History of Medical

Technology
MSInterno,RMT
TPGabon,RMT,MLS(ASCP)
❖Clinical Laboratory Science/ Medical Laboratory Science

❖Collection, receipt, preparation, investigation and

laboratory analysis of samples of human biological
material

❖Deals with the diagnostic or therapeutic applications of

science and technology.

❖Deals with the study and practice of diagnostic

laboratory medicine.
History of Medical Science and
Technology on a global context
 Stone Age

Belief of unknown → Foundation of superstition

Diseases→ Works of evil spirits
Treatment:
Prayers & Rituals
Febrile conditions
Purgation, Sweating, Blood donation & Diet Restrictions
Bronze Age

• Priest
• Healers & exorcists

• No clear knowledge about

anatomy
• Known about heart beat
Iron Age

• “Father of Medicine”

• Hippocratic Oath

• Four "humors" or body

fluids in man

• 1. blood 2. phlegm
• 3.yellow bile 4. black bile
HIPPOCRATES 460
BC – 370 BC
Iron Age

Galen
• Greek physician
• Practice medicine
under Aristotelian
philosophy
• Dissections
• Human & animal
anatomy
 • Traces the beginning of MT
back to 1550 BC
• TAENIA and ASCARIS
were mentioned in early
writings
• Ebers Papyrus have descriptions
VIVIAN HERRICK of three stages of hookworm
infections.
 • “Introduction of Medical
Technology”
• Urinalysis was a fad during the
Medieval period (1096-1438)
• Urinalysis (the oldest
laboratory procedure”)
• Hindu doctors

RUTH WILLIAMS → Urine attracted ants and has

sweetish taste
 • Believed that Medical Technology
begins during the 14 th Century

• Allesandra Giliani by Mondino de’

Liuzzi to perform tasks now
under the domain of the MT
profession
• Died from a laboratory
ANNA FAGELSON
acquired infection
first unlucky recipient of blood
transfusion ANIMAL→ANIMAL first successful transfusion of blood
first to perform direct blood transfusion HUMAN→HUMAN

POPE INNOCENT VIII RICHARD LOWER JAMES BLUNDELL

1492 1631-1691 1829

WILLIAM HARVEY JEAN-BAPTISTE

1578-1657 DENYS
1643-1704
discovered blood performed the first fully documented
circulation human blood transfusion.
ANIMAL→HUMAN
 • Father of Microbiology
• Invented the Compound
Microscope
• First one to describe blood cells
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
1632-1723 • First one to see protozoa
 • the “Greatest of the
Early Microscopists”

• works in embryology and

anatomy definitely marks
him as the “Founder of
MARCELLO MALPIGHI Pathology”
1628-1694
• CROSS-IMMUNITY of
smallpox and cowpox
EDWARD JENNER
1798
 • Searched and found
answer to the
diagnosis of his
patients by several
means

DR. WILLIAM OCCAM • Investigation in a laboratory

 • Through his leadership
medicine brought itself in
a complete revolution

• Anatomical Pathology and

Bacteriology
BARON KARL WILHELM VON
HUMBOLDT
1815
 • 1854 - developed the first visual
colorimeter based on Beer’s Law.

• 1902 – introduced in the clinical

JULES DUBOSCQ
laboratory.
 • One of the youngest of the
medical specialist
• Founded the Archives of
RUDOLF VIRCHOW Pathology in Berlin in 1847
 First attenuated vaccine discovers medical use
• Pioneer of antiseptic of X-rays in medical
surgery develops an anthrax vaccine.
develops a rabies vaccine imaging

Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Wilhelm Conrad

1827–1912 1880-1882 Röntgen 1895

Hermann Fehling Emil von Behring

1847-1925 1890
Performed the first
quantitative test for urine Serum antitoxins
sugar.
With the production of Aniline Dyes about the middle of 19th century, it
became possible to stain bacteria and to study them better under the
Microscope
 • Noted for having first distinguished
the ABO blood group system.

