Explain about the operations on zigbee and wifi network

Zigbee Network:
• Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on IEEE
802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the product
from Zigbee alliance.
• This communication standard defines physical and Media Access Control (MAC)
layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. These Zigbee’s WPANs operate at
868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies.
• Zigbee is low-cost and low-powered mesh network widely deployed for controlling
and monitoring applications where it covers 10-100 meters within the range.
• Zigbee supports different network configurations for master to master or master to
slave communications. And also, it can be operated in different modes as a result the
battery power is conserved.
• Zigbee networks are extendable with the use of routers and allow many nodes to
interconnect with each other for building a wider area network.

Zigbee Operating Modes:

• Zigbee two way data is transferred in two modes: Non-beacon mode and Beacon
mode.
• In a beacon mode, the coordinators and routers continuously monitor active state of
incoming data hence more power is consumed.
• Beacon mode is used when the coordinator runs on batteries and thus offers
maximum power savings, whereas the non-beacon mode finds favour when the
coordinator is mains-powered.
• In the beacon mode, a device watches out for the coordinator's beacon that gets
transmitted at periodically, locks on and looks for messages addressed to it. If
message transmission is complete, the coordinator dictates a schedule for the next
beacon so that the device ‘goes to sleep'; in fact, the coordinator itself switches to
sleep mode.
• While using the beacon mode, all the devices in a mesh network know when to
communicate with each other. In this mode, necessarily, the timing circuits have to
be quite accurate, or wake up sooner to be sure not to miss the beacon. This in turn
means an increase in power consumption by the coordinator's receiver, entailing an
optimal increase in costs.
 Beacon mode communication

• The non-beacon mode will be included in a system where devices are ‘asleep' nearly
always, as in smoke detectors and burglar alarms. The devices wake up and confirm
their continued presence in the network at random intervals.
• On detection of activity, the sensors ‘spring to attention', as it were, and transmit to
the ever-waiting coordinator's receiver (since it is mains-powered). However, there is
the remotest of chances that a sensor finds the channel busy, in which case the
receiver unfortunately would ‘miss a call'.

Non Beacon mode communication

Applications:

• Industrial Automation
• Home Automation
• Smart Metering
• Smart Grid monitoring
Wifi network:

• Wi-Fi is a popular wireless networking technology. Wi-Fi stands for “wireless

fidelity”.
• Wi-Fi is a one type of wireless technology. It is commonly called as wireless LAN
(local area network). Wi-Fi allows local area networks to operate without cable and
wiring. It is making popular choice for home and business networks.
• A computer’s wireless adaptor transfers the data into a radio signal and transfers the
data into antenna for users.
• The wireless network is operating three essential elements that are radio signals,
antenna and router. The radio waves are keys which make the Wi-Fi networking
possible.
• The radio signals are transmitted from antennas and routers that signals are picked up
by Wi-Fi receivers, such has computers and cell phones that are ready with Wi-Fi
cards. Whenever the computer receives the signals with in the range of 100-150 feet
for router it connect the device immediately.
• The range of the Wi-Fi is depends upon the environment, indoor or outdoor ranges.
The Wi-Fi cards will read the signals and create an internet connection between user
and network. The speed of the device using Wi-Fi connection increases as the
computer gets closer to the main source and speed is decreases computer gets further
away.
• All routers have a web page that you can connect for configuring the Wi-Fi security.
And turn on WEP (Wire Equivalence Privacy) and enter a password and remember
this password. Next time when you will connect your laptop Wi-Fi router will ask you
to enter the connection password and you enter that password.
 • Currently they are four major types of WIFI technologies.

Wi-Fi-802.11a
Wi-Fi-802.11b
Wi-Fi-802.11g
Wi-Fi-802.11n
• 802.11a is the one of a series of wireless technology. That defines the format and
structure of the radio signals sent out by WI-FI networking routers and antennas.

• 802. 11b support bandwidth 11mbps. Signal in unregulated frequency spectrum

around 2.4 GHz. This is a low frequency compared with Wi-Fi-802.11a means it is
working reasonable distance. It is interference with micro owns cordless phones and
other appliance. It is low-cost; signal range is good using home appliance.

• Wi-Fi-802.11g technology supporting a newer slandered products. It is best

technology of 802.11a and 802.11b. The 802.11 b support bandwidth upto 54mbps
and it use a 2.4 GHz frequency for greater range. This cost is more than 802.11b. It is
fast accessing and maximum speed.

• The 802.11n is the newest WIFI technology. It was designed to improve on 802.11g
.The amount of bandwidth supported by utilizing multiple wireless signals and
antennas instead of one. It supports 100 mbps bandwidth and increased signal
intensity.
Applications:

• Mobile applications
• Business applications
• Home applications
• Computerized application
• Automotive segment
• Browsing internet
• Video conference
Advantages and disadvantages of zigbee and wifi network
Advantages of Zigbee networks :
• Zigbee has a flexible network structure
• It has very long battery life
• Zigbee has a mesh network topology with low cost, multi hope data transmission and
is power effective
• It is less complex than Bluetooth
• It is easy to install
• Zigbee support a large number of nodes
• Zigbee is more reliable
• It is a short working period result in power saving and power consumption of
communication
Disadvantages of Zigbee networks :
• Zigbee disadvantages mainly include short range
• Low complexity, and low data speed
• Its high maintenance cost, lack of total solution, and slow materialization,
• Low transmission, as well as low network stability, are also some of its disadvantages
that takes it a step back as compared to others
• Replacement with Zigbee compliant appliances can be costly
• Zigbee is not secure like WiFi based secured system
• It does not have end devices available yet
Advantages of wifi networks:
• Wireless laptop can be moved from one place to another place
• Wi-Fi network communication devices without wire can reduce the cost of wires.
• Wi-Fi setup and configuration is easy than cabling process
• It is completely safe and it will not interfere with any network
• We can also connect internet via hot spots
• We can connect internet wirelessly
Disadvantages of wifi networks:
• Wi-Fi generates radiations which can harm the human health
• We must disconnect the Wi-Fi connection whenever we are not using the server
• There are some limits to transfer the data, we cant able to transfer the data for long
distance
• Wi-Fi implementation is very expensive when compared to the wired connection
Explain the operations of infrared and Bluetooth
Bluetooth:
• A Bluetooth technology is a high speed low powered wireless technology link that is
designed to connect phones or other portable equipment together.
• It is a specification (IEEE 802.15.1) for the use of low power radio communications
to link phones, computers and other network devices over short distance without
wires. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up
to 30 feet (10 meters).
• It is achieved by embedded low cost transceivers into the devices. It supports on the
frequency band of 2.45GHz and can support upto 721KBps along with three voice
channels.
• This frequency band has been set aside by international agreement for the use of
industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).rd-compatible with 1.0 devices.
• Bluetooth can connect up to “eight devices” simultaneously and each device offers a
unique 48 bit address from the IEEE 802 standard with the connections being made
point to point or multipoint.
• Usually a single master and upto 7 slaves. A master is the device which initiates
communication with other devices. The master device governs the communications
link and traffic between itself and the slave devices associated with it. A slave device
is the device that responds to the master device. Slave devices are required to
synchronize their transmit/receive timing with that of the masters.
• In addition, transmissions by slave devices are governed by the master device (i.e.,
the master device dictates when a slave device may transmit). Specifically, a slave
may only begin its transmissions in a time slot immediately following the time slot in
which it was addressed by the master, or in a time slot explicitly reserved for use by
the slave device.
• The frequency hopping sequence is defined by the Bluetooth device address
(BD_ADDR) of the master device. The master device first sends a radio signal
asking for response from the particular slave devices within the range of addresses.
The slaves respond and synchronize their hop frequency as well as clock with that of
the master device.
• Scatternets are created when a device becomes an active member of more than one
piconet. Essentially, the adjoining device shares its time slots among the different
piconets.
Bluetooth Specifications:
• Core Specifications : It defines the Bluetooth protocol stack and the requirements for
testing and qualification of Bluetooth-based products.
• The profiles specification: It defines usage models that provide detailed information
about how to use the Bluetooth protocol for various types of applications.
The core specification consists of 5 layers:
• Radio: Radio specifies the requirements for radio transmission – including frequency,
modulation, and power characteristics – for a Bluetooth transceiver.
• Baseband Layer: It defines physical and logical channels and link types (voice or
data); specifies various packet formats, transmit and receive timing, channel control,
and the mechanism for frequency hopping (hop selection) and device addressing. It
specifies point to point or point to multipoint links. The length of a packet can range
from 68 bits (shortened access code) to a maximum of 3071 bits.
• LMP- Link Manager Protocol (LMP): defines the procedures for link set up and
ongoing link management.
• Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP): is responsible for
adapting upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer.
• Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): – allows a Bluetooth device to query other
Bluetooth devices for device information, services provided, and the characteristics of
those services.
The 1st three layers comprise the Bluetooth module whereas the last two layers make up the
host. The interfacing between these two logical groups is called Host Controller Interface.

Bluetooth network toplology

Infrared:
• During the 1990s, infrared (IR) technology allowed computers and other electronic
devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. Using IR, computers could
transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally as long as both devices were
equipped with an IR sensor.
• The infrared transmission technology used in computers was similar to that used in
consumer-oriented TV remote control units. Since then, the much faster and far more
versatile Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technologies replaced IR.
• Computer infrared network adapters both transmit and receive data through ports on
the rear or side of a device. Infrared adapters were installed in many laptops and
personal hand-held devices. In Microsoft Windows, infrared connections were created
through the same method as other local area network connections.
• Infrared networks were designed to support direct two-computer connections only,
and those were created temporarily as the need arose. Extensions to infrared
technology, however, supported more than two computers and semipermanent
networks.
• Infrared communications span only short distances. When networking two infrared
devices, they must be within a few feet of each other. Unlike Wi-
Fi and Bluetoothtechnologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other
obstructions and work only within a direct line of sight. Anything that blocks that
direct line between two IR devices also blocks IR communication.
• Infrared technology used in local networks exists in three forms that are recognized
by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA):
IrDA-SIR: Slow-speed infrared that supports data rates up to 115 Kbps.
IrDA-MIR: Medium-speed infrared that supports data rates up to 1.15 Mbps.
IrDA-FIR: High-speed infrared that supports data rates up to 4 Mbps.
Advantage and disadvantages of infrared and Bluetooth
Advantages of Bluetooth Technology:
• It is cheap
• Easy to install
• It makes connecting to different devices convenient
• It is wireless
• It is free to use if the device is installed with it
Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology
• It can be hacked into
• If installed on a cell phone it is prone to receiving cell phone viruses
• It only allows short range communication between devices
• It can only connect two devices at once
• It can lose connection in certain conditions
Advantages of Infrared Technology:
• They are very fast.
• They are extremely reliable.
• They can cover a wide range of area without any faults.
Disadvantages of Infrared Technology:
• The cost of installment is extremely high.
• Not all the devices are capable of receiving the signal produced by it.