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Early detection of Heart Diseases using ANN (Time and Cost Efficient)

Conference Paper · December 2014

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 Early detection of Heart Diseases using ANN
(Time and Cost Efficient)
Chandraveer Singh Rathore*
School of Engineering and Technology
Ansal University
Gurgaon, India
chandraveer@icloud.com
Shivaen Katial
School of Engineering and Technology
Ansal University
Gurgaon, India
shivam.katial@gmail.com
Saurabh Juneja
School of Engineering and Technology
Ansal University Gurgaon,
India
saurabhjuneja7676@gmail.com
Abstract — Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have
the ability to exploit the resistance for imprecision and
ambiguity in real-world- problems, and their robustness
and uniformity; ANN and their techniques have become
increasingly important for modelling and development in
many areas of science and engineering. This paper
presents an analytical overview of the most popular
ANNs. After an overview of ANN, the paper discusses
global expansion for ANN training. The paper then
discusses the techniques and means for detecting heart
diseases at an early stage at almost negligible costs and
lesser time.
Keywords: ANNs, heart diseases, early detection, cheaper costs,
time efficient, backpropagation, review
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s fast life, unhealthy diet, obesity, high blood
pressure and physical inactivity have increased the risk
of heart attacks. According to a WHO report, an
Prof. Dr. Aynur Unal
Founder of DIGITAL MONOZUKURI
http://dm.amidstky.com/ California
(CA), USA
aynurunal@stanfordalumni.org
Antimdev Mishra
Assistant Professor
School of Engineering and Technology
Ansal Unversity Gurgaon, India
antimdevmishra@ansaluniversity.edu.in
Prof. Jay Rajasekera
Professor
International University of Japan
http://www.iuj.ac.jp/faculty/jrr/
jrr@iuj.ac.jp
estimated count of 17.3 million people died from heart
attacks in 2008 (30% of all global deaths). And, the
number of people who die from heart attacks will increase
to reach 23.3 million by 2030. In present times, only rich
people have access to early detection of heart diseases.
WHAT IS ANN?
Neural networks and artificial intelligence (AI) a r e
suitable for vague problems, such as recognition,
prognosis, control and classification. A neural network
consists of processing units, called ‘neurons’ or ‘nodes’.
It bears a passing similarity to actual biological neurons.
A neuron is interconnected in the network by
unidirectional connections with different strengths and
weights. In earlier times, designs were positioned on
perceptrons, which are capable of altering elements which
computed their entire inputs and applied a linear transfer
function to generate an output. In present times,
networks use either binary or continuous activations, or
linear and non-linear functions.
For a network to be trained using a supervised learning
system a ‘training data set’ of sample inputs and their
corresponding desired outputs are required. The network
weights, which will finally store the learnt patterns, are
initially set to small random values. During learning, the
example inputs are conferred to the network and the
resultant and desired outputs are set side by side.
In general, an ANN can be viewed as a system that
generates a desired response to an input stimulus. The
pattern of connectivity in an ANN (that is the strengths
of the connections between various processing units)
defines the causal relations between the network's
processors, and is therefore corresponding to a program
in a conventional computer. However, in contrast to a
conventional computer, the ANN is not given a step by
step procedure to perform some desired task. Instead, the
network is taught to do the task. In loose words, ANN is
a biomimicry of a human brain.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Biological neurons are architecturally more complex
than the simplistic description. They are somewhat more
complex than the existing artificial neurons that are built
into today’s artificial neural networks.
Processing units are normally considered as being
corresponding to neurons, and are assumed to work in
parallel. The nature of a single processing unit in an ANN
can be represented as follows:
 First, the unit estimates the total signal being
sent to it by other processors in the network.
 Second, the unit implements an activation
function to the total signal, in order to adopt a
particular level of internal activity.
 Third, the unit sends a signal to other processors
in the network; this signal is a function of the
unit's internal activity. The signal that one
processor sends to another is transmitted through
a packed connection, which is generally
described as being corresponding to a synapse.
WHAT IS BACKPROPAGATION?
One example of supervised learning is backpropagation,
a common method of practicing a neural net in which the
basic system output is compared to the desired output,
and the system is fine-tuned until the difference between
the two is diminished.
It will be dealt in some depth here as many of the
applications use this concept. Using the back
propagation algorithm, it is possible to train networks
containing hidden layers and so implement complex
non-linear mappings between the input and output
domains, as opposed to the simple linear mappings
possible with perceptron networks. It requires a known and
desired output for each input value for the
calculation of the loss function gradient. It is usually
considered as an administered learning method although
it is also used in some unsupervised networks
like autoencoders. It also requires that the stimulating
function used by the artificial neurons or nodes be
differentiable. The delta rule (a learning rule for updating
weights) is categorized into multi- layered feed forward
networks, which is made possible by using the chain rule
to iteratively compute gradients with each layer.
As referred from the Neuroph studio, the aim is
prediction and classification of severe and chronic
diseases. This will give an idea of the problem and the
'disease ratio' which will reduce a doctor's effort and
would take much lesser time and costs.
It is an attempt to simulate within specialized hardware
or sophisticated software, the multiple layers of simple
processing elements called neurons. Each neuron is
linked to its neighbours with varying coefficients of
connectivity that represent the strengths of these
connections. Learning can be done by adjusting these
strengths to cause the overall network to output
convenient results. Softwares which were taken into
consideration were NetBeans, Weka and Neuroph Studio
Java is a high level programming language. It has a
number of feature that make the language apt for use on
World Wide Web. It was also used in the compilation of
the main program.
NetBeans is an open source integrated development
environment (IDE) for developing, basically with Java. I
All Java application types are supported by NetBeans.
Weka is an open source software which was developed
by University of Wekato, New Zealand.
Neuroph is lightweight Java neural network framework
to develop simple neural network designs. It is available
under Apache 2.0 license and is free to use. Neuroph
Studio also supports image recognition, handwritten letter
recognition and text character recognition.
 And the rest of the data for No.7 to No.15 was taken
from Gautam Hospital, Adarsh Nagar, New Delhi. The
hospital requested not to disclose the identity of these
nine people; thus name shown here are fictitious.
IV. ANALYSIS
The ANN model in Figure 1.1 was created in Weka and the
program was compiled in NetBeans. The scale mentioned
here, was consulted from a hospital and a pathological lab.