• Blood Typing
KARL LANDSTEINER
1901
 • Urinalysis were practiced

Middle Age • Herbal medicines – widely used

• Therapeutic benefits were not
(450 AD-1450 scientifically proven
AD)
• School of Salermo – first school
organized medical school in Europe

• China’s most effective means of

treatment
• Acupuncture
• Arabic science
• Field optics that led to specialization
in the treatment of eye disease
 • Scientific revolution
Era of • Major era of transition
Scientific and • “modern science”
Industrial • Scientific method → logical
Revolutions reasoning, experimental
observations and rational
induction

• Industrial revolution
• Mechanical devices
• 18th
• Improvement of Medical
educations
• Schools were founded in
Vienna, Edinburgh & Glasgow
• “Age of Enlightenment”

• 19th (Era of rapid discoveries)

• Spirometer
• Sphygmomanometer
• Creation of industrial research
laboratories
 Stethoscope Ophthalmoscope
Xray
Invented by Rene Laennec Invented by Hermann Von Invented by Wilhelm
Helmholz Roentgen

1816 1850 1859

1840 1855
Microscope Laryngoscope
Invented by Anton Van Devised by Manual
Leeuwonhoek Garcia
Electrocardiograph Drinker respirator Cardiac
Developed by William Invented by Philip Drinker catherization and
Einthoven Angiography

1903 1927 1941

1910 1939
Kenny method Heart Lung
Devised by Elizabeth Machine invented
Kenny by Hermann Von
Helmholz
History of MT
in the US • It was in United States of
America that this science was
highly developed to a very great
extent due to its financial
capabilities, manpower & interest
is more emphasized to cope with
the modern world.
Dr. Silas Douglas

• started the first laboratory

instruction
• University of Michigan- first
chemical laboratory in the USA
(1844).
Dr. William H. Welch

• The Father of American

Pathology
• Set up the first pathology
laboratory in America at
Bellevue Hospital in 1878
 JOHN
SCOTT
BURDON- • concluded that the use of
laboratory methods in Clinical
SANDERSON Medicine elucidates
1887 pathological problems.
 Dr. William Osler
•
1896 - first clinical laboratory at the John
Hopkins Hospital.

• routine examination were carried out,

special attention being given to the search
for malarial parasite in the blood

A clinical laboratory was also opened at

the University of Pennsylvania in 1986
(William Pepper Laboratory)
Dr. Simon Flexner
In 1900 census, 100
technicians, all male were
employed in the United States.
This increases to 3,500 in 1920
where in roughly 60% was
females. Two years later, 3035
hospitals had clinical
laboratories.
 DR. JAMES C.
TODD

• 1908 - wrote “A Manual

of Clinical Diagnosis”;
retitled “Clinical
Diagnosis by
Laboratory Methods”
World War I
(1914-1918) • An important factor in the
growth of the clinical
laboratory with a demand for
medical personnel in the
military as well as civilian
hospitals.
 State of
Pennsylvania • passed a law that required all
(1915) hospitals be equipped with
adequate laboratories
employing trained
technicians.
• One of the first schools
for training workers
• “Courses in Medical
Technology for Clinical
and Laboratory
Technicians”
• first to offer a degree
level program believed to
be in 1923
In 1923, the American Society of
Clinical Pathologists (ASCP) was
organized.

1936
American Board of Pathology

1939, the American Medical

Technologists (AMT) was formed.
 • Marked effect on lab medicine;
World War II the use of blood increased & the
(1939-1945) “closed system” of blood
collection was widely adopted.

• Instrumentation was advanced,

with these instruments, the
measurement of the intensity of
color production, dozen of new
chemical test became possible.
 Era of sophistication

stated legislature of Pennsylvania

In census, 100 technicians, all
male were employed in the
United States.
→all hospitals and Institutions to
have an adequate lab and to Denver Society of the Clinical
employ a full-time lab technician Pathologist was organized

1900 1915 1921

1911 1914-1918
World War I was an important factor
in the growth of the clinical
Insurance Act was
laboratory and produced a great
approved demand for technicians.
two-year collegiate education
Clinical Laboratory Improvement National Committee for Clinical
and a twelve-month actual
Act of 1967 Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)
training

