Accepted Manuscript

An experimental study on rheological behavior of a nanofluid containing oxide

nanoparticle and proposing a new correlation

Amir Hussein Saeedi, Mohammad Akbari, Davood Toghraie

PII: S1386-9477(17)31547-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.physe.2018.02.018
Reference: PHYSE 13057

To appear in: Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures

Received Date: 8 October 2017

Revised Date: 2 February 2018
Accepted Date: 16 February 2018

Please cite this article as: A.H. Saeedi, M. Akbari, D. Toghraie, An experimental study on rheological
behavior of a nanofluid containing oxide nanoparticle and proposing a new correlation, Physica E: Low-
dimensional Systems and Nanostructures (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2018.02.018.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

An experimental study on rheological behavior of a nanofluid

containing oxide nanoparticle and proposing a new correlation

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Amir Hussein Saeedi1, Mohammad Akbari2*, Davood Toghraie1

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1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Khomeinishahr, Iran.

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2 . Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.

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* Corresponding author, Email:m.akbari.g80@gmail.com
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Abstract
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In this paper, the nanofluid dynamic viscosity composed of CeO2- Ethylene Glycol is examined

within 25 to 50˚C with 5˚C intervals and at six volume fractions (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2
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percent) experimentally. The nanofluid was exposed to ultrasound waves for various durations to
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study the effect of this parameter on dynamic viscosity of the fluid. We found that at a constant

temperature, nanofluid viscosity increases with increases in the volume fraction of the
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nanoparticles. Also, at a given volume fraction, nanofluid viscosity decreases when temperature
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is increased. Maximum increase in nanofluid viscosity compared to the base fluid viscosity
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occurs at 25˚C and volume fraction of 1.2 percent. It can be inferred that the obtained

mathematical relationship is a suitable predicting model for estimating dynamic viscosity of

CeO2- Ethylene Glycol (EG) at different volume fractions and temperatures and its results are

consistent to laboratory results in the set volume fraction and temperature ranges.

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Keywords: experimental measurement, viscosity, nanofluid, volume fraction, temperature,

ethylene glycol

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1- Introduction

Heat transfer plays major role in many fields of industry; moreover, high-performance cooling is

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widely needed in industrial technologies. Nanofluids are embryonic fluids that exhibit thermal

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properties superior than that of the conventional fluid. Rheological behavior of nanofluids,

besides thermophysical properties, is an important issue. Although addition of nanoparticles to

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the base-fluids alter thermal properties, and will also affect the viscosity of nanofluids. The
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viscosity is very critical factor in industry from economical point of view. This issue is directly

associated with pumping power to share the nanofluid inside the cooling system. Since there was
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less focus on viscosity of nanofluids other than thermal conductivity, there was a need to
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consider viscosity to have a commercial view for these cooling media [1-3]. Moreover, many
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mechanism and models were suggested by different researches for viscosity of nanofluids.

Namburu et al. [4] measured the viscosity of copper oxide nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene
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glycol and water mixture.

Nguyen et al. [5] investigated the effect due to temperature and particle volume concentration on
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the dynamic viscosity for the water–Al2O3 nanofluid. They showed that the Einstein’s formula
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and some other ones originated from the classical linear fluid theory seem to be limited to

nanofluids with low particle fractions.

Garg et al. [6] investigated the thermal conductivity and viscosity of copper nanoparticles in

Ethylene glycol. They concluded that the viscosity increase was almost four times of that

predicted by the Einstein law of viscosity.

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Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [7] measured temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and

viscosity of TiO2-water nanofluids. They proposed new thermophysical correlations for

predicting the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids.

Masoumi et al. [8] obtained a new model for calculating the effective viscosity of nanofluids.

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Their predicted results are compared with other experimental results for different nanofluids.

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Yu et al. [9] investigated the thermal conductivity and viscosity of ethylene glycol based ZnO

nanofluid. The rheological behaviors of the nanofluids show that ZnO-EG nanofluids with low

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volume concentrations demonstrate Newtonian behaviors,

Lee et al. [10] investigated viscosity and thermal conductivity of SiC nanofluids for heat transfer

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applications. They concluded that the viscosity of SiC/DIW nanofluids increases with an
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increase of particle volume fraction.

Yang et al. [11] investigated the thermal conductivity and shear viscosity of viscoelastic-fluid-
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based nanofluids. The results show that viscosity of the measured nanofluids is slightly larger
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than its viscoelastic base fluid and it increases with the increase of nanoparticles volume fraction
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and decreases with the increase of temperature.

