International Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

Vol. 4(2), pp. 089-094, November, 2019. © www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 1822-424X

Research Article

Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers

in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency
*Naysya Vitianoza1, Nurmaini2, Taufik Ashar3
1,2,3Department
of Environmental Health Faculty of Public Health University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No. 21 Kampus USU,
Medan 20155, Indonesia

Indonesia is an agricultural country where most of the people work as farmers and still use
pesticides to increase their agricultural output. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use
of pesticides and pesticide poisoning to farmers in JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Indonesia.
This research uses a cross-sectional design. The number of samples of this research were 35
spraying farmers, using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by interview
using a questionnaire and indicators of pesticide poisoning seen from the examination of
cholinesterase levels in the blood with a tintometer kit. The data were analyzed using the Pearson
correlation test and the Spearman correlation test. Mean of working period the farmers is 23,2
years, mean of spraying time the farmers is 4,31 hours/day, mean of last spraying time is 5,86 day,
and mean of cholinesterase level is 7.417,03 U/l, There was a significant correlation between work
period and pesticide poisoning (p=0.019, r=0.394), the time of spraying and pesticide poisoning
(p=0.0001, r=0.752), spraying time and pesticide poisoning (p=0.034, r=-0.360). There is a
significant correlation between work period and pesticide poisoning (r=0.394), the time of
spraying and pesticide poisoning (r=0.752), spraying time and pesticide poisoning (r=-0.360) in
farmers in JuharGintingSadanioga village.

Keywords: Poisoning, Pesticides, Farmers, Spraying, Cholinesterase

INTRODUCTION

Pesticides are toxic chemicals that function to eradicate
plant-destroying organisms, destroy agricultural products,
eradicate weeds, destroy unwanted growth, regulate or
stimulate the growth of certain plant parts (not a fertilizer),
eradicate or prevent external pests, in domestic animals
and livestock, wiping out aquatic animals, eradicating
animals and destructive microorganisms in households,
buildings, and in transportation equipment, eradicating
vector and weed organisms (Minister of Agriculture
Regulation No.39, 2015).
World Health Organization (2017) estimates that in
countries that are trying to become large there are
approximately 3 million people whose activities in
agriculture have been exposed to poisons from
substances contained in chemical pesticides and each
year around 18 thousand of them die. Since the middle of
the last century, pesticides have been an important
component of world efforts to increase agricultural output
and reduce vector-borne diseases. Pesticides provide
great benefits for agriculture. However, the costs and
impacts of their use are often a matter of debate.
Konradsen et al. (2005) estimated that more than 3 million
people are hospitalized due to pesticide poisoning every
year and 220,000 die. Recent studies from Asia show that
as many as 300,000 deaths from pesticide poisoning can
occur in the Asia-Pacific Region every year. The easy
availability of pesticides and unsafe storage of pesticides
has fatal and sometimes unintentional consequences
(Eddleston et al., 2004).
*Corresponding Author: Naysya Vitianoza; Department
of Environmental Health Faculty of Public Health
University of Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No. 21
Kampus USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
Email: naysya.vitacham@gmail.com;
Co-Author 2Email: nurmaini@usu.ac.id, 3doctta@gmail.com

Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency
Vitianoza et al. 090
According to Hohenadel (2011), pesticide exposure is
determined by many factors such as the dose of
pesticides, exposure time and exposure modification
factors such as the use of personal protective equipment.
The use of pesticides in high doses and the long run can
have negative impacts on society such as pesticide
poisoning. Pesticide poisoning is various, namely acute
and chronic with a variety of effects that can be caused,
ranging from feeling nauseous, vomiting, and dizziness to
death. Pesticide poisoning can be found in the human
body through an examination of the level of cholinesterase
in the blood (Saputri et al., 2018).
The people of JuharGintingSadanioga Village are groups
of people who are at risk of suffering from pesticide
poisoning because according to information from the Karo
Regency Statistics Agency (2017), the total working
population is 864 people with 765 people working as
farmers or around 88.54% of the population working. The
plants that are cultivated in this area are corn, rice,
cucumber, string beans, tomatoes, and chili. Then, all
farmers still use pesticides to increase their crop
productivity.
According to preliminary survey results, it is known that the
community has been working as farmers for around 20-30
years with a spraying time of around 2-10 hours / day. The
dosage of pesticides used when spraying is 10-20
tanks/day or around 20L / day -40L / day. The time of
spraying is done every two days starting in the morning at
08.00 WIB and ending at 13.00 WIB and if the spraying of
the plant has not been completed then spraying continues
at 14.00 WIB and finishes at 17.00 WIB. Then, in spraying,
no-one farmers used masks and headgear when working
because they were uncomfortable and not used to it.
Farmers only wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and
cloth shoes when spraying. Farmers also do not know that
the pesticides they use are very dangerous and can cause
various health problems because farmers never get
information from anywhere about the dangers of using
pesticides. Besides, farmers also claim to have never been
examined their health conditions related to exposure to
pesticides including the level of pesticide poisoning in the
blood. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the use of
pesticides and pesticide poisoning in farmers in
JuharGintingSadanioga Village.
METHOD AND SAMPLES
This research uses a cross-sectional design with a total
sample of 35 spraying farmers. This research was
conducted in JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Karo
Regency, North Sumatra in 2019. The sampling technique
used was Simple Random Sampling technique. Farmers
who are the subject of this research are farmers who have
worked as spraying farmers for at least 1 year, are still
actively spraying, and spraying for the past 2 weeks. The
independent variables of this research are the working
Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency
period, the length of spraying, and the last time spraying.
The dependent variable of this research is pesticide
poisoning. Data were collected by interview using a
questionnaire and checking the level of cholinesterase in
the blood with a tintometer kit. Then, the data were
analyzed using the Pearson correlation test and the
Spearman correlation test. Statistical analysis used SPSS
V 15.0 for Windows Evaluation Version.
RESULTS
The results of this research are:
1. Univariate Analysis
The results of the univariate analysis of this research
variable are explained in the following table:
Table 1. Frequency distribution of Working Period,
Spraying Time, Last Spraying Time, and Cholinesterase
Level
Variable Mean±SD Min-Max
Working Period 23,2±9,94 5-50
(year)
Spraying Time 4,31±2,044 2-9
(hour/day)
Last Spraying 5,86±3,107 1-12
Time (day)
Cholinesterase 7.417,03±1.360,216 4.996-11.120
Level (U/l)
Table 1 shows that of the 35 respondents, the average
length of service of respondents were 23.2 years with a
minimum service period of 5 years and a maximum service
period of 50 years. The spraying time variable shows that
of 35 respondents, the average spraying rate was 4.31
hours/day with a minimum spraying time was 2 hours/day
and the maximum spraying time was 9 hours / day. The
cholinesterase level variable shows that of 35
respondents, the average cholinesterase level of the
farmer was 7,417.03 U / l with a minimum cholinesterase
level of 4,996 U / l and the maximum cholinesterase level
was 11,120 U / l. The last spraying time variable shows
that of the 35 respondents, the average spraying time was
5.86 days before the cholinesterase level examination with
the minimum time is 1 day before the cholinesterase level
examination and the maximum time was 12 days before
the cholinesterase level examination.
2. Bivariate Analysis
The results of the bivariate analysis in this research are
shown in table 2.
Table 2 shows that the length of service variable has a
value of p = 0.019, it means that the correlation of work
period and pesticide poisoning is significant with a
Pearson correlation value of 0.394 which shows a positive