1940 1967 1977

1950 1975
Medical Technologists were required
to have a bachelor’s degree or the
standard curriculum was
equivalent
formalized
 1999
Term was adopted
 • San Lazaro 1578
Spanish • Established to cure leprosy
Colonial
• Hospital de San Juan de
Dios 1596
• First laboratory in the
Philippines

• Hospital De San Jose 1641

• Cavite
 • Laboratorio Municipal de Manila 1887
Spanish • Established by government to analyze water
and food on clinical specimens
Colonial • Now the Bureau of Science
• Engaged in pathological studies of
infectious diseases

• Epidemics infectious diseases

• Cholera, plague, smallpox, dysentery and
typhoid

• Medicine and pharmacy

• Most developed health related field
American Regime

• University of the Philippines 1908

• College of Agriculture in Los Banos

• Bureau of Science – principal government

research laboratory and training institution for
future scientist
• Top foci research includes:
• Cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue fever, beriberi, diphtheria,
amoebic dysentery
World War II • Health was given the highest
priority by the government
Era-Postwar
to 1972 • DOH was reorganized

• National health problems :

schistosomiasis, malaria &
malnutrition
Martial Law • Tertiary hospital were established:
• Philippine Heart Center
• Lung Center of the Philippines
• National Kidney and Transplant
Institute

• Primary Health Care System was

adopted
• Emphasized the importance of
promotive and preventive care
 Aquino Administration
• Health related laws were passed:
Martial Law • The maternal Code
• The Milk Code
• The Generics Law (RA 6675)
a.k.a Generics Act of 1988
• The Magna Carta of Public
Health Workers (RA 7305)
• The National Health Insurance
Act of 1995 (RA 7875)
• The Organ Donation Act of
1991 (RA 7170)
Martial Law Ramos administration
• EO 29: Philippine National
AIDS Council as the national
policy and advisory body on
control and prevention of
HIV-AIDS
• The National Blood Services
Act of 1994 (RA 7719)
• Medical technology practice
was introduced by the
26th Medical Laboratory
of the 6th US Army

• First clinical laboratory in

the Philippines at
Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz,
Manila where the Manila
Public Health Laboratory is
presently located.
 JUNE 1943
• US Army left and endorsed the clin lab to
National Department of Health

• The lab rendered non-functional for some time

FEBRUARY, 1944
• The laboratory offered training programs to high
school graduates
 October 1, 1945
• Organized Manila
Public Health
Laboratory

DR. ALFREDO
• Dr. Mariano Icasiano- Manila
PIO DE RODA City Health Officer
 1947
• Training of high school
graduates as medical
technicians

• No period of training,
DR. PIO DE RODA DR. PRUDENCIA
• No
Certificate STA. ANA
 1954
• Prepared syllabus for the
training program
• 6 months laboratory training
• Certificate is given DR. PRUDENCIA
STA. ANA
 • 1953
• THEFOUNDER OFTHE
MEDICALTECHNOLOGY
• EDUCATION/COURSE IN THE
WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
PHILIPPINES.
 PHILIPPINE UNION COLLEGE
1954

• Now known as the Adventist

University of the Philippines

• offered the first four-year B.S.

degree in Medical Technology
with Manila Sanitarium (Manila
Adventist Medical Center)
 1956
• PUC-first Medical
technology graduate

• OB-Gyne practitioner and

JESSE UMALI was an owner of Omega
Laboratories
 UNIVERSITY OF STO. TOMAS
1957

• Dr. Antonio Gabriel & Dr. Gustavo Reyes

June 17,1957
• Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as acourse.

June1960
• a temporary permit was issued by the DOE

June 14,1961
• full recognition of the 4 – year B.S. MedicalTechnology
course
 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY
1960

• Mrs. Purification Sunico-Suaco who was

granted by the University President Carmen de
Luna

• Their first graduates were in 1962

 FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
1961

• Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and

Dr. Serafin J. Juliano

• It produced its first

graduates in 1963.
History of Medical
Technology