GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY BY SPEED

BREAKERS

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply
of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage
of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An
energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis,
energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not
entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007
Burmese anti-government protests were initially sparked by rising
energy prices. Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the
Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved before
entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when
monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due
to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government
embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption,
infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port
facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during
unusually cold winters. EMERGING SHORTAGES Crisis that currently
exist include; • Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing
demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar,
and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq.
Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil
reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil
production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is
also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by
abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area
dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis
Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the
speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the
highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with
the SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it
produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between
vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is
produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind
then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in
environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR directly we
can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the
WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this
project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to
generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the
principle of “POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored
within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted
into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called
potential energy because it has the potential to change the states
of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the
height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic
energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its
motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a
given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this
energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic
energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same
magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest
from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the
formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by
converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on
a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over
the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential
energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the
breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel
type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a
geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is
coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A
vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a
rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one
such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles
pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be
produced every single minute.

At present we are facing shortage of electricity. electricity can be

generated using speed breakers,strange, isn't it?The benefits from
this idea will be to generate electricity for the streetlights, hoardings
and then for other use. The functioning will be as follows: 1.The
speed breaker on a busy road will be lifted from one side and fixed on
other side( on one way road) 2. There will be a crankshaft
mechanism below the speed breaker.The shaft of the generator will
be attached to the disc and the rod connected to the disc from the
speed breaker.This arrangement will make 1 rotation as soon as the
vehicle moves over the speed breaker.(rotations can be increased
using gears) 4. There will be electricity storing unit to store the
generated electricity during the day and will be used during the night.
the manufacturing cost is low.but the installation might be bit
expensive but still affordable. Research : the prototype made using a
simple dc motor gave an unbelievable output of 12 volts.and the cost
of the prototype was just 400 rs. This proves the feasibility of this
project. the idea can be applied on heavy traffic roads.

it works on the principle that when a moving vehicle passes through this set up ,the
kinetic energy of vehicle will cause roller to rotate which will further rotate transmission
shaft and hence the generator armature (i.e. acting as prime mover to run generator).

When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in
potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip

When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism.
This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is
coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity

A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces

approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where
about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced
every single min

Introduction: :
Introduction: Is anyone happy with current situation of electricity in India??? So, this is our small step to try
to improve this situation by our project. First of all what does electricity mean to us??? Electricity- secondary
source of energy i.e. converted from other sources. We need it for every small thing, still notice it’s
importance only during load shedding.

OBJECTIVES: :
OBJECTIVES: “Shaping Imagination” “Electricity”-Need of the hour

Scope, Merits and Uses :

Scope, Merits and Uses Low Budget electricity production Less floor area No obstruction to traffic Easy
maintenance Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc. Uses: Charging batteries and
using them to light up the streets, etc.

BASIC PRINCIPLE: :
BASIC PRINCIPLE: Simple energy conversion from Mechanical to Electrical. To generate electricity using
the vehicle weight (potential energy) as input Possible using 3 different mechanisms: Crank-shaft
mechanism Roller mechanism Rack- Pinion mechanism
Why Rack- Pinion mechanism?? :
Why Rack- Pinion mechanism?? Crank-shafts are required to be mounted on bearings which creates
balancing problem leading to mechanical vibrations which in turn damage the bearings. Secondly as
bearings are of sliding type, any occurrence of variable load( which is bit obvious in case of vehicles!!) leads
to balancing problem.

Slide 7:
Roller mechanism has some different disadvantages. Maintenance will be very difficult Might cause collision.

Slide 8:
What we did??? Rack-Pinion assembly gives good mounting convenience Maximum gear losses– 3 to 5%
Efficiency– 95%

Construction of generator: :
Construction of generator: Initial experiments- DC motor as Generator How is electricity generated??? Basic
principle of generation of electricity. What we did???

Challenges we faced!! :
Challenges we faced!! Selecting suitable generator. Selection of springs. Achieving proper balance of speed
and torque.

What we achieved??? :
What we achieved??? We LEARNT a lot. Constructed our own generator by applying the basic principle.
Although we got less electrical output, we have successfully explained our idea of generating electricity from
speed breaker.

Future Scope: :
Future Scope: Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque and
ultimately output of generator. More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.

Slide 13:
THANKYOU

Rack and pinion

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
convert rotational motion into linear motion. The circular pinion engages teeth on a linear
"gear" bar – the rack. Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move
to the side, up to the limit of its travel. For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a
pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and pulls a
train along a steep slope.

The rack and pinion arrangement is commonly found in the steering mechanism of cars
or other wheeled, steered vehicles. This arrangement provides a lesser mechanical
advantage than other mechanisms such as recirculating ball, but much less backlash and
greater feedback, or steering "feel". The use of a variable rack (still using a normal
pinion) was invented by Arthur E Bishop, so as to improve vehicle response and steering
"feel" especially at high speeds, and that has been fitted to many new vehicles, after he
created a specialised version of a net-shape warm press forging process to manufacture
the racks to their final form, thus eliminating any subsequent need to machine the gear
teeth.