Jamshidi et al. [12] investigated the viscosity of nanofluids. They discussed about the effect of
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cooling and heating process on the viscosity of nanofluid.

Sundar et al. [13] measured thermal conductivity and viscosity of stabilized ethylene glycol and
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water mixture-Al2O3 nanofluids for heat transfer applications. They found that nanofluid
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prepared in higher viscosity base fluid exhibits more enhancement compared to low viscosity

base fluid.

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Beheshti et al. [14] investigated the effect of oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes on

transformer oil thermophysical properties. The viscosities of pure oil and nanofluids as a

function of temperature were also measured.

Hemmat Esfe et al. [15] studied the effect of diameter on thermal conductivity and dynamic

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viscosity of Fe/water nanofluids. They concluded that the nanofluid viscosity ratio increases with

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an increase in particle concentration and nanoparticle’s diameter.

Shanbedi et al. [16] investigated stability and thermophysical properties of carbon nanotubes

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suspension in the presence of different surfactants. They found that viscosity and shear stress

decreased as the concentration of the surfactant increased.

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Hemmat Esfe et al. [17] measured Thermal conductivity and viscosity of Mg (OH)2-Ethylene
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glycol nanofluids experimentally. They measured thermal conductivity and viscosity of

nanofluids with volume fractions by 2 % in the temperature range of 25–55 ºC.

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Hemmat Esfe et al. [18] studied the viscosity of alumina-engine oil and investigated the effects
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of temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Their results indicated that the maximum
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viscosity enhancement of nanofluid was 132% compared with that of base fluid.

Abbasi et al. [19] investigated the rheological behavior and viscosity of decorated multi- walled
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carbon nanotubes with TiO2 nanoparticles/water nanofluids. They found that viscosity decreases

by increasing the attached TiO2 nanoparticles.

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Ahammed et al. [20] investigated the effect of volume concentration and temperature on
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viscosity of Graphene–water nanofluid. They concluded that the viscosity showed stronger

dependency on volume concentration than temperature.

Akbari et al. [21] studied the rheological behavior of ethylene glycol based nanofluid and

proposed a new correlation as a function of silica concentration and temperature.

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Zyła [22] predicted Viscosity and thermal conductivity of MgO–EG nanofluids. They showed

that with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles viscosity of the material increases.

In the present study, the nanofluid dynamic viscosity composed of CeO2- Ethylene Glycol is

examined experimentally. To the author's knowledge, there is no comprehensive and thorough

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investigation to predict the dynamic viscosity of the supposed nanofluid.

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2. Preparation of Nanofluid
2-1 Properties

The following materials were used in preparing the tested nanofluid:

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1. Ethylene glycol produced by the German Company Merck used as the base fluid (Table

1)
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Table. 1 EG properties

Value Parameter
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Combustion temperature 410 (0C)

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Saturation density (air) 0.15 (gr/m3)

Melting point -13 (0C)

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Molar mass 62.07(gr/mol)

Density 1.11 (gr/m3)

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pH level 6-7.5
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Boiling point 197.6 (0C)

Vapor pressure 0.053 (kPa)

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2. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles to prepare the nanofluid (characteristics presented in Table

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Table 2. Properties of CeO2 nanoparticle

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Properties

Molecular formula CeO2

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Shape Spherical

Size 10-30 nm

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Purity 99.97%

Appearance pale yellow solid

Density
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Surface area to volume ratio 30-50 m 2 /g
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2-2 Description of the experiment

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The nanofluid used in the experiment was prepared in two stages. Figure 1 presents the TEM
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image of CeO2 nanoparticles. To prepare the stable nanofluid, the solution was first mixed using
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a magnetic stirrer for two hours, then the agglomerated particles were broken up using 400W

ultrasonic power at the frequency of 24 kHz for six hours, and the nanoparticles were completely
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dissolved in the base fluid. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to test the dry samples of cerium
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dioxide nanoparticles and ensure their structure and size. The size and structure of the

nanoparticles were proved using the XRD diagram and the Scherer equation. Figure 2 shows the

XRD diagram of the nanoparticles.

