biomes- soil
i. Permafrost-half a
a. Effects of Living Organisms meter of snow
b. Soil Temperature ii. Coldest
a. Plant Communities-group of
plants
b. Plant Succession – series of
change
i. Pioneer Community-
most critical
ii. Intermediate Comm –
shrubs
iii. Climax Comm.-
Trees, wild group
c. Plant Invasion – association
of species to extend its
region
a. Tropical Rainforest – stable
and highly diversed
i. Evenly warm and
moist
b. Tropical Decidous Forest –
dry season
i. Shedding leaves