Uncontrolled copy from the catalogue dated August 2004

Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004

Flooding, Scour,
Wave and Tidal
Action –
Managing the
Risk

Synopsis
This document mandates the
minimum requirements for assessing
and managing the risk to railway
infrastructure from flooding, scour,
wave and tidal action, and for the
action to be taken when flood
warnings are received.

Submitted by

This document is the property of the Rail

Safety and Standards Board Limited. It
shall not be reproduced in whole or in
part without the written permission of the
Paul Woolford Department Head of Railway Group
Project Manager Standards Management, Rail Safety and
Standards Board.
Authorised by Published by:
Rail Safety and Standards Board
Evergreen House
160 Euston Road
London NW1 2DX
Anne Blakeney
Acting Department Head © Copyright 2004 Rail Safety and
Railway Group Standards Management Standards Board Limited
 Uncontrolled copy from the catalogue dated August 2004

Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 1 of 15

Contents
Section Description Page

Part A
A1 Issue record 2
A2 Implementation of this document 2
A3 Scope of Railway Group Standards 2
A4 Responsibilities 3
A5 Health and safety responsibilities 3
A6 Technical content 3
A7 Supply 3

Part B
B1 Purpose 4
B2 Application of this document 4
B3 Definitions 5
B4 Principle 7

Part C
C1 Listing of structures 8
C2 Requirements for the collection of data 8
C3 Assessment of structures susceptible to water action 8
C4 Evaluation of structures susceptible to water action 9
C5 Action plans for susceptible elements of the infrastructure 9
C6 Receipt of flood warnings 10
C7 Records 10
C8 Competency 10

Appendices
1 Data collection and recording 11
2 A method for determining the need for an action plan 12
3 Validity of evaluations 13
4 Action plans 14

References 15

RAIL SAFETY AND STANDARDS BOARD 1

 Uncontrolled copy from the catalogue dated August 2004

Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 2 of 15 Managing the Risk

Part A
A1 Issue record
Issue Date Comments
One November 1995 Original document
Two April 2004 Supersedes issue one. Revised throughout,
title amended to reflect enlarged scope

Changes in this new issue have not been marked by a vertical black line
because the document has been revised throughout.

This document will be updated when necessary by distribution of a complete

replacement.

A2 Implementation of
this document
The publication date of this document is 3 April 2004.

This document comes into force on 5 June 2004.

The dates by which compliance with the requirements of this document is to be

achieved are set out in Part B2. Where those dates are later than the date on
which this document comes into force, this is to give Railway Group members
additional time to plan and commence implementation so as to achieve full
compliance by the dates set out in Part B2.

This document supersedes the following Railway Group Standards, either in

whole or in part as indicated:

Railway Issue Title RGS sections Date(s) as of

Group No. superseded by which sections
Standard this document are superseded
GC/RT5123 1 Safe Asset Section 6.1 5 June 2004
Management (excluding
– Coastal and clause 6.1.1)
Estuarine
Defences Sections 7, 8,
and 9
GC/RT5143 1 Scour and All 3 December
Flooding – 2005
Managing the
Risk

GC/RT5123, issue 1, is withdrawn with effect from 5 June 2004. Parts of

GC/RT5123 not superseded by this document are superseded by GC/RT5100,
issue 3, which is to be issued at the same time as GC/RT5143, issue 2.

GC/RT5143, issue 1, is withdrawn with effect from 3 December 2005.

A3 Scope of Railway
Group Standards
The overall scope of Railway Group Standards is set out in Annex F of the
Railway Group Standards Code, issue 1, January 2004. The specific scope of
this document is set out in Part B2.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 3 of 15

A4 Responsibilities
Railway Group Standards are mandatory on all members of the Railway Group*
and apply to all relevant activities that fall into the scope of each individual’s
Railway Safety Case. If any of those activities are performed by a contractor, the
contractor’s obligation in respect of Railway Group Standards is determined by
the terms of the contract between the respective parties. Where a contractor is a
duty holder of a Railway Safety Case then Railway Group Standards apply
directly to the activities described in the Safety Case.

* The Railway Group comprises Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, Rail Safety
and Standards Board Limited and the train and station operators who hold
railway safety cases for operation on or related to infrastructure controlled by
Network Rail Infrastructure Limited.

Network Rail Infrastructure Limited is also known as Network Rail.

Rail Safety and Standards Board Limited is also known as RSSB.