Enclosed steering rack in an automobile

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the
profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius.

A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the
design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.

Dynamo
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator
that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first
electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon
which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the
electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely
used for power generation now because of the dominance of alternating current, the
disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of converting alternating to direct current
using solid state methods.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small
electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub
dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.

Description

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine
consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic
field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The
motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in
the metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant
magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines
have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are
usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a
magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an
alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating
current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating,
used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a
replacement for batteries. The commutator is a essentially a rotary switch capable of an
extremely large number of make and break operations. It consists of a set of contacts
mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called
"brushes", because the earliest such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator
reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential
reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.
ABSTRACT
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to
day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it
becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional sources for
power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some kinetic energy
and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power
by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.
The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical
energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is
connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical energy
proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated by
using zenor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be housed
under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The generated
power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic signals. The
electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in series
this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric
devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this
arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some extent.
KEY WORDS:
Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit, Speed
breaker, magnetic field.

INTRODUCTION:
In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human
life .The availability and its percapita consumptions is regarded as the index
of national standard of living in the present day civilization. Energy is an
important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is
due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been increased
rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased. India
is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of sufficient power
generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is about 8000
K.W.H., where as per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with 7% of world
population consumes 32% of total power generation where as INDIA as
developing country with 20% of world population consumes only 1% of
total energy consumed in the world. The availability of regular conventional
fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but there is a fear
that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few decades. Therefore,
we have to investigate some approximate, alternative, new sources for the
power generation, which is not depleted by the very few years.
Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for today is the
pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the land, in
aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major pollution
producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of renewable
sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial fossil
fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already
existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC
(ocean thermal energy conversi
ons) etc…for power generation. The latest technology which is used to
generate the power by such renewable energy is the” POWER HUMP”.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being
wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a
special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an Electro-Mechanical
unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical techniques for
the power generation and its storage. POWER HUMP is a dome like device
likely to be speed breaker. When ever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the
dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome
are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome
moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth
connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack
into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A
flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the
fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts
will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt
drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density. Whenever an
armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an
E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing the
E.M.F.armature coil has to rotate, for rotating this armature it is connected to
a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is induced, for this rotation kinetic
energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the
directions; to convert this power into one way a special component is used
called zenor diode for continuous supply. All this mechanism can be housed
under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called HUMP. The electrical
output can be improved by arranging these POWER HUMPS in series. This
generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electrical
devices.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:
The various machine elements used in the construction of power hump are


RACK


PINION


WHEEL


CAST IRON

SHAFT


SPRINGS


ELECTRIC DYNAMO
A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is
clamped. The rack consists contact teeth on both the faces. It is connected to
two gear wheels to rotate the gear wheels only in one direction. We have
inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are
mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the
shaft is simply supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a
dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of
dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total assembly is
arranged in concrete pit.
CONCLUSION:
Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and
standard of living of a country and can be directly related to per-capita
energy consumption. The conventional sources energy lik
e coal, oil, uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the
century man will
have to depend upon non conventional sources of energy for power
generation. The various types of non-conventional sources of
energy are solar energy, wind energy,
biogas etc… now by developing “POWER HUMP” we can generate power
with out utilizing any
external sources mentioned earlier. Now, vehicular traffic in big
cities is more, causing a problem to human being. But this vehicular traffic
can also be utilized for power generation by means of new technique called
“POWER HUMP”. If it is placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and
kinetic energy of the
vehicles can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this
mechanical power is once again converted into electrical energy.
As it does not utilize any external source, and traffic will never be reduced,
these power humps are more reliable, and have more life than any other
power source. It is also feasible from the customer point of view as follows.
The total installation cost of the hump is 6000 rupees. Total cost = 6000
rupees Say with improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt
capacity, which will consume 2.7 K.W.H. per day. For t years electricity
bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e. the consumer will be repaid his
investment with in 2 years period. From this onwards, there will be no
investment and free of cost. The life of POWER HUMP is estimated to be 6
years. So the customer will get free power generation for 4 years period.
But the major drawback of this POWER HUMP is design of springs. When
we have less traffic and there is difficulty in design of springs also the
generation of power is intermittent, we have to smooth out this variations.
With proper improvements in design and installation, we can produce
240v/230v with 5-10A power smoothly and can be used for public use like
streetlights or traffic signals.

Advantage:-

1. We can generate more amount of electricity.

2. we can lighten our steeet lamps.
3. extra electricity can be send to villages also.
Disvantage:-

1. we have to check mechanism from time ot time .

2. It can get rusted in rainy season.
3. It will not work with light weight vehicle