Exercises

1. Which fields of the IP header change from router to router?

2. Calculate the HLEN value if the total length is 1200 bytes, 1176 of which is data

from the upper layer.

3. Table 7.3 lists the MTUs for many different protocols. The MTUs range from 296

to 65,535. What would be the advantages of having a large MTU? What would be

the advantages of having a small MTU?

4. Given a fragmented datagram with an offset of 120, how can you determine the

first and last byte number?

5. An IP datagram must go through router 128.46.10.5. There are no other restrictions

on the routers to be visited. Draw the IP options with their values.

6. What is the maximum number of routers that can be recorded if the timestamp

option has a flag value of 1? Why?

7. Can the value of the header length in an IP packet be less than 5? When is it

exactly 5?

8. The value of HLEN in an IP datagram is 7. How many option bytes are present?

9. The size of the option field of an IP datagram is 20 bytes. What is the value of

HLEN? What is the value in binary?

10. The value of the total length field in an IP datagram is 36 and the value of the

header length field is 5. How many bytes of data is the packet carrying?

11. A datagram is carrying 1024 bytes of data. If there is no option information, what

is the value of the header length field? What is the value of the total length field?

12. A host is sending 100 datagrams to another host. If the identification number of the

first datagram is 1024, what is the identification number of the last?

13. An IP datagram arrives with fragmentation offset of 0 and an M bit (more fragment

bit) of 0. Is this a first fragment, middle fragment, or last fragment?

14. An IP fragment has arrived with an offset value of 100. How many bytes of data

were originally sent by the source before the data in this fragment?

15. An IP datagram has arrived with the following information in the header (in hexadecimal):
45 00 00 54 00 03 00 00 20 06 00 00 7C 4E 03 02 B4 0E 0F 02

a. Are there any options?

b. Is the packet fragmented?

c. What is the size of the data?

d. Is a checksum used?

e. How many more routers can the packet travel to?

f. What is the identification number of the packet?

g. What is the type of service?

16. In a datagram, the M bit is zero, the value of HLEN is 5, the value of total length is

200, and the offset value is 200. What is the number of the first byte and number of

the last byte in this datagram? Is this the last fragment, the first fragment, or a middle

fragment?