Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 47
Ic ENGINES IC Engine + Combustion ‘tres places inaide the emp ryrtem Tc Engine gramples oF IC Engine = SE,Cr engines pstmples OF External combustion Engine | Steam power plant Topics Ful Supply 1. Sr Engines, System ned For Bingle-cylinder engines Carburator Net uniform For multi-cyUnder Injector > Advanced, Expensive G used for multi-cylinder engines 2, CT Engines 3. Super charging : To improve performance 4. performance of Ic Engines 5. Modern Development * 6 Engine emisnions & Control method» 7. Atternate fuels vel | ou ce- Vers SE Engines : G21 to Vet CT Engines i221 tp aory ‘Advariagen of TC ermine over stear engines a = a 1. Maher overaul efficiency HEC Engine: The engine im which combustion of Fuel (ag Or gas) trues place immide the cylinder i caued an ratio due te ity Compact den ign 2. tower weignt * power imternal combustion engine 3. Lt con be Started inatantanecusy wt Incase of external combuntion Engines, the combustion bh lower come OF fact taxes place outside the CyLinder as in the care oF steam engine 5 Requires lene pace 6. High speeds Can be ‘maintained ame ny eae H classification oF IC Engines 1 rem E ec eoeee ECCLES x poe 1. According & the type OF Fast 2 @ petrol Engine (6) Ovened Engine - Oe © Gas Engine Ee engre Steam angina eee Ridelph Diesel Explanation of dieser engine | @ Sparx ignition engines cerding the worming Cycle (@) dt cycte () Dieser cys : ©) Duar cyue Cleet eweycie i Be Sorte ciunees tet cope 4. According to method ef He ee NE + ete ad: (b) Ale ceoled engmes tN, of ambient Grstins ib vert Bur at Hign Hehe No of ambient * S According 4p valve location trace win GF Herm NG ©) Over head value en ©) Sie vawe eng 6, According ty field of application ©) Automotive 1B Stand-by applications (Generator) ©) Leeemorive (A) Marine applications: 7. According to method oF fuel Supoly ©) Carowoted enginen (6) Solid injection engines 8. According t To. of cylindera © (0) Single cylinder engines (B Multi Gytinder engines | 9 According t arrangement OF Cylinders (@) Intine engines Tr locemetive, 16 cyatinder V-shaped engines aro pr (©) oppored inten engine (@) Radial engine Opponed Pimten Engine Radial Engine 338 Four Stroke SI. Engine * Suction Comprension power Exhaust 7 Te cucle oF cperation completes in H-stroKes oF Pintan /2-revetutions of Crane The W-stroxen are (8) Suction stroke: Tv open EV cloned Pisten moves Fram Toe to Boe & created Hair Fuel ™iuture enters, the cylinder Ke piston teacher BOC. By the time , platen Towe% te Boe, Tv clonem. eee oe ature gen Comp |) Campreanion Stroke Air Fuel = ince Bp tv kev are cloned By the Mme, p.,. rence Toe, hah Piairefuel i prevent By spar, Puig ienitiaten nicien © power Strace: As spark im igmited, Combuntion op f Fuel occurs % this eneray pUrren piston fy Tbe 40 BoC + Before the Pisten Teacher, Bp ev im opened. (2) Euraust Stroke: Ay Ev ik opened, high pre aKH [Producta of Gmbustion) reaches Tove Cur 2 Pirtey From oc in THC A% Piston teach Ev closes & Tv in opened The cycle repeat, Four stroke cr Engine To Fel Triecer eT iL nm Suction Compression Power eghaust 7 By the end oF Comprossion stroke. fue im injected: 7 Charen Low i used. Pat at constant V |, Ae canatare volume oF a Preduce high temperatures Ressure im increa: La Thia high temperature, are ured for diner droplets to evaporate & Catch Fire @. Wha petrol dees Tet UAE Comprennign ignition? uncrentroiled expleaien Tay occur Petro is volatile (Sennitihe) HIF higher Cemprestion ration, aro ured fer Sr Engines P explovion may occur Petrol Engines are Compact: (sz) ST Engine» CRAG: tm 901 CE Engine | cR at) tm 20s) asus H larer valves are used for auction (net) % Fire car Was poucred by Steam Engine ae ixstaus Nidgsee’ cue baile the Firat domed four Cylinder engine ST engine Ex engine Spark Tynition | Compression Tgnition 2 er tow 2. eR High 3. Fuel in Supplied by 3. Fuet i Supplied by ubarotor Fuel injectors Compact 4. large 5. Air fuct atte mixture enters dating Mcgion 6B Less costly S. More contig a ee #7. warns O diese cy 5. Fer Uighe weight applizatinn 9: For ROOMY OPPLicationg fhe couse 4. Produces ™MOre Exhaiiye 4. protces Less ev i es FE Tu0- Stroke S.. Engine spare pg Ethos pene gare Tarai 7H 3 exhauae port, fe 7 Ps Lmtee port Upward Strove- aS An Cs Pounword Stroke NO seperate mechanism or inlet £ ouster port’ PT HRMAE Pert Is just abow tranater pre Se Vie tomas developed in uniform F With Bame Fine, it im developing twice the power compares > strove engine abn 5 There (8 a router arm 40 operate Valvea > High temmtory apring ip present :. Valves are in opesaion cloned penition > Nearly 20% oF power Genetated, in tranpfered to porate cam shat H In b-atrove , no need 10 ring mit Lubricant with Fast qe “Sab atia Lace: wit ri Sts piace i Fited with Lubricants But, in a-tioe. this place 8 Filla) with fuel # Lubricant in Fite miced with fue for Lubricantion OF pinton 7 TF e129 Lubrication isdone, white colour smoke Cimeh Out Because. Small pertiont OF Lubricant ® invowes in combustion Tn eminnion of point oF view 2 Stroke engines Ore baamed, because , Some of the Fuel may go OWE With exhaust a " 4 Perocmance Cravacterinticn of Endine (Lab experime, rent) Ip ~ Indicated pouer . FP Friction power brs amitr) BP» Brake PoUer aa Tp. ape Fe Tae wena ~ 22 WS: Cv ain Heat Supried Tendested trermat =_E-P eat Supplies TUvecn, 2 BP Tr. Sre~ 3600 Ks) te i weir Treated Per Pam at LANL) ls de tmgth ke Nog Cylinders TP- PLANK = PLAnK (anim TN M for -BtoKeengines > Plank 4 Te Hg THN or anti engines * Prean® Mean