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Left-Handed materials
Wave equation Plane wave
εµ ∂ 2 E E(r, t ) = E0 exp(k ⋅ r − ωt )
∇ 2E − 2 2
=0
c ∂t
2
ε > 0, µ > 0
ω2
µω εω
k×E = − H k×H = + E
c c
What is negative refraction ?
Left-Handed materials
ε > 0, µ > 0 ε < 0, µ < 0
E c E
x
S= E× H
4π
S k k S
z
y
H H
Phase velocity vp=w/k is opposite to
the direction of electromagnetic
propagation (group velocity)!
What is negative refraction ?
vp
Phase velocity
What is negative refraction ?
1
Otherwise U=
8π
{ }
εE 2 + µH 2 < 0
Re n(ω) = ε (ω)µ(ω)
1
m=1
φn = (φε + φµ + 2πm) m = 0,1
2
Only m=0 is physical ⇒ ni (ω) > 0
ε < 0 and µ < 0 means nr (ω) < 0
What is negative refraction ?
k = (ω / co ) × n
Opaque
Transparent
µ >0 µ >0
ε <0 ε >0
n=iα n >0
Transparent, Opaque
but different
µ <0 µ <0
ε >0
ε <0 n=iα
n <0
Normal refraction
Snell-Descartes Law (1621)
n 1 sen θ 1 = n 2 sen θ 2
n = εµ
What is negative refraction ?
θ2 < 0
V. Veselago
n = − εµ
What is negative refraction ?
Normal Negative
refraction refraction
What are the main consequences of NR?
J. Pendry,
D. Smith,
Sci. Am. 7/2006
What are the applications of NR ?
O I
• Focusing
• No dephasing between point
source and image (n=-1)
• No reflection (n=-1)
k2 z = −k1z
Applications: Perfect lens
The Fermat's principle
“Light takes the shortest optical
path between two points.”
n2 < 0
x
D D
z
l
To resolve two points at distance D ⇒ kx > 2π / ∆
ω2 ω 2π Decay
2
k +k =
x
2
z kx < k max
x = = kx > kxmax ⇒
c2 c λ exponentially
2π Difraction
Resolution: ∆= max
=λ
kx limit !
Applications: Perfect lens
No resolution
limit !
Sub-wavelength
imaging possible
How to achieve NR ?
What is a Metamaterial?
Conventional materials: Metamaterials:
properties derive from their properties derive from their constituent
constituent atoms. units. These units can be engineered.
How to achieve NR ?
Metamaterials
Electric response: negative e Arrays of thin metallic wires
Effective parameters ⇒ λ >> l , r
l
2r
ω p2
ε eff (ω) = 1 − 2
ω
2πc
ωp =
l 2π ln(l / r )
l = 5mm r = 0.003l
ω p ≈ 66.6GHz
How to achieve NR ?
Metamaterials
Magnetic response: negative m Split Ring Resonators
Fω 2
µeff (ω) = 1 + 2
ωLC − ω 2
ωLC ≈ GHz
µ<0
ε<0
µ>0 µ>0
ε<0 ε<0
Observation of Snell's
law for LHM
1) A. Houck et al.,PRL 90 137401 (2003)
Microwave regime
from Ref.1
Applications of NR
“Perfect” lens
Fang, N., Lee, H., Sun, C., Zhang, X., “Sub-diffraction-limited optical
imaging with a silver superlens”, Science 308, 534 (2005)
Recovery evanescent waves in an image
via the excitation of surface plasmons in
a silver slab
~ 40 nm
Electromagnetic cloak
Sim.
Exp.
NR at the interface
air-photonic crystals
(square array of alumina
rods in the air)
NRB
What is
?
?
15mm