A5 Health and safety

responsibilities
Each Railway Group member is reminded of the need to consider its own
responsibilities to ensure health and safety at work and its own duties under
health and safety legislation. RSSB does not warrant that compliance with all or
any documents published by RSSB is sufficient in itself to ensure safe systems
of work or operation or to satisfy such responsibilities or duties.

A6 Content
The content of this document has been approved by:

Track and Structures Subject Committee on 29 January 2004.

Enquiries should be directed to RSSB – Telephone: 020 7904 7518 or e-mail

enquiries@rssb.co.uk.

A7 Supply
Controlled and uncontrolled copies of this document may be obtained from the
Industry Safety Liaison Department, Rail Safety and Standards Board, Evergreen
House, 160 Euston Road, London NW1 2DX or e-mail enquiries@rssb.co.uk.
Railway Group Standards can also be viewed at www.rssb.co.uk.

RAIL SAFETY AND STANDARDS BOARD 3

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Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 4 of 15 Managing the Risk

Part B
B1 Purpose
This document mandates the requirements for assessing and managing the risk
to railway infrastructure from flooding, scour, wave and tidal action, and for the
action to be taken when flood warnings are received.

B2 Application of this
document
B2.1 To whom the requirements apply
This document contains requirements that are applicable to duty holders of the
infrastructure controller category of Railway Safety Case.

B2.2 Compliance requirements

B2.2.1 Compliance requirements of Part C of this document
The requirements of Part C of this document apply to all structures, other than
reservoirs, under or alongside Network Rail controlled infrastructure that could
be subject to risk from flooding, scour, wave or tidal action. Reservoirs are
covered by the Reservoir Act 1975.

The requirements of Part C of this document shall be complied with no later than
5 June 2004, with the exceptions set out below:

a) Compliance with section C1 (listing of structures) is required no later than

3 December 2005.

b) Compliance with clause C2.2 (collection of data relating to embankments

and retaining walls) is required no later than 3 December 2005.

c) Compliance with clause C2.3 (collection of data relating to coastal and

estuarine infrastructure and natural defences) is required no later than
4 December 2004.

d) Compliance with section C3 (assessment of structures susceptible to water

action) is required no later than 3 December 2005.

B2.2.2 General compliance requirements

After the compliance date or the date by which compliance is achieved, if earlier,
Railway Group members shall maintain compliance with the requirements set out
in this Railway Group Standard. Where it is considered not reasonably
practicable to comply with the requirements, authorisation not to comply shall be
sought in accordance with the Railway Group Standards Code, issue 1, January
2004.

B2.3 Related requirements in other documents

GC/RT5100 sets out the general requirements for managing the structural
integrity of structures so that they do not present an unacceptable risk to safety
as a result of their condition, use or location.

GC/RT5021 sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction,

inspection and maintenance of the track system, including the requirements for
the inspection of track following flooding.

GO/RT3411 identifies minimum actions necessary to identify and respond to

exceptional weather conditions as an input to safe rail operation.

GC/RT5151 sets out requirements for the safe management of embankments,

cuttings and natural slopes.

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Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 5 of 15

B3 Definitions
Action plan
For the purposes of this document, a set of actions required to be taken at a
structure following a flood warning or other relevant warning of extreme weather.

Assessment
The determination of the safe load-carrying capacity of a structure, taking into
account its physical condition, use and location. The term includes the use of
quantitative methods unless otherwise justified, checks, inspections and the use
of historic data, where appropriate. Quantitative methods include:
a) carrying out calculations
b) carrying out documented and technically approved stress measurements
c) the use of valid design documentation.

Bridge
A structure of one or more spans greater than or equal to 1800 mm, whose
prime purpose is usually to carry traffic or services over an obstruction or gap.

Catchment area
The area of land that contributes surface or overland flow of water to a particular
location.

Coastal and estuarine infrastructure

Particular sections of works that include both coastal and estuarine protection
works and sea and estuarine defences.

Coastal protection works

A particular section of infrastructure which prevents erosion of coastal land and
encroachment by the sea and performs no flood defence role. Coastal
protection works exist seaward of the limits specified in the Fourth Schedule of
the Coast Protection Act 1949.

Culvert
A structure with a span or diameter greater than 450 mm and less than
1800 mm, whose prime purpose is usually, but not exclusively, to permit water or
services to pass under a railway or road. The term excludes effluent pipelines
passing under a railway or road.

Embankment
An earthwork that allows railway lines or access roads to pass over low lying
ground, or ground liable to flood, at an acceptable level and gradient.