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Fig.1 TEM image of CeO2 nanoparticles
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Fig.2 XRD image of CeO2 nanoparticle

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Each experiment was repeated three times to achieve greater accuracy in studying the rheological

behavior of the nanofluid. The experiment was carried out at six temperature ranges from 25 to

50˚C with 5˚C intervals and at six volume fraction (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 percent). After

collecting the experimental data, the average of the three replicates of each experiment was

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recorded as the viscosity number. The speed of the Brookfield viscometer started at 50 and ended

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at 500 rpm to study the Newtonian behavior of the nanofluid. The accuracy and repeatability of

the viscometer were ±5% and ±2%, respectively.

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3. Results and Discussion
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3-1 studying the rheological behavior of the nanofluid

The rheological behavior of the base fluid is evaluated first by measuring its viscosity at different
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speeds of the viscometer (Table 3) at ambient temperature.

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Table 3. Viscosity of base-fluid at different speeds of the viscometer at ambient temperature

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Shear Rate Viscosity

Shear Stress
Temp (°C)
rpm 1/s cP Poise (dyne/cm2)
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20 24.48 14.4 0.144 3.52512

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30 36.72 14.2 0.142 5.28768

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50 61.2 14.3 0.143 8.8128

60 73.44 14.1 0.141 10.57536

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100 122.4 14.2 0.142 17.6256

If viscosity is constant at different shear rates, then the fluid is Newtonian. In other words, if

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there is a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate, the fluid of interest is a

Newtonian one. Figure 3 clarifies this point. As shown in Figure 3, the base fluid exhibits

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Newtonian behavior.

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Figure 3. Relationship of shear rate with shear stress of base fluid at ambient temperature

The rheological behavior of the nanofluid of interest must then be studied. Figures 4-7 suggest

that there is a linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate at different temperatures and

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volume fraction of 1.2 percent. As seen in these figures, the nanofluid had Newtonian behavior at

this volume fraction and as a result, the nanofluid behavior is Newtonian in all smaller volume

fractions.

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Figure 4. Relationship of shear rate with shear stress of nanofluid in volume fraction of 1.2% at T=25°C
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Figure 5. Relationship of shear rate with shear stress of nanofluid in volume fraction of 1.2% at T=30°C
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Figure 6. Relationship of shear rate with shear stress of nanofluid in volume fraction of 1.2% at T=35°C
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Figure 7. Relationship of shear rate with shear stress of nanofluid in volume fraction of 1.2% at T=40°C
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3-2. Effects of volume fraction on nanofluid viscosity

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Figure 8 shows the effect of temperature on dynamic viscosity in different volume fractions. As
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shown in Figure 8, nanofluid viscosity increases with increases in the volume fraction of the
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nanoparticles at a constant temperature, which is as expected because other researchers in

numerous experiments reported the same thing. Figure 8 indicates that base fluid viscosity was

0.144 Poise at 25˚C, but the nanofluid viscosity increased to 0.173 Poise when nanoparticles

were added and reached the volume fraction of 0.2 and increased by 0.195 and 0.295 Poise at the

volume fractions of 0.4 and 1.2 percent, respectively. At the mentioned volume fractions,

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nanofluid viscosity, respectively, increased by 20, 35, and 104 percent compared to the base

fluid.

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Figure 8. Effect of temperature on dynamic viscosity in different volume fractions

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At a constant temperature, nanofluid viscosity increases with increases in the volume fraction of
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the nanoparticles. The following reasons are expressed for this phenomenon:
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1- Brownian motion: This random motion of nanoparticles in the base fluid is one of the

factors influencing viscosity. It is generated due to the constant collisions between

nanoparticles and molecules of the base fluid. We can assume that nanoparticles are

larger than the molecules of the base fluid and nanoparticles move with the mean kinetic

energy equivalent to that of molecules of the base fluid. When the volume fraction

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increases; that is, when the presence of nanoparticles in the base fluid increases, and since

viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow, we basically increase resistance to flow when

we add nanoparticles to the base fluid. This means that more particles collide with each

other due to the random motion of the nanoparticles.

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2- When we add nanoparticles to the base fluid, they are dispersed in the base fluid and

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form symmetrical and larger nanoparticles clusters under the influence of van der Waals

forces between the nanoparticles and the base fluid. These nanoclusters prevent the

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movement of ethylene glycol molecules on each other and, hence, viscosity increases.

3- As the surface to volume ratio is extremely high in nanostructures, properties such as

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density change due to nanonization and buoyancy force, weight lose their importance
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because of the extremely small size and mass, and intermolecular and surface forces

become important. If it is assumed from this perspective that the nanofluid is a two-phase
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fluid consisting of a liquid and a solid (of course, if it is assumed), in that case
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nanoparticles may slide against each other and against the base fluid due to the forces that
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are applied on them. This will increase the volume fraction and resistance to flow will

become greater and, hence, viscosity will increase.