effective prespure Tent = Variable preanure during strove Cenptant Presmure , which preducen Same Pisoure aR Variable Presmure Fue\ Conaumption (sie) t = Wolr Por Fuet —— FP is independent of Load applied Cenatane speed Single Cylinder stro Engine bore, ac mm B, Stroke = 30mm. N+ 2000 rpm | Pyeay = 10 bar FR * akW oetermine » BEEP, nec Mrs toMg)a Cv Ha Maleg 5.5. Engine, Combustion phencmensn in Sx. engine > Compression carve is symmetric about TH A Prine oF Spark: igmicen 8 Firwt tine oF prosnune Cram 97355) Ae Point OF Spark , Low energy spark i 9 dmitated and spy catches the fue mear ie Ineones — tou energy mucieus lame in formed» Formation oF this Flame tnkes seme time 7 The ime gap blo A mB (For Low energy micteu® flame formation) if Called ignition lag Bc — Propagation of Flame Frent through comburtien chamber H Ignition Lag is the reamen why the polmt oF Lag in aluaye im advance to Toe ® out of al, exhaust period i» More becoune Lahen Cembuntion 9a7eh expand the Pixtan, they lore energy befute teaching Boe, Hence exhaust Valw opens belure reaching poe. Effect of engine variahler on ignition 1a 1 Temperature oF ire Fuet mixture (T¢, lage ; bat eecning effect og 2. Compresion ratio i. ty, Fuet ( Fuet having high octane ‘number Can be Uned iin high Comp. Fakto - “Though Knocking effect decrea nen, bur expenaive) Eg: Aviation petrol have 1007. octane number 6. Electrode gap (in apmk plug) = High voltage (around w.ovv) Pasa depend on cam temp (ase) and at that tire, high voltage Passen and & ism from high Vottage electrode oct oar) etree Gop ore Xo Spare a2s 9 parsces are igh vattage electrode A Abnormal Combustion (01) Knocking on) detonation ST Engines: Some times With im the Combustion pace two Flame Fronts ar formed and cae with each other teautting im eduction in presaure & the presaure waver hit the Walls repuit in moire known a8 Krecking ~ Same timen, pre ignition may take place with out help OF pane plag ini tation 7 Detaration chee > End charge jim generat docs not Attain aelF ignition temperature Until the Flame Front reaches 4 it 3. Presure l Gnd Gombuats it, but Some time due to radiation ,the end charge avo ignites, and Flame Fonts Collie & hence, reautta in Knocking when campreaaion ratio is high, high PA highT are Obtained and can be earily prne to knocxing . High C® 4 High knocking ‘Tr generat , Sx engine comp tatio & 6%I tay H Prignitien , 2.270% Pug @tcuede reach rd het 4 weeeT EE: eign cura an ter an Fiek reachou co @ Carben particles acarmulated in engine Cylinder can lead to pre-ignitior im suction strove (wos-a-days, we det unuolly observe thin pheremers) ® Variabie affecting Knocking in St Engine {Temperature (To AFT 4 Krecking t) 2 Denpity oF mixture (Fuel ip AvF 4 Knocking 7) 3. Flame travel ditance More « Knecking more Yh Exhaust Value location Te should be Ueated cope to apare pag lication of pare plug: Buch that Flame Lravel an Time factor : Time taken for exposure oF hydro carhena howd be lena 7. Turbulence + Ghoutd be lean, $. Sze of the engine » Small % Cx. Engines dere are opposite to Sz. engines in operation Point of view % larger sine engines have qreater tendency of knocking go St. da of cylinder <0 mm for ow-cayacity vehicles patrol engines are ured for lou-Capacity 4 with the help oF ectane ignitin delay» auicly GE Mee reaching be slorger ignition temperature Heoctane Tuber: percentage by volume oF inoectame in octane Tamper Q mixture of 1so-cctane £m ie) heptane nts in the petro 4 po-cctane & hhepeare Tr wo-octane 100%, 4 cetane Tumber =100 Li cently rence, heptane 8 mixed 4 Different bypes oF Combustion chambers Used in SE engine © Thead Combustion chamber: ——_-s qverhwad valve engine Lévatves are on head oF engine) <2 Leas tendency i Knocking A Krtaxe manifold 14 Straight - Nobenda , Fluids ember im & seraight Une + pare alt enters 50, Ry t © Head combustion chaser = Side voue engine — kroexing ig. mere “length oF Cemtatin chomter fs more than rasivy oF tne abinder => Gnd in proremt for ofp micture Tg, lens | ts # F-head Combustion chamber ® -—) trict vats Fit" Inlet en cylinder head = lenstn Tere than diameter oF Cyetinde. > Knocking ig more oF combustion chamber in B Tehead combustion chamber ® oaet rt 7 Easy €9 dinaseemble Cylinder fread A More apace > knocking in mere A Volumetric eFFicieney ip Lenn * Thead cB are mow ured Inspite oF Valve mechaniam, Surface more, Voueme Then © Compact: FE Fuck Supply System in St Enginen 1. Gravity system 2. Prennure Syntem Gravity Ayptem: Engine (A Placed below the Fuel tank 5 wWitrout any Fuel pump, with gravity , fuel enter engi A Fir Light vehicles AP rust vane Cal ee eee Ip vaste. ono piglne Sec cate} ‘ra mo Presaure Syntem an . Ho ra “oy Pomp Saree \ ewwetricatty operated Filer * Gorburettor Farnetioma ‘preparation of homogenous minture oF air @ Suet 2. Controls the ameunt OF air & fuel minture to engine 9: @ Maintain appoptinte mhiture quatity Bien lesa airs More Fuet + Sih minture More air + Lem fuel < Lean mixture At the Starting oF engine, Frictional tomes are more > Rich miatuare cor ig to be pupplic After ome tim, Friction in lena 2 Lean opera micture —) Appin at high apeed , Rich mixture is needed Based on speed , Engine oparation % OF 3 typos 1. Tdle Condition: < Rich -micture 2. Craiming mange! Fuel eoomerny , main lean aminture: 3. power Range: High Breeds Rich mixture H Simple carburetor; oye x roe enti throat eet Fuel jet bas af eH chambst lose mage) Seats mat een let of pak este a a pane Dus to presnure ditference, fine droplets Come out chore Air parmage im blocked Generaiy, chote