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Beams
Lecture #9
References:
1. W. MacGregor, “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design”, 6th Ed
2. ACI 318M-08
3. McCormar and Brown, “Design of Reinforced Concrete”, 9th Ed
UP – Institute of Civil Engineering
Objectives
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
2 IHST
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3 IHST
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4 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations Statement of the Limit State and Load Calculation Procedure
▪ Stiffness, EI Combination and Criteria
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
5 IHST
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Droopy
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
6 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
7 IHST
UP – Institute of Civil Engineering
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
8 IHST
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Deflection /Importance
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Advanced structural systems with the use of
SLS Introduction high-strength materials
Deflection
▪ Importance
e.g. Sagging of floors which may lead to
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
ponding
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
9 IHST
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Deflection /Control
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Increase beam depth but designers are
SLS Introduction always under pressure to keep members as
Deflection shallow as possible
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
The code usually control deflections by
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks specifying certain minimum depths or
Other Deflections maximum permissible computed deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Recall: Minimum thickness
Cracking
NSCP Table 409-1. Minimum thickness of non-
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
prestressed beams or one-way slabs
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
NSCP Table 409-2. Maximum permissible
Summary
computed deflections
10 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
11 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
12 IHST
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Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
13 IHST
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Deflection
Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
48𝐸𝐼 *
▪ Importance
▪ Control 𝑃𝑙 3 𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑙 2
▪ Calculations Δ𝑡𝑖𝑝 = =
▪ Stiffness, EI
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
▪ Remarks
𝜔𝑙 4 𝑀𝑛𝑒𝑔 𝑙 2
Other Deflections Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
8𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments 𝜔𝑙 4
Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
384𝐸𝐼
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural 𝑃𝑙 3 𝑀𝑝𝑜𝑠 𝑙2
▪ Shrinkage and Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = =
Temperature 192𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
Summary
𝑀𝑙 2
M Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
16𝐸𝐼
*
14 IHST
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15 IHST
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Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
16 IHST
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Deflection /Calculations
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. Deflection is therefore controlled by the
Deflection
▪ Importance
elastic stiffness, 𝐸𝐼, in general:
▪ Control 𝜔𝑙 4
▪ Calculations 𝛥=𝑐
▪ Stiffness, EI 𝐸𝐼
▪ Remarks
c is a variable constant depending on support condition
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
2. Reinforced concrete is made up of
Cracking
▪ Control two materials (concrete and steel with
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
different values for E) with different stress
Summary
distribution, therefore, methods presented
are estimates only
17 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Modulus of Elasticity, 𝐸
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
For normal weight concrete
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Summary
𝑓𝑐′ in MPa
18 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Moment of Inertia, 𝐼
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance Recall: Elastic bending
▪ Control
▪ Calculations ❑ Strains are linearly distributed along the
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks depth of the member
Other Deflections ❑ Stresses are calculated from the strains using
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
𝜎 =𝐸×𝜀
Cracking ❑ Elastic Bending Equation, 𝜎 = 𝑀𝑦/𝐼
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
19 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Moment of Inertia, 𝐼
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance ❑ Uncracked area, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
▪ Control
▪ Calculations ❑ Cracked area, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠
▪ Stiffness, EI
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Once the beam is transformed, it would be easy
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
to get the moment of inertia, 𝐼
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
20 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.1 Moment of Inertia 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
❑ Cracked
Uncracked
section,
section,
𝐴𝑐𝐴=
𝑐 =
𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
21 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.1 Moment of Inertia 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
❑ Uncracked section, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴𝑠
SLS Introduction A (mm2) ytop (mm) A*ytop (mm3)
Deflection Concrete 180,000.00 300.00 5.40E+07
▪ Importance
▪ Control Top Steel 4,398.23 60.00 2.64E+05
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Bot Steel 8,796.46 535.00 4.71E+06
fy = 420 MPa,
f ’c = 28 MPa
22 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.1 Moment of Inertia 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
❑ Cracked, 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 Uncracked, A𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 As
SLS Introduction A (mm2) y (mm) A*y (mm3)
Deflection Comp Conc 300*c c/2 150*c2
▪ Importance 4,398.23*c -
▪ Control Top Steel 4,398.23 c - 60
▪ Calculations
263,893.80
▪ Stiffness, EI 10,053.09*c -
▪ Remarks
Bot Steel 10,053.09 c - 535
5,378,355.00
Other Deflections
0 = sum[A*y] c= 151.67
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to parallel-axis theorem
Attachments 2
A (mm ) ybar (m) Iown-axis (mm4) A*ybar2 (mm4)
Cracking Comp Conc 45,501.00 75.84 8.72E+07 2.62E+08
▪ Control
▪ Flexural Top Steel 4,398.23 91.67 0.00E+00 3.70E+07
▪ Shrinkage and Bot Steel 10,053.09 -383.33 0.00E+00 1.48E+09
Temperature
Icr = 1.86E+09
Summary 30.3% of Igt
fy = 420 MPa,
f ’c = 28 MPa
23 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.1 Moment of Inertia 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
http://www.ce.memphis.edu/4135/PDF/Notes/Chap_13_Deflection.pdf 24 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = cracked transformed moment of
Deflection
▪ Importance
Inertia
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. 𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
At points between cracking and yielding of
B. Damage to
Attachments
the steel, intermediate values of 𝐸𝐼 exist.
