National Institute Of Tecchnology

Department of Electronics and Communication

ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LAB-7

SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S

Kenneth Raj Kumar & Santosh.v

17EC150 17EC151

Submitted to:
S.Rekha

NITK, NOVEMBER 2019

Table of Contents
0.1 Components Required: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.2 Theory: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
0.3 Design: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.4 Caluclation’s: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.5 Simulation Observation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.6 Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
subcaption

Aim:
0.1 Components Required:
REQUIRED SHEET
Components Quantity Value
Breadboard 1 -
Connecting Wires Many -
IC UA741 1 -
Signal Generator 1 -
Connecting Probes 2 10X
1 1X
DSO 1 -
Power Supply 1 (-15V 0V 15V)
Resistors 3 10K
1 5.6K
1 15K
2 4.7K
2 0.33UF

0.2 Theory:
An Op amp is a high gain differential amplifier with very high impedance.Very high open loop gain
allow for creating amplifiers with stable gain using feedback.Low pass filter is a circuit which al-
lows only low frequencies signals than a certain value and rejects the high frequency signals.That
frequency after which the attenuation of signal starts is nothing but Cutoff frequency of the
filter.Frequencies ranges which are below Cutoff frequency are called Pass band and higher fre-
quencies range are called stop band.Amplitude at Cutoff frequency is 0.707 times the value in pass
band,so at this ,signal is 3dB below the pass band.
The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the
basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass filter, high-pass
filter and band-pass filter circuits.As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either
passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required over a limited
range of frequencies. The advantage of using Sallen-Key Filter designs is that they are simple to
implement and understand.The Sallen and Key topology is an active filter design based around
a single non-inverting operational amplifier and two resistors, thus creating a voltage-controlled
voltage-source (VCVS) design with filter characteristics of, high input impedance, low output
impedance and good stability, and as such allows individual Sallen-key filter sections to be cas-
caded together to produce much higher order filters.In Sallen key filter we can modify the filter
charecteristics(like Cutoff frequency and Q)using R,C and Amplifier gain.This makes filter easy.

SALLEN KEY 1
FILTER’S
 Figure 1: Sallen key low pass filter
Low pass filter is connected to non inverting pin of the opamp to avoid Loading effect.Here both
-1
+ve and -ve feedbacks are P haseresponse = tan
present,but R2 ((ω/ω0 )/(1
has instant − (ω/ω
effect )2 )
than 0C(because the effect due to
capacitor on Vp is sluggish(takes time).Therefore here -ve feedback is more dominant than positive
feedback.
p
M agnituderesponse = K/ ((1 − (ω/ω0 )2 )2 + (ω/Qω0 )2 )

Figure 2: Sallen key high pass filter

An High pass filter is a circuit which allows the high frequency ranges than a certain value and

2 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
attenuates all the low frequencies signals.The passive components CA,CB,RA,RB form the second
order frequency circuit.Thus at low frequencies capacitors CA,CB appears as open circuits,so input
signal is blocked which results in no output.At higher frequencies CA,CB appears as short circuits
so the signal is buffered directly to the output.
p
M agnituderesponse = K(ω/ω0 )2 / ((1 − (ω/ω0 )2 )2 + (ω/Qω0 )2 )

0.3 Design:
When the,second order low pass filter is connected to the non inverting pin of the opamp as shown
in the fig1,then its called Secondorder lowpass Sallen key filter.Using components and connecting
wires prepare the circuit as shown in the figure.
The Amplifier gain of the Opamp(K) = 1 + R4/R3.
we can simplify the design by choosing the resistors R1=R2=R and capacitors C1=C2=C then
Cutoff frequency = 1/(2π)RC
Qualityf actorQ = 1/(3 − K).
W eneedtodesignthelowpasssallenkeyof cutof f f requency1KHz.//Similarlywhenthesecondorderhighpassf ilterisc
R2 = RandC1 = C2 = C
Cutof f f requency = 1/(2π)RC
Qualityf actorQ = 1/(3 − K).
T heAmplif iergainof theOpamp(K) = 1 + R4/R3.