correlation with the strength of the correlation that is not
too strong. Then, the last time spraying variable has a
value of p = 0.0001, it means that the correlation of the
time of the last spraying and pesticide poisoning is
significant with a Pearson a correlation value of 0.752
which shows a positive correlation with a very strong
correlation strength.
Table 2. Results of Pearson Correlation Analysis of
Working Period and Last Time of Spraying and Pesticide
Poisoning
Variable Pesticide Poisoning
Working Period r 0,394
p 0,019
n 35
Last Spraying Time r 0,752
p 0,0001
n 35
Table 3. Spearman Correlation Analysis Results between
Spraying Time and Pesticide Poisoning
Variable Pesticide Poisoning
Spraying Time r -0,360
p 0,034
n 35
Table 3 shows that the spraying time variable has a value
of p = 0.034, it means that the correlation of spraying time
and pesticide poisoning is significant with a Pearson
correlation value of -0.360 which shows a negative
correlation with a correlation strength that is not too strong.
DISCUSSION
This research discusses the use of pesticides and
pesticide poisoning in farmers in JuharGintingSadanioga
Village in 2018.
1. Working Period and Pesticide Poisoning for
Farmers in JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Karo
Regency in 2018.
The results of the analysis showed that the variable of
working period value of p = 0.019. It means that the
correlation of work time and pesticide poisoning is
significant with a Pearson correlation value of 0.394 which
shows a positive correlation with the strength of the
correlation that is not too strong.
Working period is the length of time the respondent works
as a spraying farmer in units of years, which means how
many years the farmers have been spraying using
pesticides and being exposed to pesticides. Farmers in
JuharGintingSadanioga Village have worked as spraying
farmers for more than 5 years and most of them have been
spraying for decades. This is certainly very risky because
the exposure has been going on for a long time. Exposure
to pesticides in a long time will cause the accumulation of
Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 091
harmful chemicals in the body and cause interference with
the body, poisoning, and even death. This result is in line
with several other studies, which was the research of
Osang et al. (2016) which states that there is a significant
relationship between working period and blood
cholinesterase levels. The working period of rice farmers
who have been increasingly poisoned due to longer
exposure to pesticides, so that the amount of toxic
pesticides that enter the body accumulates and will affect
the health of farmers, with the impact of poisoning that will
slowly be felt by farmers.
There is also research from Patras (2013) which found that
there was a significant correlation of the length of work and
the levels of vegetable farmers' cholinesterase in
TomohonCity. Prasetya et al. (2010) explained that there
was a significant relationship between working period and
cholinesterase levels. If the farmer's working period is
longer, then the level of cholinesterase will also be lower,
and the higher the risk of poisoning so that the more
amount of toxic substances that enter the body.
According to the results of interviews with respondents
regarding complaints of health problems obtained
information that most of the respondents have complaints
of health problems in recent years such as hypertension,
anemia, and some are suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Besides, some farmers also experienced complaints of
other health problems such as dermatitis, fatigue,
weakness, and headaches after spraying. Some of these
complaints are symptoms of pesticide poisoning which is
feared that if left for a long time will have a worse impact
on the health of farmers. Chronic health problems that can
occur due to exposure to pesticides are damage or
disorders of red blood cells and damage to organs or
tissues such as reproductive organs, pancreatic damage,
and parkinsonism (Achmadi, 2014).
2. Last Spraying Time and Pesticide Poisoning to
Farmers in JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Karo
Regency in 2018.
The results of the analysis show that the last spraying time
variable has a value of p = 0.0001. It means that the
correlation between the last time spraying and pesticide
poisoning is significant with a Pearson correlation value of
0.752 which shows a positive correlation with a very strong
correlation strength.
Most respondents use organophosphate pesticides. Then,
all respondents had the last spraying time less than 2
weeks. This condition has an impact on the level of
cholinesterase in farmers' blood which is decreased when
research is conducted. So, it does not be surprised if the
last spraying time has a significant correlation with
pesticide poisoning.
Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides are chemical
compounds classified as an anticholinesterase. In the
Vitianoza et al. 092
human body, acetylcholine and cholinesterase are
produced. The cholinesterase enzyme functions to break
acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Acetylcholine
acts as a crossing bridge for the flow of nerve vibrations.
With the help of the nervous system, the organs in the
body get information to increase or decrease cell
effectiveness. In the nervous system, the stimulus
obtained is sent through axons in the form of impulses /
stimuli. After nerve impulses are transmitted by aceticolyn
through the fibers, the enzyme cholinesterase breaks
down acetylcholine by meghidrolisis acetylcholine into
choline and acetic acid. Then, nerve impulses stop. These
chemical reactions take place very quickly. When
organophosphates enter the human or animal body,
pesticides bind to the enzyme cholinesterase.
Cholinesterase cannot break acetylcholine so that nerve
impulses flow constantly and cause a rapid twiching of
muscles and end in paralysis (Prijanto, 2009).