Estuarine defence
A particular section of infrastructure which protects the railway or low-lying areas
from flooding by estuarine waters and which falls inland of the Fourth Schedule
of the Coast Protection Act 1949.

Estuarine protection works

A particular section of infrastructure which prevents erosion of estuarine land and
encroachment by estuarine waters and performs no flood defence role.
Estuarine coastal protection works exist inland of the limits specified in the
Fourth Schedule of the Coast Protection Act 1949.

Erosion
Washout of embankments or cuttings as a result of water action.

Evaluation
The appraisal of all relevant reports, information, assessments and
circumstances relating to a structure to establish whether further action is
required to ensure that it does not pose an unacceptable risk to safety as a result
of its condition, use or location.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 6 of 15 Managing the Risk

Extreme sea levels

Tide levels above normal lunar cycles (neap and spring tides) caused by surge
effects and storm conditions.

Flood warning
For the purpose of this document, this term includes any warning or advance
notice of increasing fluvial or tidal water levels or flows as are issued from time to
time by the Environment Agency or the Scottish Environment Protection Agency.
It includes: ‘Flood Watch’, ‘Flood Warning’ and ‘Severe Flood Warning’.

Morphology
The plan, gradient and shape of the river channel and banks, including features
such as gravel shoals and bars.

Natural defence
For the purpose of this document, a natural defence is a coastal or estuarine
defence formed by non-man-made topography.

Obstruction
Reduction in the opening area of a structure, that could normally carry water, as
a result of floating debris, construction of fences or screens, or accumulation of
gravel and silt.

Opening ratio
The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the structure opening to the estimated
cross-sectional area of the watercourse/floodplain upstream. As an
approximation, the ratio of the width of the structure opening during flooding to
the estimated width of the watercourse/floodplain upstream can be used.

Scour
The removal of the bed or bank of a watercourse or undermining of a structure
by the action of flowing water, including wave or tidal action.

Scour protection
A scour-resistant invert or bed extending around all the support elements of the
structure that could be subject to water action.

Sea defence
A particular section of infrastructure which protects the railway or low-lying areas
from flooding from the sea and which falls seaward of the Fourth Schedule of the
Coast Protection Act 1949.

Viaduct
A bridge containing five spans or more.

Structure
Something built to support or retain a load. The term includes: bridges; viaducts;
tunnels; culverts; retaining walls (including minor retaining walls); coastal and
estuarine infrastructure; gantries, posts and stanchions carrying overhead line
equipment, lighting, signals etc; trainsheds; platform canopies; platforms;
buildings and water retaining structures. The term includes any permanent
access facilities provided.

For the purposes of this document the term excludes earthworks.

Water action
A term use to refer collectively to flooding, scour, wave or tidal action.

Watercourse
Any river, stream, channel or canal that could be reasonably expected to be
taken by flowing water during flooding or high sea levels.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 7 of 15

B4 Principle
This document supports Principle 8 in HMRI Railway Safety Principles and
Guidance that ‘Earthworks and structures above or adjacent to the railway
should be capable of supporting the loads imposed upon them and afford
protection to the railway’.

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Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 8 of 15 Managing the Risk

Part C
C1 Listing of structures
C1.1 General requirements
The general requirements for the listing of structures are set out in GC/RT5100.

The general requirements for the listing of embankments, cuttings and natural
slopes are set out in GC/RT5151.

The infrastructure controller shall ensure that the listings identify those structures
and embankments that can be reasonably expected to be subject to water
action.

C1.2 Review of listing

The lists shall be reviewed when necessary to take account of all of the
following:

a) any known changes of land use or topography which could significantly

affect the susceptibility of a structure to flooding, scour, wave or tidal action

b) any known changes in watercourse morphology and adjacent land

c) any new information available on areas of fluvial or tidal flood risk.

C2 Requirements for
the collection of data
C2.1 Bridges, viaducts and culverts
For bridges, viaducts and culverts subject to water action from watercourses,
sufficient data shall be obtained and recorded in order to evaluate the
susceptibility of the structure to the water action.

Appendix 1.1 lists data that is usually needed to meet this requirement.

C2.2 Embankments and retaining walls

For each embankment and retaining wall subject to water action from a
watercourse or wave action from a body of water (for example a lake), sufficient
data shall be obtained and recorded in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the
structure to the water action.

Appendix 1.2 lists data that is usually needed to meet this requirement.

