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Electric
motors may be classified by the source of
electric power, by their internal
TERM PAPER construction, by their application, or by
the type of motion they give.
ELE 102
The physical principle of production of
TOPIC: DC motor mechanical force by the interactions of an
electric current and a magnetic field was
NAME: Moyukh Mukherjee known as early as 1821. Electric motors of
increasing efficiency were constructed
throughout the 19th century, but
SECTION: E4911 commercial exploitation of electric motors
on a large scale required efficient
ROLL NO: A26 electrical generators and electrical
distribution networks.
SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. Ashish Sharma Some devices, such as magnetic solenoids
and loudspeakers, although they generate
some mechanical power, are not generally
referred to as electric motors, and are
ELECTRIC MOTORS usually termed actuators[1] and transducers,
[2]
respectively.
An electric motor converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy. Electric
motors operate through interacting
magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors to generate force, although a
few use electrostatic forces. The reverse
process, producing electrical energy from
mechanical energy, is accomplished by an
alternator, generator or dynamo. Many
types of electric motors can be run as
generators, and vice versa. For example a
starter/generator for a gas turbine, or
traction motors used on vehicles, often
perform both tasks.
In real life,
though, DC
motors will
always have
more than two
poles (three is
a very
common torque it could
number). In produce is
particular, this cyclic with the
avoids "dead position of the
spots" in the rotor).
commutator.
You can So since most small DC motors are of a
imagine how three-pole design, let's tinker with the
with our workings of one via an interactive
example two- animation (JavaScript required):
pole motor, if
the rotor is
exactly at the
middle of its
rotation
(perfectly
aligned with
the field
magnets), it
will get
"stuck" there.
Meanwhile, You'll notice a few things from this --
with a two- namely, one pole is fully energized at a
pole motor, time (but two others are "partially"
there is a energized). As each brush transitions from
moment where one commutator contact to the next, one
the coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the
commutator next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this
shorts out the occurs within a few microsecond). We'll
power supply see more about the effects of this later, but
(i.e., both in the meantime you can see that this is a
brushes touch direct result of the coil windings' series
both wiring:
commutator
contacts
simultaneousl
y). This would
be bad for the
power supply,
waste energy,
and damage
motor
components as
well. Yet
another
disadvantage
of such a
simple motor There's
is that it would probably no
exhibit a high better way to
amount of see how an
torque "ripple" average DC
(the amount of motor is put
together, than relatively high inertia which limits motor
by just acceleration. This construction also results
opening one in high winding inductances which limit
up. brush and commutator life.
Unfortunately
this is tedious In small motors, an alternative design is
work, as well often used which features a 'coreless'
as requiring armature winding. This design depends
the upon the coil wire itself for structural
destruction of integrity. As a result, the armature is
a perfectly hollow, and the permanent magnet can be
good motor. mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC
motors have much lower armature
Luckily for inductance than iron-core motors of
you, I've gone comparable size, extending brush and
ahead and commutator life.
done this in
your stead.
The guts of a
disassembled
Mabuchi FF-
030-PN motor
(the same
model that Diagram courtesy of MicroMo
Solarbotics
sells) are The coreless design also allows
available for manufacturers to build smaller motors;
you to see meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their
here (on 10 rotors, coreless motors are somewhat
lines / cm prone to overheating. As a result, this
graph paper). design is generally used just in small, low-
This is a basic power motors. BEAMers will most often
3-pole DC see coreless DC motors in the form of
motor, with 2 pager motors.
brushes and
three Again,
commutator disassembling
contacts. a coreless
motor can be
The use of an iron core armature (as in the instructive --
Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has in this case,
a number of advantages2. First off, the iron my hapless
core provides a strong, rigid support for victim was a
the windings -- a particularly important cheap pager
consideration for high-torque motors. The vibrator
core also conducts heat away from the motor. The
rotor windings, allowing the motor to be guts of this
driven harder than might otherwise be the disassembled
case. Iron core construction is also motor are
relatively inexpensive compared with available for
other construction types. you to see
here (on 10
But iron core construction also has several lines / cm
disadvantages. The iron armature has a graph paper).