According to several studies (Cova et al., 1990; Ali and
Jain, 1998), pesticides can damage the central nervous
system and cause impaired liver function and interfere with
enzyme activity in the human body that results in the
emergence of various diseases such as the disruption of
the cholinesterase enzyme system which results in
damage to pancreatic organs and others.
According to Suryamah (2006) in Rustia (2010), it was
found that farmers who made last contact ≤2 weeks had a
risk of 5.8 times to experience poisoning compared to
farmers who made last contact> 2 weeks ago. This is in
line with research Prijanto (2009), pesticide poisoning due
to a decrease in the activity of the enzyme cholinesterase
in blood plasma will occur when a person starts to be
exposed for up to 2 weeks after spraying. Therefore, the
recovery process for farmers who have been diagnosed
with pesticide poisoning is to rest farmers from spraying
activities for 2 weeks to increase the level of
cholinesterase in their blood. If exposure occurs
continuously, it is feared this could cause symptoms of
more severe poisoning or cause chronic effects in the
future. Insecticide's exposure in high concentrations after
several months of exposure can have an effect on nerve,
cognitive, and neuromuscular function, as well as damage
to other neurological organs, causing coma in the absence
of reflexes, and tremors (Klaassen, 2003).
3. Spraying Time and Pesticide Poisoning on Farmers
in JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Karo Regency in
2018.
The analysis shows that the spraying time variable has a
p-value = 0.034. It means that the correlation of spraying
time and pesticide poisoning is significant with a Pearson
correlation value of -0.360 which shows a negative
correlation with a correlation strength that is not too strong.
Spraying time is the length of time that a farmer needs to
spray plants using pesticides in units of hours each day.
Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency
The duration of spraying is the length of work per day.
According to the results of the interview, it was obtained
that respondents frequently sprayed more than 4
hours/day and in general, respondents sprayed plants for
more than 2 hours/day because the area of land to be
sprayed was quite extensive while the spraying process
had to be completed at the same time is one day to avoid
pest resistance. Therefore, spraying time has a significant
correlation with pesticide poisoning.
This is in line with the research of Sungkawa (2008), which
stated that the longer time farmers spend to spray shows
the higher levels of exposure to pesticides. One should not
spray for more than 2 hours every day because of the
longer the spraying, the higher intensity of exposure that
occurs. Suparti et al. (2016) mentioned that the habit of
farmers who sprayed for more than two hours in their
research proved to be a risk factor for organophosphate
pesticide poisoning with a risk of 5,604 times compared to
farmers who sprayed for less than two hours per day.
Then, according to Hongsibsong et al. (2018),
cholinesterase activity in the blood has a significant
correlation with spraying. Spraying can indicate a
decrease of cholinesterase activity in the body.
Spraying time > 3 hours is a risk factor that has a
significant relationship to pesticide poisoning, which is
spraying time > 3 hours has an 11 times risk of pesticide
poisoning compared to farmers with a good spraying time
or <3 hours. According to Kachaiyaphum et al. (2010),
there is a correlation between spraying pesticides more
than 3 times a month with serum levels of cholinesterase
in the blood (SChE) of chili farmers in Thailand. According
to him, continuous monitoring of cholinesterase levels
needs to be done. Exposure of pesticides rarely has a
significant direct impact on the the human body and does
not cause sudden pain. However, pesticide compounds
will accumulate in the body for a long time for several
months or several years ahead and eventually until the
farmers experience chronic poisoning (Ipmawati et al.,
2016).
CONCLUSION
1. There was a significant correlation of the working
period and pesticide poisoning in farmers in
JuharGintingSadanioga Village, Karo Regency (p =
0.019, r=0.394), which shows a positive correlation with
a correlation strength that is not too strong.
2. There was a significant correlation of the last spraying
time and pesticide poisoning in farmers in
JuharGintingSadaniogaVillage, Karo Regency (p =
0.0001, r=0.752), which shows a positive correlation
with the strength of a very strong correlation.
3. There was a significant correlation of spraying time and
pesticide poisoning in farmers in
JuharGintingSadaniogaVillage, Karo Regency (p =
0.034, r= -0.360), which showed a negative correlation
with a correlation strength that was not too strong.

SUGGESTION
1. Health workers at the Juhar Community Health Center
are expected to establish a program of assistance and
periodic inspection of pesticide poisoning for farmers
considering that the majority of JuharGintingSadanioga
villagers works as farmers who are continuously
exposed to the risk of pesticide poisoning.
2. The farmers are expected to not spray more than 2
hours/day to reduce the excessive exposure to
pesticide chemicals so that normal levels of
cholinesterase in the blood.
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Accepted 24 September 2019

Citation: Vitianoza N, Nurmaini, Ashar T (2019). Use of

Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar
Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency. International
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 4(2):
089-094.

Copyright: © 2019 Vitianoza et al. This is an open-access

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Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
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Use of Pesticides and Pesticides Poisoning to Farmers in Juhar Ginting Sadanioga Village, Karo Regency