ip Used in cold weather conditions Speed control i% deme with the help oF throdle Joo enoke defante position i» vericat eo onthe Fuel jet, multiple orifices are prenent @ go terven 09 felon 9peeds, laan teeare Van od bac igh Speeds, Rich mixture At high speeds, Ri * Bb komt A) Best for Bingle- cylinder engines + Not Suitable FOr Tutti-cyLinder enginen “S Uniform air-fuek 1% Tot Aupplied to au cyindera TF Peat dees mot work properly, Level P and without Pronsute difference and only jet eject fuel te leatage OF fuel ceeurs im thin cons 3K Drawbacks oF Simple Carturetor |. Supplies lean miuture at Stare 2. Ab high Speed, rich Mixture 2.1F ambient alr faa more humidieg, wascr delet Gardense on the reat Le cuusen blecking oF set mete This i cated icing of carburettor 4 Sudden acceleration leads to Supply oF lean mixture + ~~ H Mixture Foquhement for idling, Cising K Peet range OF engine operation. + Hor three opening Brotating contact Paes 1 Stiding contact overcome Fretion , ith -mieture (Wor Joa) wy mecded to give more power tp start the engine Mash ch crank pelt weight cormecting md Sel weight die to inertion fercey aster 15 thle opening, teh ‘Mieture i noededt % Simple carburetor KE Tale Jet arangement. (starting je) rah PN 5 ae Paneer oF +O J tBleset tb appicate upto 1549 20% oF trate opening + Sometimes, Engine stops Suddenly i isle range This May be due to Insufficient airfuel dupply. The Mechané, then adjunts “Tale get adjusting Screw’ for proper Ae Supply cruising @r) Compensating Tet device The Fate oF Flow of get Fmsea bw More than Harry So, open wel heignt decreases after Aome time 9 Very Lesa Fuel APLIS fiom eta after sane time 9 Lean mixture i aupptid Re Rew rate Jet Yh se opening 1% Ecomomiser: During Power ange When tineitle >75% 4 Leas vacuum [a created in intaxe Temfeld = Diaphragm mover we > Nit fel fos 7B cone optration only in Four rage (Passe caer) “When vacuum % created, Diaphragm 1 and control vatw closes, ~* During idling, ruining , there im muro vacuim is Utes user 6 Wa‘range , vacuum decreases ,centzl \elie. i and fuer goes to engine 4: Diaphragm | xe pmubacrs of carburter with compensating devices ——————— jot musti-cylinder engines , Uniferm dintribation oF Ale -mieccue ® THE Supplied 2. venturi (=<) i offering teniatamce to air Flow Tay Come out cause) Linder engines, MpEZ (MutD Point Me prevent, in m on) is used fuel Injection Sypter) im mietd in the intake Tanifold > Fuel in other Ecu ~ Electronic Contre unit Utes Ecu taven aignala from thre opening & Load on engine Fuel injector valves are operated by electronic Aiqnais (Sotemoida may be employed) ota |, FE MPEE Syptem cov be dived into au. 7h — no rh eeu cogne t 5 Fat raecie 7 Engine 9 Manifold prosaure Bentor sigrala © Umer Detectian OF air vote iow rate Sheet Pevnor Aignaty Tm d.morr, cov in given nignaly about Engine npced Prenmure oF intaxe air Y In Lwerr, eeu in tn about Engine apeed & Votume fiow tate oF air ~— Vp comalation oF Ar-Fuel tatio for Simple Corburetior i Z- height of Tale [cennidering compresibiiey of a:¢] Figure Ahous a Airmple Carburetor where Aectioni-t im she entry of the carburettor Apriying SFEE between O-0 #O-O & Corpisering wnit rman lw ECFA hye PE nae “The Fiow i assumed be revernibie adiabatic & there co wore transfer between the ta Rectins Hence 9x0 W=O Approach Velocity C, if Tegligible,wihen compared to Ca % Ge athe) Asmuming, air to behave a% am ideal gan FG facet) ob err) "From continuity equation, THe GAC SAG [We an discesing about air Flow tate, Tot Fue Also, for inentropie expansion [le ‘Me ctu mI los tate oF aie in given by (dee = yma Gee Gefficient oF dixchorge oF venturi — vor cateatasion oF Tana Flow rate oF Taek, we anmame uct to be incomprennible Applying Bernoulli equation between prints @F@ Bh oe BS Ra Ch is negligible Prestiure at Section © Roection@ im hame ie, R=, Ties fe Ager, mie = ay [25 (ap-Ra2) Cha a; Jetrtartgey | © Air- Fact Ratio ma A + Air Fuel ratio. by ing the Comprestibity of air Tf Gg mama & §-heG na. falter [mae _, mz J @ Mate Flow tate of al (tis) = Ago te thas Aa (Tap (tag < GAL ER AP Ans tide og Ft We” Ge TF set height 2-0. BA. GA (e Pe NG © Conment® on A resi Supplied by Simple Carbureter 1 From @.0, iF Ape gaz, there wi be To Fiow OF Fue. The Fuel Flow takes Place only when Ap > gz 2 Minimam air locity at Uveok whith may Cause fuel Fou can be entimated from @ Ge PE > Pim x Te (8. Why. 80% natn) “—ao 4. Asim a | je Guburetior ih Fequied te Supply S*9 of alr fer mits 2 0.NKGhmin OF AL - Sg = 780 Kaw The an 08: Ca, -0.6. Aanume inentopic Fiow 2 the Flow tone Comprennible - TF the presaure dup atrony the Fuel (ee i9 075 oF tne at the throat , Caleuinte the fuel jet diameter igs Sig tte Spuct = 70 ¥QIm® P= Rie Py = 1 013bar Ta ae qssemls Geos cay 0.6 oA i, « at bags 4, =? (Diamether of throat) dj? [Diameter oF get) locity oF air at threat) = hte gh? PA + Ze ecae E> ieee a 2 As 8.29cm" eda * % A SER (argc) tev Prepture drop at Vortur? 5mm * difference Br = ao Kgl? (tM octuat = Cay Ai fag (Ap-92 8) Bs 0ssanc™ [anise [apse tee 2 Ap = 839.13 Nim” or 6-88. 