*1. What is a physical change?

*
A change in the properties of matter that does not change the type of substance it
is.

*2. List some examples of physical change.*

Dissolving, cutting, crushing.

*3. State the law of conservation of mass.*

Changes to matter do not create or destroy matter.

*4. What is a chemical change?*

A change in which one or more new substances are formed.

*5. What is a chemical reaction?*

The process of atoms becoming rearranged, from which new substances are formed.

*6. How do the properties of rust differ from the properties of iron?*
Rust is a brittle non-metal.
Iron is a shiny, hard metal.

*7. What are reactants and products?*

Reactants are the substances that undergo chemical changes during a chemical
reaction.
Products are the new substances that are formed during a chemical reaction.

*8. Give an example of a chemical reaction where the products and reactants have
different states of matter.*
methane + oxygen -> water + CO2
(gases) (liquid)

*9. Give three evidences of chemical reactions.*

Bubbles
Change of color
Giving off or heat or light

*10. How does the total mass of the original substances compare to the total mass
of the substances formed during a chemical change?*
The total mass is the same before and after a chemical change

*11. Why is mass conserved during a chemical change?*

Because matter cannot be created or destroyed.

*12. What is the particle theory of matter?*

A pure substance is made of particles that cannot be divided by physical changes.

*13. What factors affect the properties of matter?*

The properties of matter depend on (a) the types of particles that are present in
the material, and (b) how the particles interact with one another and (c) how they
respond to changes in conditions such as temperature and pressure.

*14. What determines a state of matter?*

The arrangement and motion of molecules in a material determine the state of
matter.

*15. What is a solid?*

A matter with fixed shape and volume.

*16. Why are solid substances rigid?*

_Note: rigid means hard._
A solid is rigid because each particle is tightly bonded to surrounding particles,
which vibrate in the same position.

*17. How does the motion of particles in a liquid relate to the arrangement of the
particles?*
The particles are held close together by attractibve forces, but these forces do
not bind them as tightly to one another as in solid.

*18. Why do liquids flow?*

The particles of liquid are in constant motion and slide past each other.

*19. How does an increase in temperature affect the particles' motion in a liquid?*
The speed of the motion of the liquid's particles increases.

*20. What is a gas?*

Not fixed volume or shape.

*21. What is gas pressure?*

The combined force of the collisions of gas particles against the container's
walls.r

*22. What is meant by diffusion?*

The process in which two substances mix together due to the movement of their
particles.

*23. Why does diffusion occur only in liquids and in gases?*

Because only in liquids and gases do particles move.

*24. What happens to the pressure of a gas if its temperature increases while its
VOLUME remains CONSTANT?*
Pressure increases

*25. What happens to the volume of a gas if its temperature increases while its
PRESSURE remains CONSTANT?*
Volume increases

*26. What happens to the volume of a gas if its pressure is decreased while its
TEMPERATURE REMAINS CONSTANT?*
Volume increases

*27. How do melting and freezing relate to thermal energy?*

Melting and freezing happen at the same temperature. Melting happens when thermal
energy is increased, and freezing happens when it is decreased.

*28. How is the melting point related to the particles' motion in a solid?*
The melting point is the temperature at which the particles move fast enough to
change from a solid to a gas.

*29. How is the freezing point related to the particles' motion in a solid?*
The freezing point is the temperature at which the particles of a liquid move slow
enough to change from a liquid to a solid.

*30. What is vaporization?*

The change of state from liquid to gas.

*31. What is condensation?*

The change of state from gas to liquid.

*32. What are the two forms of vaporization?*

Evaporation or boiling.

*33. When does evaporation happen?*

When the particles of a liquid at the surface leave the liquid.

*34. What happens when a gas is cooled?*

Condensation - the gas turns into a liquid.

*35. What is sublimation?*

When a solid turns into a gas without becoming a liquid. eg. solid carbon dioxide

*36. Why is solid carbon dioxide known as dry ice?*

Because it becomes a gas without turning into a liquid (so it's dry)
And it looks like ice.

*37. What is deposition?*

Deposition is when a gas turns into a solid without becoming a liquid.

*38. How do ice crystals form?*

The temperature is so low that water vapour turns into ice crystals without
becoming water.

*39. What is liquefaction?*

When gas is turned into liquid without cooling it.

*40. Explain how to change a gas into a liquid without cooling the gas?*
By increasing the pressure on the gas, the distance between the particles of the
gas is reduced, so the attraction between the particles becomes strong enough to
turn the gas into a liquid.