Bacterial Disease

1. Pulmonary Tuberculosis:
Pathogen – Mycobacterium tuberculae

Epidemiology – Airborne & Droplet infection

2. Diphtheria:
Pathogen – Corynebacterium diphtheria
3. Cholera:
Pathogen – Vibrio cholerae

4. Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease):

Pathogen – Mycobacterium leprae

5. Tetanus (Lock Jaw):

Pathogen – Clostridium tetani

6. Plague:
Pasteurella (or Yersinia) pestis

7. Salmonellosis:
Pathogen – Salmonella enteridis.
Protozoans diseases
1. Amoebiasis

Amoebiasis, also known as amoebic dysentery, is caused by ​Entamoeba histolytica​. ​This disease
is caused by the sarcodina group of protozoa. They secrete enzymes that are then absorbed by the
tissue of the host. Amoebiasis is transmitted through contact with infected feces. Food and water
contaminated by feces is the most common route of transmission, however, oral contact with
fecal matter can also cause infection. Sometimes there are no visible symptoms but some
common ones include loose stools with varying amounts of blood and an inflamed colon.

2. Giardiasis
Diarrhoea, which is characterised by loose bowels, is caused by a flagellete parasite Giardia
(=Lamblia) intestinalis and a sporozoan Isopora hominis. ​This disease is also transmitted through
oral contact of feces as the parasite is found in fecal matter. If hands are not properly washed
after using the bathroom or changing a diaper, it is easy to come into contact with this parasite.
Drinking water which has been contaminated by this parasite or even ingesting contaminated
swimming water can cause giardiasis. Symptoms include mucusy stools, diarrhea, nausea,
abdominal pain and upset stomach.

3. African Sleeping Sickness

Trypanosomiasis is caused by the species of Trypanosoma (​Trypanosoma gambiense​) which are

​ frican
flagellate parasites of blood plasma (in vertebrate hosts) and gut (in invertebrate hosts).​ A

sleeping sickness is a disease caused by the protozoa, which are carried by the tsetse fly and are
transmitted to humans through tsetse fly bites. This disease is fairly damaging to the human body
and can cause serious illness. Symptoms of this disease include confusion, seizures, insomnia,
personality changes, weight loss, slurred speech and trouble talking or walking.

4. Leishmaniasis

This disease is caused by the Leishmania parasite (​Leishmania donovani)​. These parasites are
found mainly in southern Europe, the tropics and subtropics. The most common form of this
disease being spread is through the bite of a sand fly, which carries the parasite. External
leishmaniasis will affect the skin and internal leshmaniasis affects the inner organs such as the
spleen and liver. Those parasites that affect the skin cause sores, which will enlarge and become
deeper as the disease progresses without treatment. Internal infection will cause weight loss,
organ enlargement, fever and extremely high or low blood levels.

5. Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is caused by one of the most common parasites (​Toxoplasma gondii)​ in the
world, according to the Mayo Clinic. Many of the people infected by this disease do not have
any symptoms. However, for those who have weak immune systems such as infants and people
suffering from chronic illnesses, this parasite can cause serious illness. Infants who are born to
mothers who carry the infection can experience complications at birth. Other symptoms include
body aches, fatigue, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes. Symptoms are very similar to
flu like symptoms and this disease can sometimes be mistaken for the flu.

6. Malaria

Malaria ​Caused by ​Plasmodium vivax​ ​is a very common disease in some countries and is spread
through mosquito bites of mosquitoes that have been infected by one of the many different
malaria-causing parasites. In the United States, there are more than 1300 cases of malaria
reported. This is mainly reported by individuals travelling to or coming from the South Asian
subcontinent or the sub-Saharan Africa who may be carrying the parasite. Malaria symptoms
include headache, chills, tremors, aches and shaking.

7. Babesiosis

This disease is caused by the Babesia parasite that is transmitted through ticks. It can also be
transmitted through blood transfusions of donors who carry the Babesia parasite. This parasite is
common throughout the United States, in cities such as New England, New Jersey, New York,
Wisconsin and Minnesota. Those individuals infected with the Babesia parasite may not
experience any symptoms. However, common signs and symptoms include nausea, body aches,
fatigue, fever, chills, weight loss and a decreased appetite. For those who are already suffering
from health problems and those who have a compromised immune system, this disease can be
life threatening and cause serious health problems.

8. Trichomoniasis

This disease is caused by the protozoan parasite, ​Trichomonas vaginalis​. This disease is most
commonly transmitted sexually. It is a dangerous parasite as it can also help along HIV
transmission. Symptoms of this disease differ per gender. In woman, vaginitis may occur which
will cause white discharge. Men may experience a burning while urinating. This disease is
treatable with an antibiotic such as metronidazole.
Diseases caused by Viruses

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus from the papillomavirus family that is capable of

infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in

keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes.

HIV/AIDS
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome (AIDS). HIV can be transmitted sexually, via contaminated needles or blood

transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breast-feeding.

ENCEPHALITIS
Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain

inflammation caused by a virus. It’s a rare disease that occurs in approximately 0.5 per

100,000 individuals most commonly in children, the elderly, and people with weakened

immune systems.

HEPATITIS
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a viral infection. There are
five main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These five types are of
greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for
outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in
hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and
cancer. Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids.
HERPES
Herpes viruses are a leading cause of human viral disease, second only to influenza

and cold viruses. They are capable of causing overt disease or remaining silent for

many years only to be reactivated, for example as shingles.

ROTAVIRUS
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young

children, and is one of several viruses that cause infections often called stomach flu,

despite having no relation to influenza.

CHICKENPOX
Chickenpox is a highly contagious illness caused by primary infection with varicella

zoster virus (VZV). It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head

rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal

without scarring.

INFLUENZA
Influenza is a viral infection that affects mainly the nose, throat, bronchi and,

occasionally, lungs. Infection usually lasts for about a week, and is characterized by

sudden onset of high fever, aching muscles, headache and severe malaise,

non-productive cough, sore throat and rhinitis

COMMON COLD
The common cold (also known as nasopharyngitis, acute viral rhinopharyngitis, acute

coryza, or a cold) (Latin: rhinitis acuta catarrhalis) is a viral infectious disease of the
upper respiratory system, caused primarily by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. Common

symptoms include a cough, sore throat, runny nose, and fever