2. lo ouwan) oi My Aas ta cm" © « Aye prs ot A pete engine dewlops $a bake pauer having brags thermal T] moving fim TDC & BDE, prennare dems, and tte pressure dap in Gimpennated by increase in Prapue che 4 combustion # hence oval preanuze Femain comminnt. (2-3) 1% stagen OF cx, Engine combustion Sy Gemprestion care - A= Start of fuel injection @ - Stare of cembuntion xgnition deo period of tapid Combuntion period oF controlled Combustion ae Be soe co exaust valve open 6c after OF TDC Becaune , after gaz, Tuch work 724 <5 AD ~ Period oF Fuel typetton injection > Fuck injector Supplge*Fuel For rot come due to &xpannion thorough Thcing of fuel with dir, fuel (Lauid) haw to evaporate Thon, fuel micer thoroughly with Gir Fuel (Vapeur) reacts with 0, (Chemcal action) & cmbuaitien ran atare> ‘Tarition Delay The delay between Fuet injection & Starting oF Combustion ig called Tgnition Delay. Te i OF tue typons |. physical delay: Delay of thorcugh Titing oF air Fue 2. chemical Oelay: Delay oF fuel getting Converted into Vapour & chemical teaction with 05 © Fer bent Performance, ignitione delay should be lena ‘Hhihat haprens when ignition delay i mero? + Thete ip mo Interlink blu fuel injection & Fuel drep 4 catehing tire ry \ Bu “gin delay ih tore, Fue catcher Fre (a 4 More teremperatan Fucl @ Accumulated When Fuck Catches Fire, Auden Bquiek Combis, (uncentrelied cembustion) o¢cura - | j ~ Trin may damage Cylinder WolA & Piston hea | This in Called Knocking in dienel engines Factom influencing Tgnition delay: facies “influencing Tanitfon delog: 1 Wah temperature oF air Ahould be prenent 9 High CR 18 required [optimum preemie optimum teype 2. optimum Fuel dnplet ize tim more 3. Cetane umber + 60:0 80 4b Swirling action f% required for thorough air Fuel min Beat @ High turbulence ih tequired ‘Air from intet valve i Supplied in tangential Ye More Swirling 4 Leas ignition Keecking at Cx engine takes place at the Starting OF Combustion. Buk in Sx engine, Kracking baker plate GE the end oF combuation due to end charge tixture r After furning: Burning oF unbwmt af hydrocarbons ft Paps Combustion: during exparaion ae Esa surroundings B ol%e, Fuel i» ~ When the fuel catches Fire, ” uation ceeurs & prenmure Fines present. So, rapid Combustion sed Af Controlled Comburtion + oor When the fuel droplets are geiting compumed , controlled 5 cenbuston towing CE Engteh “combustion Knosing In EE Engine “ burasen of iiection ih TOE than nition delay belay period im mere + More Fuel @ccumuintere 4 High pressure tine X uncontrated Gmbustion tnken place Thin i casted Knocking Variables affecting the ignition delay 1, Fusudehoud be quitely, evaporating © Lenn viscous © Lens Pash poine Lis temp, at which fuel evaporates at farcer rave @ cetame umber © paraffin high celane number + lover the ignition delay [Hamecin ergne 9 vemoeking iy re img ib reduced Spee B Tnjection pressure: 15 rues mae ine for eopatin “rng bon are Not Sin injectin low P Higher sige oF Fuel drapiet { High pa Leb aite of Ret drop 4 Accumulated Tear fu ° Moxy moe Find 0, For Combustion Optimum sige Wires — optimum P: Robar 7 tn in te PHATE FG ns Barning at Gonhatins Baring sme 4008 Me bas Ge Thy in te Pannen uy Fla - the piped invide PO Cytinder Po peame i& Creal, due tp Fame ROI - Commen Ray Direct Tnjection- Frou: assay From walls offer Fe miata 3, Comprennien Ratio Low CR imcreamen nition delay UW, gmake Temperature 4} 9 priten delay 4 Bak when 41, Quantity oF C, deminy to decreate im dens 4 K Super charging: Supptying excess ameunt ti than roqulted Tntaxe preanwre] Super charging Super charging decreapes detay period output dic to Complete Cemburtion, Speed of the engine: optimam j As Speed inceanen, Heat oAS (0 the Suncurdinys! E tah temp nme i cyindce « Fynitien eta 3 fae Engine Bpweds Has Late ete ~ o gritim detay lag Size engines usaay crate af Len ett to inertia Small B26 > Less ca tal eae ec age ty mi + Inari sori atc cin “prt « qgndee un trent Samanes Dede diy ltt Pesach ar rater tring te edacing_ Hoang In EEE faces se | 1 | detay Perea oF fuee 2. | Conpesnen Roce | a 3 Seu qrtin temp. cf fast \ Ha low ue | set pete we | mae | ems nt wt | tn ©. | engme sae sma Combustion Chambers for C1 engines 1. Direct injection chamber (or) Open chamber —» OF Engine 2. Pro = cambustion chamber \ Indirect Swirl 6) turbulent chamber nyeetion-a (201 engirs) Lanova combustion chamber (Cr) Energy Cell 7 : sn chamber (Ot en et imgetion chamber 0” OF pasta ‘ney | woking PUNY | ne chamber: tng cd spares ate 3 m “Aeiy Space is Compact Sufoce . yg) 3 Heat Lone ip Minimum ai for caid weather congiy 4 Cold Starting pt 2 Engine suitable 3, Design i Bimpte, Lene Com To when engine is tun at high peed, SuiPLing. actin is not susfcient tn mit ot Fact msture 2. thermal shows an piston J Life of the platen is ters Heating plug: When engine i Tot started For Mang dys, eating plug beat the prosentwair in the Cylinder: 2. Pre-Combustion Chamber + <> pre-chamber ‘oF main ce) comouatior ‘hanber ALO, combustion starts, there moe Fuel ¥ lebe air. one, Foot ames to ®, remaining Suet finda o, @ in the tinder & complete combustion Antes place ab © L wo sare 1, owe & Comoution tnsen piace evoed im hap-apecd engine rushing oF air Fuel from Teaale, complete Efficient Combustion apdvartagen ¢ | Dapsrertnee* joes) 1. Posucing Cavity (pre-chamber) 1 dlFFicute = Wah eat Turbulert_ chamber: Susirting Chamber ox of main ce) e “oAs speed increases, Swirling intensity increanes + perfect mizing — Less emissions oF Co .Tn thi, degtee of air utitination is mo 7 Better ceoling aypter. This engine cam be Used continuously for auto 36 hours Im siirting chamber, fast ignition occurs dus to high concentration Fuel W For low speed, Diact injection ia used €3) Tractors Farming eecter. K For high speeds, Tndirect injection i used £9: Pantene buses , Care rqy cel ee Te aa A-Nain ce nictut ymyed At | te remains In B- Minor alrcey he Caaduation Mate ot a @ Pirate pre-tecambsstion Chamber © & Camplete CombUAtIon oxy, H Cetane Number (i) etane (Ces) alpemethys raptnaere (Ce) i volume of Getane in a micture of Celanese Coy | CN High + Oring period lem% ooking i> UEBP + ) wed Fer comparing quaity of Fuel. Design criterion for (0)6r enginea + Plame trpt ditinice Should be le (Dex Engines: Proper mixing oF OlrFuet (Swirting action 2 Fact Sumy sytem ape? | ELEN ae | 7 oy cS) hen crank i 20° befere (l ‘ye “Timing gear is Present. etmeen Crank 2ha Pt & cam ahatt toe, cam wit be Ue Fuel Injection pump ua oe cy esl “Inlet port —> | AL Verto ——— fr ah Eng ace OF 7S Fottaser ——+> |! 