0.4 Caluclation’s:
Sallen key lowpass filter
Gain(K) = 1 + R2/R1

Q = 1/(3 − K)

3 − K = 1/Q

K = 3 − 1/Q

Given
Cutoff frequency = 1KHz
1/(2π)RC = 1000
LetC = 0.01µF
R = 1/2000π0.01 ∗ 10− 6
R = 16KΩ
Case 1:Q = 0.707

K = 3 − (1/0.707)

SALLEN KEY 3
FILTER’S
 K = 1.586

K = 1 + R2/R1

1.586 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 0.586

LetR1 = 10KΩ

thenR2 = 5.86KΩ.

Case 2 : Q = 0.5

K = 3 − (1/Q)

K = 3 − (1/0.5)

K=1

K = 1 = 1 + R2/R1

Implies R2 = 0KΩ R1 = 10KΩ

Case 3 : Q = 2

K = 3 − (1/2)

K = 2.5

2.5 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 1.5

Let R1 = 10KΩ implies R2 = 15KΩ

Sallen key high pass filter

Gain(K) = 1 + R2/R1

4 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
 Q = 1/(3 − K)

K = 3 − 1/Q

Q = 0.707
Cutoff frequency = 1KHz
1/(2π)RC = 1000
LetC = 0.01µF
R = 1/2000π0.01 ∗ 10− 6
R = 16KΩ
Case 1:Q = 0.707

K = 3 − (1/0.707)

K = 1.586

K = 1 + R2/R1

1.586 = 1 + R2/R1

R2/R1 = 0.586

LetR1 = 10KΩ

thenR2 = 5.86KΩ.

SALLEN KEY 5
FILTER’S
0.5 Simulation Observation:

CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS:

LOW-PASS SALLEN KEY FOR Q=0.707

Tabular form for Q=0.707

frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 10.2 9.8 -0.347 0
50 11.8 11.8 0 14.4
100 11.8 11.8 0 14.4
200 11.8 11.4 -0.29 25.92
500 11.8 9.28 -2.08 57.8
1K 11.8 5.76 -6.72 97.2
5K 12.2 640m -25.6 169.2
10K 11.8 124m -39.64 181.44

6 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
 Tabular form for Q=0.5
frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 5.92 15 8.07 0
50 7.04 17.6 8.15 0
100 7.04 18 8.15 11.52
200 7.02 18.8 8.55
500 7.04 23.4 10.43 50.4
1K 3.2 15.4 13.62 93.6
5K 3.16 352m -19.06 169.2
10K 3.12 168m -25.37 181.44

SALLEN KEY 7
FILTER’S
 Tabular form for Q=2
frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB) φ
10 9.8 15.2 3.81 0
50 10.2 16.2 4.01 0
70 10.4 16.2 3.849 5.04
80 10.4 16.4 3.956 11.52
200 10.6 16.4 3.976 20.16
500 10.4 15.8 3.63 50.4
1K 10.2 10.8 0.496 93.6
5K 10.4 680m -23.69 169.2
10K 10.8 166m -36.26 181.44

8 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S
HIGH PASS SALLEN KEY FILTER

Tabular form for Q=0.707

frequency(Hz) Vin Vout Gain(dB)
100 10.4 2.84m -31.2
300 10.4 1.68 -15.8
500 10.4 4.64 -7
1K 10.4 12.6 1.66
2K 10.4 16 3.74
5K 10.4 16.4 3.95
7K 10.4 16.4 3.95
9K 10.4 16.4 3.95
10K 10.4 16.4 3.95

SALLEN KEY 9
FILTER’S
0.6 Conclusion:
For Low-pass filter If Q =1/3, k becomes 0 i.e we cant get quality factor of 1/3 through sallen key
second order low pass filter For Q = 0.707, sallen-key becomes butterworth filter and DC gain
ob- served is 3.292dB and roll-off rate is -10.1652dB/octave. Gain and phase at cutoff frequency
are 0.34dB and -86.4 respectively. Unity Gain Bandwidth observed is 1.536kHz. For Q = 2,DC
gain observed is 7.504dB and roll-off rate is -12.57dB/octave. For High-pass filter If Q =1/3, k
becomes 0 i.e we cant get quality factor of 1/3 through sallen key second order high pass filter
For Q = 0.707, sallen-key becomes butterworth filter and high frequency gain observed is 3.741dB
and roll-off rate is 9.3867dB/octave.Gain and phase at cutoff frequency are 0.256dB and 84.6
respectively.

10 SALLEN KEY
FILTER’S