C2.3 Coastal and estuarine infrastructure and natural defences

For coastal and estuarine infrastructure and natural defences vulnerable to water
action from high sea or high tide levels, sufficient data shall be obtained and
recorded in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the structure to the water
action.

Appendix 1.3 lists data that is usually needed to meet this requirement.

C3 Assessment of
structures susceptible to
water action
GC/RT5100 sets out requirements for the assessment (as defined in section B3)
of structures. The assessment of structures, identified as susceptible to water
action in accordance with section C1, shall also consider the potential for
reduced loading capacity as a result of the water action.

The assessment shall consider the overturning, overtopping, sliding and/or

uplifting effects of high water levels either alone or in combination with the effects
of scour, wave or tidal action, as appropriate.

The effects of the following shall be considered if appropriate:

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Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 9 of 15

a) debris striking or being trapped by the structure

b) other debris loading such as river gravel and cobbles

c) the build-up of floating ice.

C4 Evaluation of
structures susceptible to
water action
GC/RT5100 sets out requirements for the evaluation (as defined in section B3) of
structures.

GC/RT5151 sets out requirements for the evaluation of embankments.

An evaluation shall also be carried out for coastal and estuarine infrastructure
and natural defences.

The evaluation of structures and embankments, identified as susceptible to water

action in accordance with section C1, and coastal and estuarine infrastructure
and natural defences, shall consider their susceptibility to damage or reduced
loading capacity as a result of water action.

An action plan (as defined in B3) shall be prepared for those elements of the
infrastructure determined as being susceptible to damage or reduced loading
capacity as a result of water action. It is permissible for the determination of the
need for an action plan to be based on an existing valid evaluation.

A method for determining whether an action plan is required is set out in

Appendix 2.

Section C5 sets out specific requirements for action plans.

The evaluation shall be reviewed when changes are identified that are likely to
affect its validity. Circumstances that could affect the validity of evaluations are
listed in Appendix 3.

C5 Action plans for

susceptible elements of
the infrastructure
C5.1 Content of action plan
The action plan shall include any actions necessary for safeguarding railway
operations, including, but not limited to, procedures for implementation and
subsequent removal of site monitoring, temporary speed restrictions and/or line
closures. The action plan shall also detail the circumstances which trigger the
required actions.

Appendix 4 lists information and actions that could be included in action plans to
meet this requirement.

GE/RT8000 – M4 sets out some specific actions to be taken in the event of

flooding.

C5.2 Review of action plan

The action plan shall be reviewed to confirm its validity and efficacy at annual
intervals. The review shall take into account any change in the criteria upon
which flood warnings are issued. The action plan shall also be reviewed, as
necessary, following a review of an evaluation of the susceptibility of the
structure to damage or reduced load capacity as a result of water action (see
section C4).

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Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 10 of 15 Managing the Risk

C5.3 Additional examination of structures

GC/RT5100 requires an additional examination of structures to be carried out
after flooding, scour, wave and tidal action which could have affected the
structure.

C6 Receipt of flood
warnings
The infrastructure controller shall have procedures in place to receive all
appropriate river and coastal flood warnings issued by the relevant authorities.

The infrastructure controller shall maintain a list of national, regional and area
offices of the relevant authorities.

C7 Records
All decisions made and actions taken to meet the requirements of this document
shall be recorded. Records shall be retained for the lifetime of the structure.

C8 Competency
The infrastructure controller shall ensure that the responsibilities of all persons
engaged in managing the risk from water action at a structure are clearly defined
in writing and understood by those persons.

The skill, expertise and training of the persons carrying out the duties shall be
related to the nature of the structure and the nature of the risk from water action.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 11 of 15

Appendix 1
Data collection and recording
(The content of this appendix is non-mandatory.)

This appendix lists data that is usually needed to meet the requirements of
section C2 of this document.

1.1 Bridges, viaducts

and culverts
a) length and nature of the watercourse upstream of the structure

b) catchment area upstream of the structure

c) morphology of the watercourse and adjacent land at the site

d) shape of the structure and its position relative to the water flow

e) opening ratio

f) bed and bank material of the watercourse

g) depth and type of foundations/piers and abutments

h) previous flood levels or depths of water

i) previous history of an obstruction

j) previous history of damage (for example from scour or flooding)

k) records of any scour protection provided for the structure

l) records of line closures as a result of scour and flooding.

1.2 Embankments and

retaining walls
a) details of embankment or retaining wall

b) previous flood levels or depths of water adjacent to embankment or

retaining wall

c) previous history of damage from water action

d) records or any remedial work carried out against water action

e) records of line closures as a result of scour or flooding.