3 cox— — DL ruemser 3 Rack cinta the Movement OF helical grove towards ‘the Spi port “+ when helical groove coinciden with Apill port, preaeure in relieves For more apced, 4m plunger rotates in Aci 4 More prosourined Fuel comes out oF de > comprensed (Prenuriged eletivery vaine fuel opens pring leaded detivery Yacve otune poniion, Plume oaed, Fa 008 trun the paces 4a gen upuard RACE, PFORMUNACA Fygp laben cam Prov Forces detiwry valve tunen planger goes up, after Same time, Relicay reve aigng with Api pore # prenure dup lace face centrois the rotation oF Cylinder L Gennectes to Pedal of accelerator) HE Fock injector (Fuel atomiver) > tocaing mat > spring 15 spin dle | mee 4 ice are present | 7? Te Valuelby deFautt) ig in Cloned posityon > High preasure fuel abxe8 the valve againat ‘the Bering me forces Qrotice fer beter ~ Fut atamination, na) | im (Smait fuel drpieta) fa, dane her Pre sua mn en mrenun) Pune * Fuel » out from Nowale valve eo vi Epc Sse Ft Snes 1. Air injection System a. Said injeetion myptem }, Air Injection punter re Gl Aitcompressor — Very 01d System, obsetete. + Atomigation oF fuel 1% Tot Much Air Compressor taxes more work Leigh p it reguired 7 Comptested air mixes with Fuel % atomization of fuel taney place. (Like Spray paints) 2. Solid Injection System Andividual pump system j (Comma rait direct Injection ype Dive jection syptem | i) Distributer System. Practical dit RR EET fait Direct Injection Aysten, ¥ 4f Masa Flow rate of Fuel Supplied im CE engine? : cRDI: commm - Fuser ee ! | Rog * Tt + Ce Roy Cae fd RD eS fiat ake Neglecting initial ity oF fuel ‘C, engine apecd ms cen tases signals “Csomaee op ar ow PE & This tystem is h@ghly accurate > used in modern-day vehicles Aceuat Velocity of fuel Of 9468-8 Engine Speed isnot dependent on pressure hae 6 Ga CF = GRRE Gye velocity cefiient | Th in moe "the arcane oF Fuel injection pump Tr = & ager 0 In individual pump system, ign prostue can be obtained with Len» force a ela gins cia {liquids are incampressible here. Ag «Area of Gross aection oF nogate QF = Area of crosssection of fuel jet at Vera contracta Om AEC Cor Coathiclent of comteacta SMectve crane Converter Emissions: OC. Noy * co arate % Rater resuss emianon, a ayntem ty kepe afte | Fu injected perce pr oyuinger Crhause ie, Seletive catalytic caver = ___ Fuel contumed per'min 1 7 Engine oor Pair ge eelge agate ina ‘he @ Scvctem 4 ane cmbutios.p scus ino minae NO.OF Cycles per min, NO.OF Cinders * For’ Combussion, en 37 avatone Se, Buster reeds high Pr. be mt it bat : A Crane angie im Fev Duration of injectien « Reniutions Per Second Sus. HAG cylinder Y-atroxe engine develops & Power op © 1600 rpm. Brave Se = 0:3 K5|kas-hy © TE Prev Gir in the cylinder at the beginning OF fi Lat the end of fuet imjection are BObarl Goba, Fuel injection prentures at the beginning & aap bar & 550 bar. Gina mnjctir > OSS + Sec spas & Atm. pressure = 018 bar Determine the noaale area requited per injection injection takes place Over Crank ange LF ‘n0,0F orifices used in Te3ake are 4, find oF each orifice sak BP- a50KW bate 03 #3 pusher Cylinder pressures p,,~ aotar Ra,» cobar Fuel injection pressures P= 220bar Ps > Ssobar Duration oF Fuel injection « Is'crank ange Bate 01667 Kajs Pressure difference at the beginning = 229-30 = ober Preswure difference at the end » 550-¥eo = yao bar Avg. preseure difference = M0+490 4p = suo bar Tes Gar [rare 30.1667 0.65% Ay 10850 2 Ars 126 mm” hose rent) a Area of orifices 0.26668 ™ Dia. oF orifice = 0.582 ™m HA singe cytinder 45 diesel engine FOP Pou @ reo rpm. BSEC= 0.28 Agfeuchr an overage pressure oF Keobar: OHrBHOM OF Injen, = a8" of crank anges The Pretaure im Combustion cmamber <5 bar Cy 242 Determine the Yeluc, OF injection of fuol % diameter oF orifice Gv Ape l6o- 35bar = 128 bar cee @ fanasn0® 350 = Tug m)s Hcy = 15777 M5 Bsre= TE x60 BP . me. Es ons = 43600 2 mes 2.38115 Kgl Duration of injection = 28. 360 ¥6 3000 ‘6 = 155 x0%s “ Fc miected por cycle per ylinder = 2331160 Woo Fut injectey WSeted ay | © 9320065 1g ee Flow rote of Fuel = 232400° mas Fo 7 155 hioF > 0.06012 HgIs. me = Sp Ap Cr 4 o.oo = 850% APX 15777 2 Ags hs xis mm” = diameter = 0.718 mm 4 prachce Some problems fom textbook a Super CHAR GING SupeR CHARGING ss 1 Super charging engine % Dennity oF air ncreane® Amoune of enygen Mereared 4 Complete fuel combuntion curs 2 More power it developed % Nacura, Appiration Engine 19 Supply air for Tatura aspiration Engine , Suction time = less at high Bpecds > Incampete combustim (9 taxing Place * Unburmed hydrocarbens are cemirg out > Work output i reduced Siper charging i Tet incererated in Sr engines Because, Dene airsfuet tminbure catener fire at End charge wHheut. flame Fronts % Metres of taper charging: |b Engine driven Supercharger 2. Turbn chorgear Turbo - compounding Suppying alr OE Had PPEBBUTE a No externa device i uy 1. Engine Driven Supercharger ee ic tates pewter Fem engine eet ee = Engine | Serb unre (rr [eecaetie icles Ac: Arter coor" supercnangng 2, Turbo charger t ee c nts _| At low speed, engine drives the Compresaor eee How