Figure 1.1. Classifier that uses backpropagation to classify

seven attributes

III. EXPERIMENTATION
The aim is to minimize the effort of the doctors and
detect potential heart diseases efficiently and in a cost
efficient manner. The real time data was used to
monitor the attributes of the patients such as Age, Sex,
Haemoglobin(Hb) level, Total cholesterol, HDL
Cholesterol (Good Cholesterol), LDL Cholesterol (Bad
Cholesterol), Heart Beat Rate. These attributes were
compared with the optimal and ideal values so as to
monitor the gravity of the situation. Usually,
Haemoglobin(Hb) level is optimal between 13-18 mg/dl;
below or greater reading will result in different
symptoms.
As and when the values of the patients are entered in the Table 1.1. Real time data for 15 patients with 7 attributes
program, the program matches the values with the
optimal ranges and displays the result accordingly and
also specifies the Disease Ratio of the person according Scale:
to the variations in the respective attributes and specified
ranges. Table 1.1 is drawn to feature the attributes of the Haemoglobin(Hb) Level
patient. The optimal ranges have been specified. The Optimal Range- 13-18 mg/dl
output window was made using NetBeans IDE 8.0. The < 13 mg/dl - Low Hemoglobin Level
values are entered comparing attributes from Table 1.1. > 18 mg/dl - Above Optimal/ Borderline High Level
After entering the values, the comments block shows the
optimal ranges of the particular attribute and in the end Total Cholesterol
gives the disease ratio of the risk of the disease. Two Optimal Range- < 200 mg/dl
screenshots of the program have been accommodated for 200 - 239 mg/dl - Borderline High Level
convenience as Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3. >= 240 mg/dl High Level

The data for No.1 to No.6 in Table 1.1 was taken from HDL Cholesterol
Dr Lal Path Labs, Mukherjee Nagar, New Delhi. Optimal Range - 40 - 60 mg/dl
And the patients are
1. Harsh Grover LDL Cholesterol
2. Surendra Mohan Optimal Range - < 100 mg/dl
3. Sajal Katial 100 - 129 - Above Optimal
4. Sudha Rani 130 - 159 Borderline High
5. Namrata Sethi 160 - 189 High
6. Bharat Bhushan

Figure 1.2. JAVA model for Experiment 1
Figure 1.3. JAVA model for Experiment 2
V. CONCLUSION
Much attention has been given to the operation of ANN
model to obtain results. Testing of model has ensured
that it was working properly and was systematically
planned and validated before actual testing started.
Accurate details of implemented neural network
topology were acknowledged. In this project, Artificial
Neural Network technique allowed us to successfully
collect information and compete with other complex
machines in order to obtain specific results. The
efficiency of the program was in the range of
90-92%. The goal of this project is reducing the costs and
increasing the efficient at the same time. Sometimes data
security is a major concern in communication systems but
with the help of Artificial Neural Networks we can
overcome this problem very quickly. Few demerits were
highlighted during the whole research. The whole
process is too complex and just cannot be understood by a
layman. In the future, we wish to make this process as easy
as testing sugar for diabetes.
VI. FUTURE SCOPE
Most practical applications of artificial neural networks
are based on a computational model involving the
propagation of continuous variables from one processing
unit to the next. As far as future is concerned, it is believed
there are several areas yet to be explored by Artificial
Neural Networks or some other great models believed to
be developed soon which can give us good and more
effective results and error free reports which user expect
in today’s world. The most common use for neural
networks is to project what is most likely to happen. There
are many areas where prediction can help in setting
priorities. For example, the emergency room at a hospital
can be a hectic place, to know who needs the most critical
help can enable a more successful operation This method
will reduce the doctor’s effort to check the reports and
nature of the disease. It will take lesser time to figure
out the disease as compared to any conventional
report. It is cheaper and time efficient. It is believed
this method can be extended for an application of a
power system, automobile engineering, application
screening for jobs, control of a wireless car, monitoring of
stock market on which whole world’s economy depends
upon and much more.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would specially like to thank Dr. Aynur Unal
(Stanford Alumni) for her immense contribution to this
paper. She has been into the research field since decades
and has published many technical papers. This paper
was completed under the undivided guidance of
her.
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2008
2) B. Yegnanarayana, “Artificial Neural Networks”,
First Edition, 2009
3) Ming Zhang, “Artificial Higher Order Neural Networks
for Modeling and Simulation”, Information Science
Reference, 2012
4) George D. Magoulas and Michael N. Vrahatis,
“Adaptive Algorithms for Neural Network
Supervised
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