1.3 Coastal and

estuarine infrastructure
and natural defences
a) location and height of the structure relative to the coastline or estuary

b) estimated extreme sea levels taking into account the predicted wave height
and the effects of storm surge

c) known previous high sea levels

d) previous history of damage (for example, from scour, washout or erosion)

e) records of any scour protection works and protection works against wave or
tidal action

f) records of line closures as a result of scour, flooding or wave or tidal action.

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Railway Group Standard

GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 12 of 15 Managing the Risk

Appendix 2
A method for determining the need for an action
plan
(The content of this appendix is non-mandatory.)

A method for determining whether an action plan is required is defined in the

table below:

More
High
Probability of than 50%
extreme
flooding, Less than Action plan required
scour, wave 50% but
or tidal action Medium
more
occurring in than 20%
the remaining
design life of
the structure Less than Action plan not required
Low
20%

Low Medium High

Damage to the Failure or Catastrophic
structure but unacceptable failure
no failure or reduced load
unacceptable capacity of the
reduction in structure
the load
capacity of the
structure
Potential consequence

Table 1 Action plan methodology

The probability of the risk scenario occurring, Pr, within the remaining design life,
Ly (in years), is calculated by the formula:
Ly
Pr = 1 – (1- (1 / N))

Where N is the return period (in years) (that is, annual probability of occurrence)
of the risk scenario.

A value for Ly of 50 years should be used, unless there is more specific

information available.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 13 of 15

Appendix 3
Validity of evaluations
(The content of this appendix is non-mandatory.)

The validity of existing evaluations could be affected:

a) when there is evidence of change to the watercourse, body of water or

coastline to an extent that is likely to affect the validity of the evaluations

b) where a report is received that railway infrastructure or adjacent land has

been subjected to the retention of surface water

c) where a report is received that surface drainage systems (including those on

adjacent land owned or controlled by an outside party) have been altered

d) when major works affecting the watercourse or coastline, or dredging

operations are known to have taken place within 400 m upstream or
downstream of the structure

e) following any work to the structure below the highest recorded flood or tide
level

f) following every underwater examination of the structure

g) following works to improve the susceptibility of the structure to scour,

flooding, high water levels, or wave or tidal action

h) following changes to the criteria upon which flood warnings are issued and
where such changes are likely to affect the validity of the evaluation

i) following major or widespread flood events or extreme sea levels.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Date April 2004 Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action –
Page 14 of 15 Managing the Risk

Appendix 4
Action plans
(The content of this appendix is non-mandatory.)

4.1 Typical content of

an action plan
This appendix lists information and actions that could be included in action plans
to meet the requirements of section C5.1:

a) the positioning of persons required to monitor the situation at site

b) the level to which the water can rise before the safe load capacity of the
structure is jeopardised (including marking the critical levels on the
structure)

c) specific actions to be taken dependent upon the water level and flow
conditions

d) parts of the structure not normally in the water flow or affected by normal
sea levels

e) actions required to record the maximum water/sea level at the structure

during emergency response

f) actions to be taken in respect of any monitoring equipment

g) procedures to validate informal reports of flooding or high water levels (for

example, from sources other than relevant authorities)

h) alternative actions to be taken when elements of the action plan cannot be

implemented.

4.2 Use of markers

Where markers on the structure are provided to indicate the water level and flow
conditions at which action is to be imposed (for example, monitoring of the
structure, imposing a temporary speed restriction, or closing a line), details
should be included in the action plan.

The markers should be positioned and maintained so that they are readily
observed from a position which is accessible and safe in adverse conditions.

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GC/RT5143
Issue Two
Flooding, Scour, Wave and Tidal Action – Date April 2004
Managing the Risk Page 15 of 15

References
Railway Group Standards and Other Railway Group Documents
The Railway Group Standards Code, issue 1, January 2004.
GC/RT5021 Track System Requirements
GC/RT5100 Safe Management of Structures
GC/RT5151 Safe Asset Management – Embankments and Cuttings
GE/RT8000 The Rule Book
GO/RT3411 Exceptional Weather – Managing the Risks

The Catalogue of Railway Group Standards and the Railway Group Standards
CD-ROM give the current issue number and status of documents published by
RSSB. This information is also available from www.rssb.co.uk.

Other References
Coast Protection Act 1949

Further related material

CIRIA Report C551 Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures

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