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4- Viscosity is a resistive property that generates shear stress because of the force that is

applied on the nanofluid. In fact, viscosity is the main factor of transmitting momentum
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between nanofluid layers and appears when a motion is generated between its layers. This
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motion results from intermolecular forces. The presence of nanomaterials in a fluid

increases these forces and, hence, viscosity will increase. In a moving fluid, layers move

at different speeds; that is, the fluid has a velocity profile. Viscosity results from shear

stress between layers and fluid shear stresses inside the nanoparticles will increase with

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increases in volume fraction of nanoparticles in the base fluid leading to increases in

nanofluid viscosity. If the nanomaterial increases in a given volume of the base fluid (that

is, if the volume fraction increases), shear stress will gradually increase. Therefore,

increases in the volume fraction of nanotubes and nanoparticles in the base fluid will

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increase viscosity of the hybrid nanofluid.

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3-3 Effects of temperature on nanofluid viscosity

Figure 9 shows the effects of temperature on nanofluid viscosity at different volume fractions.

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Figure 9. Effect of volume fraction on dynamic viscosity at different temperatures

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As shown in this figure, nanofluid viscosities are 0.198, 0.140, and 0.118 Poise at volume

fractions of 0.8 percent at 30, 40, and 50˚C, respectively. Therefore, at a given volume fraction,

nanofluid viscosity decreases when temperature is increased. The reasons are as follows:

Viscosity results from adhesive forces between molecules of liquids and molecular collisions in

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gases. This property varies with changes in temperature. When temperature increases, the

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viscosity of liquids decreases, but that of gases increases. In liquids, molecules are influenced by

greater energies resulting from higher temperatures and can overcome the intermolecular

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adhesive forces and, hence, molecules with energy can move more easily. In gases,

intermolecular forces can be ignored, and gas molecules move randomly and at greater speeds at

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higher temperatures. Consequently, the greater number of collisions between gas molecules per
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unit volume and per unit time creates greater resistance to flow. Reduced intermolecular forces

caused by increased temperature decreases resistance to flow and, therefore, viscosity of

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Newtonian nanofluids decreases with increases in temperature. Also, the effects of Brownian
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motion on nanofluid viscosity with increases in temperature can also be explained. When
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temperature increases, there will be free molecular motion of nanoparticles and base fluid and

fewer nanopartice molecules will collide with each other. Finally, intermolecular spaces between
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nanoparticles increase at higher temperatures and, hence, resistance to flow declines leading to

reduced viscosity.
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Figures 10 and 11 show changes in relative viscosity caused by changes in temperature and

volume fractions. The figures suggest that maximum increase in nanofluid viscosity compared to

the base fluid viscosity occurs at 25˚C and volume fraction of 1.2 percent.

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Figure 10. Relative viscosity at different volume fractions and temperatures

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Figure 11. Relative viscosity in different volume fractions and temperatures

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3-4 Comparison of data obtained from the experiment with analytic relationships

introduced by researchers
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Researchers have presented various analytic relationships for calculating nanofluid viscosity that

will be discussed here. Relationships 1 and 2 were used by Bachelor [23] and Wong [24],

respectively, to predict viscosities of various nanofluids.

µ r = 1+ 2.5φ (1)

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µr = 1 + 7.3φ + 123φ 2 (2)

Comparison of the relationships and data obtained in this experiment revealed that the theoretical

models introduced by the researchers were not able to predict and express accurately nanofluid

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viscosity and various temperatures because temperature was ignored in these relationships. The

data obtained in this experiment at different temperatures were evaluated with the two

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aforementioned theoretical models (Figure 12).

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Figure 12. Comparison of experimental data with Batchelor model [23] and Wang’s model [24]

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It is obvious that the analytic relationships introduced by researchers cannot accurately

determine nanofluid viscosity because, as was mentioned before, they do not consider

temperature, which is an important factor influencing viscosity.

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3-5 Proposed relationship

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As was mentioned, nanofluid viscosity cannot be determined at various temperatures and volume

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fractions by using the proposed analytic relationships. Therefore, relationships with coefficients

related to each temperature were extracted to facilitate the calculation of Cerium dioxide

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/Ethylene glycol nanofluid viscosity at various temperatures and volume fractions. This
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relationship was obtained by curve fitting (with diagram) in the Sigma Plot 12.3 software.
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µ nf 0.05776 (3)
= 781.4 × T −2.117 × ϕ 0.2722 + −0.7819 + 0.511× ϕ 2 − 0.1779× ϕ 3
µbf T × ϕ −0.04009
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It calculates relative viscosity of the nanofluid in the temperature range 25-50˚C and the volume
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fraction range 0.05-1.2 percent.

