1 Imagine that all the numbers on the time axis in Figure 20.

3 are doubled, so that 100 becomes 200

and 200 becomes 400. Calculate the frequency of the carrier wave and the frequency of the signal.

2 Draw an amplitude-modulated wave with a carrier wave of frequency 1.0 MHz and a signal
frequency of 100 kHz. The time axis on your graph should be from 0 to 10 μs. On your graph, mark
the time for one complete wave of the signal and for one complete wave of the carrier.

3 Explain how an amplitude-modulated wave changes when the input signal:

a increases in loudness
b increases in frequency

4 Explain how a frequency-modulated wave changes, when the input signal:

a increases in loudness
b increases in frequency.

5 A signal of frequency 16 kHz and amplitude 3.0 V is used for frequency modulation of a carrier wave
of frequency 500 kHz. The frequency deviation of the carrier wave is 8.0 kHz V −1.
a What is the maximum frequency shift produced?
b What is the maximum frequency of the modulated carrier wave?
c How many times per second does the modulated carrier wave increase and decrease in
frequency
6 Figure 20.7 shows the frequency spectrum of the signal from a radio transmitter. A carrier and two
Sideband frequencies are present.

a What is the name of the type of modulation that produces two sideband frequencies?
b What is the carrier frequency?
c What is the frequency of the signal used to modulate the carrier wave?
d What is the bandwidth of the transmitted signal?

7 a Calculate the number of separate AM radio stations of bandwidth 9 kHz that are possible
in the frequency spectrum available for AM between 530 and 1700 kHz.
b Suggest why FM stations of bandwidth 200 kHz are not used for this range of frequencies.

8 Is the greater bandwidth available on FM an advantage or a disadvantage?

9 FM is used largely in towns and AM in rural settings. Suggest why.

10 Convert the following decimal numbers into binary numbers:

a 14
b 16

11 Convert the following binary numbers into decimal numbers:

a 1111
b 0001011

12 The diagrams in Figure 20.12 show a digital signal at the start of a long cable and at the end
of the cable. Both diagrams are drawn to the same horizontal scale (time) and vertical scale
(voltage)

a Explain what feature of the top diagram shows that the signal is digital.
b State and explain two advantages of digital transmission over analogue transmission of data.
c State and explain two reasons why the signal at the end of the long cable differs from the
signal at the start.

13 A signal has an input power 5.0 mW and an output power of 0.000 2 mW. What is the attenuation
in dB?
14 The attenuation of a 6.0 mW signal is 30 dB. What is the final power?

15 What is the signal-to-noise ratio when the signal and the noise have equal power?

16 A signal of 1.0 mW passes through an amplifier of gain 30 dB and then along a cable where the
attenuation is 18 dB.
a What is the overall gain of the signal in dB?
b What is the output power at the end of the cable?