do you operate Compressor 7 re are different Methods Based on thi , the More PreMBuTe SPF, rated + Air Fouy 9.” ats = hen space i (eam ar engine, “V-type betes y, oo to cemmect engine & Compressor Tm 9 locomotive, Very high P Comprencorm OP whey W Super charger Means Compressor ‘W Super chargesr is different fem Supercharéging mete, Types oF Gmprevaors: (Super chargers) | | Rotary Type A. high peed», faction in Created at eye. Dut-te Cenerfugas action, alr diverges and due to increaing a between blade posmaaeh , vi (Ke d) & Prenaure incr | > Engine drives the compressor 4. Reciprocating type Conprensor panel Eo 3 2bar Prenare sem oh FA ed ine > natead oF puppet vabven , pring loaded* vaLvem are ured > cne-pidad Valuer, are ured _+ qutput Values open only ewhen prenaure teacher 2 bar a Pe % peRFoRmance OF AN TC ENGENE a Performanee_puameters 1. Lndicated Power (Z#) 2, Brake power (8°) 3. Friction power (FP) uy Thdicated thermal efficiency (em) 5. Braxe thermal efficiency (Tem) 6. Mechanical eFficiency (lmeeh») 1. Tndicates mean effective pressure (TMEX) 4 Braxe ‘mean effective presoure (MEP) “ 4. Brake specific, fuel conmumption ( ba Fe lo. Endicated Specific Fuel Consumption (inf) Basea on sfc, Bye oF engine ih determined. Bie = bate (By defaut) Constant pressure acting on the pisten which producey IP ah rp. Peas afc 2 Bore This in Fee Compariaion TP ' developed once for two tevolutions of crank bet BP is developed fer every zumk stroke TP. PLANE 0 mean AAZLA(N | Bemsael Fae w |S) 7 “eS! é Lbrream A KLAN oo Lad y | | os F cn> vet ve Ve wy Ty, B89 Fow eFFective Suction atroKe i Ave = free air delivered S> GAA Three popular Flow meter: Ventutimeter Orifice meter Rotameter Tn» a East *[y) & For every 2 revolutions “there js, ene Bactien Serews fem*)s) Method to determine FP + I. williadl Une Tethed 2. Morse tent 2. Retardation toe 1h Motoring tet 5 Disference between IP # BP Popularly uses for detorming FP OF Tticying © ® ® ay ) | | rear Ore ami ey) % (Tenet) -[fit th) 2 *O © Gab OFF apply 20 cytinder 2 P Speed decrea sen | Te make N= 1So0rpm again, decteare the lad + Whe 8¥q [At I600%pm) @ cutoff Supply 40 Cylinder 2 Flow same prose en - 2KN(WsR) eo © Similarly, gupply is Cut-oFF for 3” cylinder 2KN (W5R) 6 BR Bn = (4.443) +hth) 3 L Sime Friction i@ present though Similorty , BP- BR = Ta ep-oR - I, Tt Trzy is known & x is known fe From@®, Fit Fash ia known g. Air Flow ino a Heyinder, 4 Stroke petrol engine i measured by TEENA of a 75¢m diameter of Sharp edged orifice. During the teat on engine the fellouing data were Yecorded Tie = 1.5 Kahr cylinder bore = lem yumder Broke = 13Cm Engine peed = 2360 Pm Brake power ~ 96 46 Coerteg, = 06 C¥iyg = 424,000 Ks}oq Pressure drop acrosa orifice = M.1crm oF Water Colum Ambient temperature = 6 Ambient Pregiure = 1.013 bar based on Free air Cone Nrouemetrie conditions lif) Braxe MEP BP eat supruis (q) am 7 9+ mpxev + osxuaed? = 441 00 rap «3600 Nam = (20-30) Amy Zc engine, (Fer crons enti J 30% of power 1s din cut oF 00% pousr generated by bein fuct- : = Be seperti Sr Ed Lx Men Aha = Ul om of we fu aha = fay Nhu re Rie a he = 1225 kan? bys rane H1H1000 39.47 am oF air column on. rans + Length is, more S Working Fuxid i choten gerem) 8 water in U-Tube Tmanane| Sa» A Sagan, Ser 0.6*% WleS . Franeaaay = 0.06789 m')s ofan 2250.4 ~ 555 ms — 0.0926 ms o 26798 Ty > 296781 v 190 9 00736 ~ roam BP= Rmean Lx N «Kk «A 36x07. Ry 19x10 Zr Y 4 2250 xy 9 Pye hau2ce x pa = 144 bar © 194.26 Kepae) Kallm” 8 the bore & effective stroke OF 1B-Cylinder, 2 stroKe. pein Engine are trem & 17.81¢m respectively - The clearnnce Volume ig 460CC Find the CR & air- Atandard ePficiency of the cyte if the relative 2% R 55% % Mechanical 7] - 807. Also find Fc. Take hues = 42 Mrs Nseries” "“Ltndeated-thermol_ 2 Theoret La stanaane Gy (For oto cycle) ee Le Ve = Neoee = NEae ee ™ Vee Bott = E (ase) (1131 007) 7 05s x usMs = Ne, + Tam> 26.6647 anh > LP Thexev Gomip Pat | zh Tamxev sre Te rie * Gncvxane Oa ee owas Me Ave = 0.401 ¥3 fini -hr eee CV Tan gon ars Og folowing Sein see meted In & test on & bing | agbinder 4S Cr engine + Gores isomm, Stroke ~ speed of the engine = 500 tren. FCs COTE Kalmin .CUnur OM, Pitkerence in tention on either Bide of the braze pulley = WOON, Brake BF Circumference = 22m *Lengin of the indicated dagram ~ Somm, Area OF positive loop oF indicator diagram = U75- mn, Area oF negative laop oF indicator diagram =25-'mm", K+ 0.833 bar|mm catculate i) se © Tans. mer mat Wi) BF Bee Tadicator Diagram: Tp know the pressure inside the cylinder ait? | rT ogra ~~ Brean = Arnot Endiestor SOE + Spring can Tore Terms ~ diagram oy, Length of Endicater Brea of Tnaicatar diagam = Area, under (+¥e toop “£9 ten) Neecranicat ° = 83.06%, ate = BP rie _ 0.0N75 he - on, = 7930.38 Praan « ACA oF Siar diagram A oF Feta degre Spring cmtint Length of indicator diagram HA us potet engine Paving © Gytinaere > to weit ce 621 and deters S00KW brake fe ruvning at 2400 rpm Determine th Fe in eye mg data may be assumed Stroke = 125 (bere), Appa * 80% + Proan ® T= 502» Ces = HME Se Tech * 80% BP soy, @ EPs 375 kw oP IP = Poeey lo x 271x900, 60 = 98.6H Hrd Nanatnerman © —2P_ Tmaev 8 9301 an 660 = a8 4, Unarestherma —- 3860 Be eno = 32.387 Te 20 9 tar HBatkg my he Mas Be : 30, “eerase = Tie? The = EKG Heat Balance = Gg = ene eat Supplied = ewe teu Heat Corrios by the Water Gas = Tha * Ry (ay-te) + Be cws (08) eat Caned auiag by Be ethaurt gases Se > 30 BP 4 1 «(4pn0) = 35.99 408 + hth = 34.60 + 26.0% Bun = ke 4 of hese Carried anny by water yooh heat of heat Wat by tonnen) 28008 Moneen