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
25 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Variation of 𝐸𝐼 along the length
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
26 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
27 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Effective moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑒
SLS Introduction
Branson suggested the use of 𝑎 = 3
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
For continuous beams, it shall be permitted…
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
28 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
For continuous beams, it shall be permitted…
SLS Introduction
Summary 𝐼𝑒𝑚 , 𝐼𝑒1 , and 𝐼𝑒2 are the values of 𝐼𝑒 at midspan and the two ends of the
beam, respectively.
29 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Remarks
SLS Introduction 1. 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = cracked transformed moment of
Deflection
▪ Importance
Inertia
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
𝐼𝑔 = gross moment of inertia
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. 𝐼𝑒 = effective moment of inertia
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
At points between cracking and yielding of
B. Damage to
Attachments
the steel, intermediate values of 𝐸𝐼 exist.
Cracking 3. Stresses at service loads
▪ Control
▪ Flexural 𝑀𝑦
▪ Shrinkage and 𝑓𝑐 =
Temperature 𝐼𝑔
Summary 𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑐𝑟
30 IHST
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Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Alternate solution to service load stresses
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature 𝑀𝑠
Summary 𝑓𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠 (𝑗𝑑)
31 IHST
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▪ Ms (dead-load) = 90 kN-m
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Considering that at this service load moment,
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
the beam has cracked, compute for fs at
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
service loads
Summary
32 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
33 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
34 IHST
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SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
35 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Remarks
SLS Introduction 4. Reduction in 𝐼 means reduction in 𝐸𝐼
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
36 IHST
UP – Institute of Civil Engineering
𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Deflection /Calculation of 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
37 IHST
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𝜔𝑙 4
𝛥=𝑐
Problem 9.2 Deflection 𝐸𝐼
Lecture #9 The T-beam shown supports unfactored dead and live loads
Objectives and Review
of 13.5 kN/m and 17 kN/m, respectively. It is built of 20-MPa
SLS Introduction
concrete and Grade-420 reinforcement. Calculate the
Deflection immediate midspan deflection.
▪ Importance
▪ Control Assume that construction loads did not exceed the dead load.
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
38 IHST
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Deflection /Others
A. Sustained Load
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
39 IHST
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Deflection /Others
A. Sustained Load
Lecture #9 From tests, Branson proposed
Objectives and Review
SLS Introduction
𝜉
𝜆Δ =
Deflection 1 + 50𝜌′
▪ Importance where:
▪ Control
▪ Calculations 𝜆Δ = ratio of the additional sustained load
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks deflection to the instantaneous deflection, Δ𝑖
Other Deflections (total deflection
′
= 1 + 𝜆 Δ Δ𝑖 )
A. Sustained Loads ′ 𝐴𝑠
B. Damage to 𝜌 =
Attachments 𝑏𝑑
Cracking
𝜉 = time dependent factor
▪ Control 5 years of more …….. 2.0
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
12 months ………….. 1.4
Temperature 6 months …………… 1.2
Summary 3 months …………… 1.0
40 IHST
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Deflection /Others
B. Damage to Attachments
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Total deflection:
SLS Introduction
𝛥 = 𝜆𝑡0,∞ 𝛥𝑖𝐷 + 𝛥𝑖𝐿 + 𝜆∞ 𝛥𝑖𝐿𝑆
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control where:
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI Δ𝑖𝐿 = Δ𝑖,𝐷+𝐿 − Δ𝑖𝐷 , instantaneous live load
▪ Remarks
deflection
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads Δ𝑖𝐷 , Δ𝑖𝐿 , Δ𝑖𝐿𝑆 = instantaneous deflections due to
B. Damage to
Attachments dead, live load and sustained live load respectively
Cracking
▪ Control
𝜆𝑡0,∞ = value of 𝜆 based on 𝜉 for 5 years or
▪ Flexural more minus value of 𝜉 at the time 𝑡0 when the
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature partitions are installed
Summary 𝜆∞ = the value of 𝜆 based on 𝜉 = 2.0
41 IHST
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Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
Cracking
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Types of Cracks
SLS Introduction
▪ Direct tension
Deflection
▪ Flexure and shear
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Web-shear
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI ▪ Bond (shrinkage)
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
43 IHST
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Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Reasons for controlling crack width
SLS Introduction 1. Appearance – wide cracks are unsightly
Deflection
▪ Importance
and sometimes lead to concern by owners
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
and occupants
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks 2. Leakage – crack control is important in
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
the design of liquid retaining structures (a
B. Damage to
Attachments
function of crack width)
Cracking 3. Corrosion – traditionally been related to
▪ Control
▪ Flexural crack width (time to initiate corrosion is a
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature function of crack width)
Summary
44 IHST
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Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Flexural cracks
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
45 IHST
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Cracking /Control
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Shrinkage and temperature cracks
SLS Introduction
Deflection
▪ Importance
▪ Control
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI
▪ Remarks
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments
Cracking
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Temperature
Summary
46 IHST
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Summary
Lecture #9
Objectives and Review
Serviceability Limit State
SLS Introduction Deflection
Deflection Control (minimum thickness NSCP Table 409)
▪ Importance
▪ Control Calculate (specially if less than the minimum)
▪ Calculations
▪ Stiffness, EI Damage to attachments (considering sustained
▪ Remarks
loads)
Other Deflections
A. Sustained Loads
B. Damage to
Attachments Cracking
Cracking Flexural crack (spacing of reinforcement)
▪ Control
▪ Flexural
▪ Shrinkage and
Shrinkage and temperature (minimum 𝜌)
Temperature
Summary
Vibration
47 IHST