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3-6 Comparison of laboratory results with data obtained from the extracted relationship
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Figures 13 show complete consistency between the figures obtained from the extracted

mathematical relationship and those of laboratory results. It can be inferred that the obtained

mathematical relationship is a suitable predicting model for estimating viscosity of the nanofluid

of interest, and its results are consistent to laboratory results in the set volume fraction and

temperature ranges.

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Fig. 13.a Fig. 13.b

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Fig. 13.c Fig. 13.d

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Fig. 13.e Fig. 13.f
Figure 13. Comparison of laboratory results with extracted mathematical equation at (a) 25°C, (b) 30°C,

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(c) 35°C, (d) 40°C, (e) 45°C and (f) 50°C.
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3-7 Calculation of Margin of Deviation

The margin of error between laboratory results and those of the extracted empirical relationships
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is defined as follows:
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ஜు౮౦ ିஜౌ౨౛ౚ
Dev = ൤ ൨ × 100% (4)
ஜు౮౦
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The value of Rsqr related to each mathematical relationship was close to 0.997, which is
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satisfactory for relationships obtained from curve fitting operations. This is demonstrated well in

Figure 14. This figure also represents the calculated margins of error between laboratory results
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and those of the empirical relationships at various temperatures and volume fractions. The
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maximum margin of error was 5.9 percent.

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Figure 14. Margin of deviation for all data

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Table 4 shows increase in viscosity at various volume fractions and temperatures compared to
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the base fluid:

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Table 4. Dynamic viscosity and relative viscosity of nanofluid based on temperature and volume fraction

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Volume Fraction Dynamic Viscosity

Temperature cP Relative Viscosity

0.05 14.98 1.040278

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0.1 15.86 1.101389

0.2 17.34 1.204167

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0.4 19.48 1.352778

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0.8 25.65 1.78125

1.2
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0.05 12.65 1.045455
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0.1 13.2 1.090909

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0.2 14.17 1.171074

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0.4 16.87 1.394215
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0.8 19.82 1.638017

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1.2 23.4 1.933884

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0.05 11.41 1.01875

35 0.1 11.91 1.063393

0.2 12.58 1.123214

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0.4 14.08 1.257143

0.8 17.24 1.539286

1.2 19.07 1.702679

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volume fraction
Dynamic

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Temperature viscosity cP relative viscosity

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0.05 9.97 1.070892

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0.1 AN 10.46 1.123523

0.2 11.02 1.183673

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0.4 12.75 1.369495

0.8 14.04 1.508056

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1.2 16.98 1.823845

0.05 8.62 1.057669

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0.1 9.39 1.152147

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45 0.2 10.19 1.250307

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0.4 11.16 1.369325

0.8 12.44 1.52638

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1.2 15.17 1.86135

0.05 8.2 1.174785

0.1 8.65 1.239255

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0.2 9.21 1.319484

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0.4 9.88 1.415473

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0.8 11.82 1.69341

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1.2 13.03 1.866762
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4. Conclusion

This experimental study addressed dynamic viscosity of CeO2-EG nanofluid in different volume
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fraction and temperatures.

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• At a constant temperature, nanofluid viscosity increases with increases in the volume

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fraction of the nanoparticles.

• At a given volume fraction, nanofluid viscosity decreases when temperature is increased.

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• Maximum increase in nanofluid viscosity compared to the base fluid viscosity occurs at

25˚C and volume fraction of 1.2 percent.

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• Analytical relationships introduced by researchers cannot accurately determine the

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nanofluid viscosity.

• The obtained mathematical relationship is a suitable predicting model for estimating

dynamic viscosity of CeO2- Ethylene Glycol (EG) and its results are consistent to

laboratory results in the set volume fraction and temperature ranges.

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The extension of this paper for nanofluid according previous works [25-64] affords engineers a
good option for Nano scale and micro scale simulation.

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• Nanofluid viscosity of CeO2-EG is studied.

• Effects of temperature and volume fraction on viscosity are considered.
• Nanofluid has a newtonian behavior in all solid volume fractions.
• Exact formula for nanofluids viscosity is obtained.

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