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The integument as an organ:

The integument as an
organ, a
nd is an alternative name for
skin.

The integumentary system

includes the skin and the skin
derivatives hair, nails, and
glands.
The Integument
 Is the largest system of the body
 16% of body weight,
 1.5 to 2m2 in area,
 The integument is made up of two parts:
1. Cutaneous membrane
a. Epidermis– Superficial epithelium
b. Dermis – underlying CT with blood supply
2. Accessory structures
a. Hair
b. Nails
c. Exocrine Glands
Protection
 First line of defense against
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Protects underlying structures from
 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
 Dehydration
Vitamin D production
 Needed for calcium absorption
Sensation
 Sensory receptors
 Body temperature regulation
If too hot
 Dermal blood vessels dilate
 Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape

If too cold

 Dermal blood vessels constrict
 Prevents heat from escaping

 Excretion
Small amounts of waste products are lost through
perspiration
 Understanding how the skin can function in these many
ways starts with understanding the structure of the 3
layers of skin
The Epidermis
Epithelial tissue
Dermis
Dense connective tissue proper – irregular
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous tissue- loose connective tissue proper
and adipose tissue
Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis
or
subcutaneous layer
The Epidermis
Is a vascular stratified squamous epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

Cells of the Epidermis

Keratinocytes
Contain large amounts of keratin

Are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Epidermis

Epidermal
ridge

Dermal
papilla
Dermis

The structural relationship and

interface between the epidermis
and underlying dermis. The
proportions of the various layers
differ with the location sampled.
Thin Skin
Covers most of the body

Has four layers of keratinocytes

Thick Skin
Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Has five layers of keratinocytes

 Structures of the Epidermis
 The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
 From basal lamina to free surface
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
 Surface

E Stratum
corneum
P
I Stratum
lucidum
D
E Stratum
granulosum

R Stratum
spinosum
M Stratum basale

I Basement
membrane
S Papillary layer of dermis Dermis
Thick skin LM  210
 Stratum Basale
Is attached to basement membrane by
hemidesmosomes
Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)
Increase the area of basement membrane
Strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
Has many basal cells or germinative cells
 Epidermal ridges

Pores of sweat
gland ducts

Epidermal
ridge

Thick skin SEM  25

 Stratum Spinosum — the ―spiny layer‖
Produced by division of stratum basale
Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes
Cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out (spiny)
Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in
immune response
Stratum Granulosum — the ―grainy layer‖
Stops dividing, starts producing

Keratin
A tough, fibrous protein

Makes up hair and nails

Keratohyalin
Dense granules

Cross-link keratin fibers

Stratum Lucidum — the ―clear layer‖
Found only in thick skin
Covers stratum granulosum
Stratum Corneum — the ―horn layer‖
Exposed surface of skin
15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
Water resistant
Shed and replaced every 2 weeks
 The Dermis
 Located between epidermis
and subcutaneous layer
 Anchors epidermal accessory
structures (hair

Dermis
follicles, sweat glands)
 Two components
1. Outer papillary layer
2. Deep reticular layer
 The Papillary Layer
 Consists of areolar tissue
 Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory
neurons
 Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
 The Reticular Layer
 Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
 Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve
fibers
 Contains collagen and elastic fibers
 Contains connective tissue proper
An inflammation of the papillary layer
Caused by
 infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals
(e.g., poison ivy)
Characterized by
itch or pain
Characteristics
Strong, due to collagen fibers
Elastic, due to elastic fibers
Flexible
 Dermal
papillae

Capillary loop
Epidermal of papillary
ridges plexus

Hair

Papillary
layer

Papillary
Reticular plexus
layer

Cutaneous
plexus
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by
connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
The Hair Follicle
 Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.

 Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.

 Located deep in dermis.

 Produces nonliving hairs.

 Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.

 Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).

Control bacteria
Accessory Structures of Hair
Exposed
Arrector pili shaft
of hair

Involuntary smooth muscle

Causes hairs to stand up Sebaceous
gland
Produces ―goose bumps‖
Arrector
pili
Sebaceous glands muscle
Connective
Lubricate the hair tissue sheath

Root hair
plexus
Regions of the Hair
Hair shaft
Hair root
Sebaceous
Lower part of the hair Boundary gland
between Arrector
hair shaft pili muscle
Attached to the integument and
hair root

Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair Hair root

Connective
Not attached to the tissue sheath
Hair bulb
integument
Hair matrix
Hair papilla
 Hair Shaft Structure
 Medulla
 Core, dead cells contain soft keratin and air to provide
flexible
 Cortex
 Middle layer, dead cells contain hard keratin to provide
stiffness
 Cuticle
 Outermost, overlapping dead keratinized cells form
shiny surface
 Head:
 UV protection
 Cushion from trauma
 Insulation
 Nostrils, Ear canals, Eyelashes:
 Prevent entry of foreign material
 Body Hair:
 sensory detection
 Root hair plexus:
 Sensory nerves at base of hair follicle that detect slight
movement of hair
 Arrector pili muscle:
 Attached to every hair follicle
 Contract to stand hair perpendicular to skin surface
Nails
Free edge
 Protect fingers and toes of Nail

 Made of dead cells packed with Body of

Nail
keratin
Laternal
 Metabolic disorders can change Nail fold

nail structure
Lunula
Nail Production
Eponychium
 Occurs in a deep epidermal fold (cuticle)

near the bone called the nail root

Structure of a Nail
Nail body
The visible portion of the nail
Covers the nail bed
Lunula
The pale crescent at the base of the nail
Sides of nails
Lie in lateral nail grooves
Surrounded by lateral nail folds
 Lateral
nail Nail
groove body
Lateral nail fold

Nail
bed
Phalanx
(bone of
fingertip) A cross-sectional
view
 Eponychium
Proximal nail fold Lunula Nail body

Nail root

Epidermis Dermis Phalanx Hyponychium

A longitudinal section
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