bévetopMenrs IN Fe ENOINES | ceox engine 2. Dual Fuel ard muitifuer engine 3. Marmogenous charge compreaaion igniti 4 Stratified charge engine | 5 Variable compression ratio engine © Biankel engine 1 Free pinion engine 3. Gasoline Direct. injection (@0X) engine ©> during suction, LPe or Biogas im SuppLied | buat Fuel Gan + igus “Not Popular due to peor Availabilty of gures O > Renearch stage Diese Engine - Hetergeroun charge ¢4ce} i Petol Engine = Hemogenous charge + Te hay 4 Catch fire without spark plug * For Lena krecxing " Horegenoun charge — Equat at all placen 17D Fedice Ney eminncns [PO one way oF sz erase Fa wien mice => tea mature Lean Knocking Dos Qwrbte Cempreraion ratio engine 1 r fede eran ep * CR can be changed before the atart of engine + Depending or Application, CR canbe changed © Rotary type engine © evr Fuel im injected wang Fuel injector HW Wankel Engine Se wre ECS | ecmauat port | | Becentrie ‘Shate > More torque can be obtained | 2 Trove revoustion : Three suction strokes Three Compresnion Three Combuscian nar Three cxnaase tive force on the piston ip leas due to poor Sealing action > Emiesions are high an ion, Po Feeiprocation Directly rotary action, * Leas vibration = Stmooth operation: 2 seme engine operaten Amity. than 45 engin | one power stroke per revetution ® ree Piston Engine Main cyuinaer _Aetuation cyLindey: feta £8 a ™, & comprensed air sy - : electrical arrangement Tne we re —* No comecting red crank Share Direct electricity is generated © Atored in battery > Madern development After gone days, We can ee these Engine ‘Stratified charge Engine iPerent Layers rocking i Lea Rien micas ner par | Spa png dee ~ Luan mitre mang Fam se pag Y vexrig i | Metiod® oF charge Stratification: ') Stratification by Fuel injection and positive ignition ‘2 Pre Chamber Stratitied Charge engine 3, Swirl stratified charge engine 3. Swirk Stratified charge engine Fact injector ft aye mn ~~ D2 nl ae sci Top view aF Cylinder Ae Fal wad perkrmance , they are equay or lea» than @ equauy an 57 engine ~? AL Park lad, Mtratified cx Sx erginey are equal in terms of perferty mance A Volumetric 1 is hi igh 0 there in Mo carburettor Emiasion chaacteriatics are lean H Heer Engine: . a omogenous it + Fuck entering the engine 6 0 EST eng, routs HOrONGh my 4 Emasiona are very lea Compares 5 co, noe une [ew aaen'o! react » Pot known, > Nee eminsion decreanes decane of Lens Fist sayy 4 tesa temperatures in C6. ~ Hlomegencum a+F Tictute is Supplied Lretwt (very team micture) High compression ratios are Taimtained (17:1) wy ik iy Very lean, ignitim werk taxe place stnatead of Bpark plug, Amall amcunt of dispel is injected. or ignition 2 Very leas Amount of fuel ,a% a whole, in 2 lesa @@ emission aw produced + other Fuels auch ab methanol ethanol can ale be used 2 This engine ip wcauied ax Hecx mode engine > Co absorbs the radiation coming from Sum amd atmospheric temp. Thay increane C0, Green house gar N,& 0, + Deen noe absorb radiation Black Soot Unreacted Carbon ry mipmiena Fram garoume engined (Vehicles) Four posmibte Acurce® of peuutants From petrot engines are + fuel tae J eo ay ne _ Carburetor = Crane care blowby ~ 20% = Exnawat pipe ~ 50 40.60% OF HE Noe B Co Fuck tank cap i> oper evaperation Setharesor- EF Haat doen met Flow propery verftww may tone pince Tn oid engines, the piston ie tapered . flap bho pisten & (under i@ more =) Fresh charge or Ethauat qatem Wil encape into Gem Gane -cate Gnd mtn atrnopphere * “Thin may be the reason far ban of Old Vehicles cer ipieideg the engine Im modern engines, piaten ring? eda ca speed OF the engi ¥ cea, time for Complete comburtin better Beating Systems are uped Ak high opeeda, t P in very lean A Mechaniaim of formation oF pollutants iw) ‘alne | Bree # Quench area iA” the reanen of He emmiAnicna TF Combus perfect, He + (ay #03) POFCD FAQ + air | La eaet air mixture in trapped in thin area Line atren between pinten £ Piston ring HEH 0, A MOH CF ME (Tanta | Ly one atreve, they are trapped © in Text irote, trey Come out Actual case Formation of Co HE + (Ms #0,) 9 HO Coy # CO + NOg + Heat sve +o forma during Cembuation , when very hich Tixtare | upplied to the engine. Tnaufficient oxygen a present 2 ¢ partly reacts with o leads to formatien > Unburne hydrocarbon ( + Dinnociation: Splitting oF HBC im He Observed im winter Season Fi ~ Accamarien oF she % exposure & Pun Ligne Li Significant production oF co formation oF Sm09 | carton particien, am it im Come out eh Wotntuces vniiviey | a : Formation oF No, Formation of particutar emisnions ‘e' i} leap ip | en OF Nou i “Nm mere QF tow temperatures. Bue at high Cane of Sr engines. onl es "Ch mes sen tre wm, | Nema "RD races ath ang om ; oe ‘the Formmcmen oF 0, leading to formation oF Nog Feas Emipaion of Hc . 