This is (or the point where the maximum torque
more occurs at zero speed, the torque will be
accurately, further reduced.
was) a 3-pole
coreless DC When used with a load that has a torque
motor. curve that increases with speed, the motor
will operate at the speed where the torque
developed by the motor is equal to the
Slip ring load torque. Reducing the load will cause
the motor to speed up, and increasing the
The slip ring is a component of the wound load will cause the motor to slow down
rotor motor as an induction machine (best until the load and motor torque are equal.
evidenced by the construction of the Operated in this manner, the slip losses are
common automotive alternator), where the dissipated in the secondary resistors and
rotor comprises a set of coils that are can be very significant. The speed
electrically terminated in slip rings. These regulation and net efficiency is also very
are metal rings rigidly mounted on the poor.
rotor, and combined with brushes (as used
with commutators), provide continuous DC motor behavior
unswitched connection to the rotor At a simplistic level, using DC motors is
windings. pretty straightforward -- you put power in,
and get rotary motion out. Life, of course,
In the case of the wound-rotor induction is never this simple -- there are a number
motor, external impedances can be of subtleties of DC motor behavior that
connected to the brushes. The stator is should be accounted for in BEAMbot
excited similarly to the standard squirrel design.
cage motor. By changing the impedance
connected to the rotor circuit, the
speed/current and speed/torque curves can
be altered.
,
USES OF DC MOTORS
where η is energy conversion efficiency,
Pe is electrical input power, and Pm is Electric motors are used in many, if not
mechanical output power. most, modern machines. Obvious uses
would be in rotating machines such as
In simplest case Pe = VI, and Pm = Tω, fans, turbines, drills, the wheels on electric
where V is input voltage, I is input current, cars, locomotives and conveyor belts.
T is output torque, and ω is output angular Also, in many vibrating or oscillating
velocity. It is possible to derive machines, an electric motor spins an
analytically the point of maximum irregular figure with more area on one side
efficiency. It is typically at less than 1/2 of the axle than the other, causing it to
the stall torque. appear to be moving up and down.
While permanent magnet motors, favored Many kitchen appliances also use electric
in hybrids such as those made by Toyota, motors to accomplish various jobs. Food
often use rare earth materials in their processors and grinders spin blades to
magnets, AC traction motors used in chop and break up foods. Blenders use
production electric vehicles such as the electric motors to mix liquids, and
GM EV1, Toyota RAV4 EV and Tesla microwave ovens use motors to turn the
tray food sits on. Toaster ovens also use One such place is in pinsetters in a
electric motors to turn a conveyor to move bowling alley, for example.
food over heating elements.
High Power DC Motors
DC Motors are argueably the most useful Argueably the most common and useful
type of electrical motors, and with good motors are High Power DC Motors. These
reason, they are designed to be used with motors are generally used in open systems,
batteries, solar cells or similar cell based and generally used in systems were torque
energy sources, and as a result are used in and power, as well as drive are paramount.
systems where you don't have to be tied to Examples of such systems include electric
a wall. Furthermore, even in systems wheelchairs, electric scooters, Segways,
where they are tied to the wall, sometimes hybrid cars, as well as in elevators.
it can be more efficient and cost effective
to run DC Motors even in certain Of course, with power comes great power
situations. Motors generally though give usage, and whilst the most energy efficient
the impression of a gas guzzling car. In form of motor, they can require a lot of
this article, I hope to dispel that myth, and energy to run. Part of the creative process
educate you on where and when DC of using them is to be efficient (drive
Motors can be and are used. systems in hybrid cars use the petrol
motor's momentum to recharge a battery,
Low Power DC Motors which will be then used to power the DC
The lower power motors aren't really motor), but generally the battery will need
useful for things commonly associated to be recharged or replaced at regular
with motors. Lifting and transportation intervals.
applications require more power & torque
for them to work. However, what they lack REFERENCES:
in power they make up in precision. Low en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_mo
power DC motors are particularly useful tor
as speed changes from 0 to 1 are almost www.toolingu.com/class-460230-
instantaneous. Therefore, they can be used dc-motor-applications.html
successfully in digital systems. www.articlesbase.com ›
A low speed, low power brushless DC Automotive
motor can be found in most turntable
www.solarbotics.net/...dcmotor/20
devices, particularly precision turntable
0111_dcmotor2.html
devices. Devices with such motors are
things like personal computers nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-
(usually, with 3 motors in it, one for the MADRAS/...I/pdfs/2_8.pdf
hard drive, and one for the processor www.toolingu.com/class-460230-
cooler), CD & DVD players. dc-motor-applications.html