7 | OF Now 7 Unburme tydrocarbens are result of incomplete % Sulphur ip used to reduce friction between pinten & cylinder % lead in added to petro to teduce Knocking |? The patern oF He i% remted 40 ) Design oF intake manifold 1) Shape of combustion chamber Foy imevenne fanitin (0g thay decreases Knocking Levels of different Operating Condition, pa omen Alenia rae Acatloratin C9 Doce, Alp ratio tems hI Bes thas Engine yao-500 W050 «1800-3000 3000- 10g ‘SPeed (rpm) “hoa or Wwe we i 4 Noclfrm) 9-50 Wo-teD —1600-30c9 19-50 5o-650 00-300 Hovinatg | He (erm) Se-te00 During acceleration & deceleration, He emiasion® Ar his 4a glew. = 2005 Goverment orm L wy! Now, 24 eww Bhatat stage Ir norma | > Te reduce Noy, exhaust gases are treated | Catalytic converters convert Now int Ny *+ coisin mebte materials — platinum | sae Gasoline engine emimnion Control approaches 1 engine dong modification 1 Tentment. oF exhaust 902 3. Fuel Tes\Fication 1 Engine 42897 modification lune oF lean air-fuel mature mation low temperatures + (ou No, formation tom timing Gi) Retarain Gvwng spare far before Toe te that complete A. O- Tombuation takes place > Parteularly at high apceds > Spark plug cam 2 engine crank are bi ‘that ignition timing can be retarded WW Medication of mbustion chamber +0 reduce quench area (0) 84 reducing Mate tame ras. npaet €) ) By resucing PAG Around pinten rings By feeucing diatamee oF top pnton ring from tp oF pinen io) Reduced vaive overlap feet More than 7 overiap should be aveided TF very tose overtap is present, exhaust gases ma Fetain B contarinate Frean charge 2. Treatment oF Exhouat gases » Murer )AFter burner -- = come out alirect 3TF high Pngh eT 928% 4 9. 4,, Bound is present =) paftlen muwane travel He pres, exnanne, after burner ig + TF He im present in the exhaun wept ateer the exhaunt 99:thal COMBUIEN Oey, the can happen onig inthe PreBence OF Cxceng mn the exrouse > Recent’ dais , Spark plug ‘® Kept at the exhous, W Exnaune 90% Otidation ce Os Ih a eth 2 Excen® 0, ip Supplied at the exhauet 70 thos y may covert co 40 COs May ai%0 Feack with (0 Caing |e ts Fe date ap Hoe eisninn i) Cotnighic Omverter pacvage: Nox Catalyst Se. | | [7 Recaupe oF thin Feb i Up, back pressure ‘may Ge build & exhnun gases Tmay be retained there in the engine Engine performance decrease Nog 9 Welco > Cos 4, ae ‘ | % Gilobat wartng ) clean exmaune may contain Root. (C) Thin, Tay be Fiueorea + Rmwalum Cotaryat foun Tore) “ey “outtet 1 Pouroun (spate) type material 1mpregnatec ith Catatgtic material + High Purtace| vouume tatia of poroay medium Tha Aesinties Bharat Stage 4 Norms 3, Fuet_ Modification, 4 Tnetead of Liquid fuer , go For gaseous Fuels, u NO co,ne emiasons Beer thing Getter chemical Reaction Better combuatien Beat gasecus fuels cna, LPG, propane + cv la nigh Clean gan Cx Absorbing radiation & storing S Tntermabenat Fuignts Domestic a \ Pex engine Eminnion Level Le 7 . re ee eee 7 four- Stroke inside earth crust “due to Mmoeaeed femperaiin, © gminnon | er erene Hmm sormaly aspirated \ faa eee \ seen | le 4 He, Co, nog & Stake (Particutar matter) 1 on ea } ore | om 3 Smee: Visibie Combustion product® duet poy, 2. Gy | 168 ae | a9 combustion ie | 3He ppm | 250 i _ of amoke Formation depends on (8) Air Fuel tas a.émae frm) 8 60 9 as odour 34 as S08 corten aglemerate into bigger particles having an engine Emission Norma_{acet) ‘Objectionable darkening effects i» called ®mow Noe Srroee Power Range © (alewe) eeu) lens) Smoke: Formed when Lubricate Light-extinction type (Hartridge Smote meter) + paso vane (EAR © exhause forage “= + By pass (census) Vearause bypass Pure hydrogen when burnt —prduces invisible Flames | Of010 ses ow asses i samy + amiation in lm due te to c’ (only vs) i 4 photo electric cau (Reference) ea” 1 7 Gl Then @ vavve i opened &S ex. j Me ¥ iene j + Tonigation i wore due te Presence ‘c’ | Baaee Neeanair This is uses 4 Compare HC emianion levels Density oF sieve in tom 2 lese Light pasnen Gn the other Aide, Clear air ie present 1 Light i ensity 9asre! WF Non- pispersive Infra-red [NorR)_amalyser {fer measuring co Conentrations ) nF soucy Rotating Shutter eM-setting Ahuten Pas» [de mot pase Te tadiation + Rotating shutter “1 TR ays dw avschos concentration, i © i the reference ” | Oi for aomples 7 TR rays at Particular wlavelengtn i peculiar 40 <0 7% outrut Signat depends om the Co. Concentration He chemituminincence Analyner (CLA) (weanure Nog Concentrations) Flow meter > CLA Teaturen Now “+ Principle: No reacts uth oione t© give No, in an electronically excited State. This emits photons (with 4) Sue to hin de output i Measured. Nb React @ 6co" 410 prauce €° - S87 ALTERNATE FUELS. T epee ee —* Atternate to Tonsil fuel» W® Bio diewet + obtained from Seeds. re winceu eterogeneu mmisiure Come out Along wih Mah P gaa fm ent to engine, it 2 TE this fm ment to eng) TMA TOE Cope gr why CIV iB cheap ? eaaily Lise owsind presse to rede in, | * Dittt tring oF exe con be done Tanetbiemtianentsiication * ee eee Ly dee, F sored ling .deterates ~ wih one Pipe, you cam extract cnr 4 Plactical usage oF biodievel i dit ficutt oe ee (heterogenous micture Comen out) Attermate Fuel» + Repidue of crude cit i thor Gar Fuets PP electricity [Batterion & Fuet cells) Lena No proeanny = Ye on oc Ateone fuels used im ST engine cheap dere |: Simitar characteristicn a8 gasoline 2 brs — Gio-dienet is used im cx engine Major problem with ethanol i@ corrosion — Energy density i9 more in Liquid fuel PP Gaseous Free 1% bi fader ib aged to rom A Hydrogen): po yag by Electtolypin © Maras ot. a diene. “Te butt 6 content ip pre : ae b present in biodiesel) 2, Eman — pure water i noe necessary Fer sptitting nits Bi-dienet ip good. 90.00 camtort | ep, ~ tye ane os demons salve Direct Methamol fuel cell. [Sd Research area Teint OF iA pesforma 4 Performance & exinvion FAH seven Characteristics are geod Pen to as ryewn| He Hbo, = tho eect tale mate a” ® Fuel cetle : po mot store enerad Chemical energy i Converted into electricity H Depiranie properties oF alternate fuel (Cheap Savaitabltity. 2. High cv. 3. leas Modifications tothe etisting engine 2.26800 Kil Cy,» 112.93 Mareg CMetrae (very high) 4. Leae eriaaiona. 5. Safety. | 6. Better performance: Wu, may Course *eflamm invisible Flames Flash point: Min. temperature os which fuel arts evaporating

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi