Above All Student Handout

…… making your dreams visible
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
Theory Definition: This is an electronic machine or device that is capable of accepting
data as input, processing it to become useful information or output.
Practical Definition: This is an electronic machine or device that can accept data,
processed, stored and retrieved the information stored in it.
NOTE: Three point while defining a computer:
1. Processed – Processing.
2. Stored – Saving or Storing.
3. Retried – Opening or Retrieval
DATA:
This is a raw fact or entity. Its unprocessed information
INFORMATION:
This refers to data which has been processed in such a way that is useful to the person
that received it.
PARTS OF COMPUTER
There are four (4) main part of computer which are:
1) The C. P. U. (Central Processing Unit or Processor): This device service as the brain
to the computer. It’s the central part of the computer.
2) The V.D.U: (Visual Display Unit) or otherwise called the Monitor, which look like
television. It services the purpose of displaying all information sent from the C.P.U
for proper view. It is one of the output unit or device in computer.
3) KEYBOARD: this is a device which uses to transfer text into the computer; this text
may be alphanumeric or numeric text. It service as the important input device as far as
computer is concerned.
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Visible Skill Acquisition Concept
TYPES OF KEYBOARD
There are two types of Keyboard:
1. Standard Keyboard: The standard keyboard is the types of keyboard that has 84
keys, no arrow key, no dual Control key, no dual Alt key.
2. Enhance Keyboard: This is the type of keyboard that has many key from 101, 105
and more keys. It has function keys, dual control key, Alt keys, and window key.
4) Mouse: Mouse is a computer pointer; it controls the cursor in the monitor screen. It is
used to insert object and picture into the computer and it help the user to work faster
in operation.
The mouse has two main buttons called:

(The command button and Dialog button)
 The Command Button (the left button): is used to give a command in computer
whenever you click on something.
 The Dialog Button (the right button): is used to call-up a dialog box by right
clicking the button.
TYPES OF COMPUTER MOUSE

There are three types of mouse:
1. Mechanical Mouse: this is a type of mouse that has rubber or ball under and it can
roll to any direction. It uses sensors to detect the mechanical direction in which the
ball is moving and move the pointer at the sometime. The mechanical mouse uses
a mouse pad before it can move very well.
2. Optical Mouse: This mouse uses a laser to detect the mouse movement. It does
not need any mouse pad before it can function, that means it can work on a rough
parts and it very fast than mechanical mouse in operation.
3. Opto-Mechanical Mouse: This mouse also work like mechanical mouse because
it uses optical sensors to detect the movement of the ball and also used mouse pad
under before the mouse can work normal.
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TYPES OF MOUSE CONNECTION

There are two types of mouse connection:
A. Wireless Mouse: the wireless mouse is a type of mouse that has no wire to connect to
the system unit. It uses Bluetooth and Radio frequency (RF) wave to connect to the
system unit.
B. Wire Mouse: this is a mouse that used wire to connect to the system unit.
There are three types of wire mouse connection:

i. Serial Mouse: is a mouse that has serial head that is used to connect to system
unit. The serial wire connected to the serial port on the system unit.
ii. PS/2 Mouse: this mouse uses Ps/2 wire to connect to ps/2 port on the system
unit.
iii. USB Mouse: this mouse uses USB wire to connect to the port on the system
unit with USB plug.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Who invented computer?
The computer was invented by many inventors to the history of computers. And a
computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts and each part
considered a separate invention.
Our fore Father Generation, they do computing ie. Calculating things and number.
They also calculate their wealth and properties by using their fingers, toes, stick pebbles
etc. by so doing, they computing locally while today we used a device called computer.
There are 4 inventors who invented different types of machine or device.
In 1614, John Napier invented a device called (Napier Bone) this machine was
used to do addition and subtraction
* Computer mechanical technology started as early 1623, when many calculators where
invented. One of the inventors was a German called (Wilhelm Schickard) who bring one
digital. He was a professor at the University of Tubing Germany.
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* A French Philosopher called Blasé Pascal who invented a machine name after him
called Pascal Calculator in 1642. He builds it machine to help his father who was a tax
collector.
* In the 19th century between 1820 and 1821, Charles Babbage, a British mathematician
work out the principles of modern digital computer. He introduce an idea that was used
to construct a machine that solve a complicated mathematical problem
Historians believed that Babbage and his group were the main inventors of modern
digital computer though they did not have enough equipment to build it.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
There are three main types of computer:
1) Analog /Computer: This is a type of computer which can be used in measuring
things. Examples of Analogue Computer are: (i) Thermometer (ii) Measuring
Scale (iii) Barometer (iv) Speedometer.
2) Digital Computer: Digital computer is types of computer which can be only used
in counting things. Examples are: (i) Calculator (ii) wrist watch (iii) Adding
Machine (iv) Meter.
3) Hybrid Computer: this is types of computer which is used in both counting and
measuring things. Examples are: (i) Micro –computer (ii) Mini-computer.
MERIT OR CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPUTER

1. Speed: computer had a very higher speed for inputting data into the computer
memory because of internal processor.
2. Accuracy: the computer had a higher degree of accuracy especially during processing
invalid letter and corrective misspellings.
3. Storage Capacity: A computer has internal storage (memory) device as well as
external storage devices. i.e. computer has the capacity or retain information and also
to send information in an external device
4. Repeatability: the computer has the ability to repeat an output of an instruction sent
to it, and it depend on the command you give the computer
5. Versatility: Computer is versatile in its operation; it can be used to do a lot of things
like: Communication, Playing Games, and Typing etc.
6. Diligence: A computer can do for many hours without getting tired or creating any
error. It performs the operations with the same accuracy and the same speed.
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FUNCTION OF COMPUTER
There are many functions of computer, but we are looking at few of them which are:
1) Input of Data or Information: The computer is used to accept information that is
sent into the computer through the keyboard, mouse and scanner.
2) Processing of Information (DATA): The main work of computer is to process the
information. To process – means that the computer is working on the information that
sent to it as (input) in order to give an answer as (output).
3) Storage of Information: The computer is a machine that are used for storing of
information; that means you can keep your information and retrieve it whenever you
need it.
4) Giving Output of Data Or Information:The computer display the result of the
information that has processed. It displays the result through the monitor, printer etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
The computer is classified into two ways:
(A) Size – Means the physical appearance of the computer
(B) Purpose – Means what the computer is used for or what it can do
(A) By Size:
The computer is classified into the following size which are:
1. Super computer: This is a type of computer that has a very largest size, very fast in
its operation, and it very expensive. It has a higher speed.
2. Mainframe computer: Is a type of computer that is used for a large scale computing
purpose, which is required for a very complex work; it is very big in size, it use to
handle bulky work, but very slow in operation.
3. Mini – computer: The mini-computer is defined as a class of multi-user computer
that is not big as mainframe computer. Multi-user means that mini-computer can be
used by more than one person. They are in a ring form.
Example of Mini-computer:
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4. Micro – computer: This is a small type of computer technology which uses a micro-
processor as a small chip called IC; it also has Capacitors, Resistors as its component.
Micro-computer is also called Personal Computer (PC)
(B) By purpose:
The computer is classified into two purposes which are:
1. Special purpose: This is a type of computer that is designed to perform a specific
task.
Special purpose computer uses special programs that cannot be change, and the
program work for a particular task which is being designed for. Eg. Digital Camera,
Calculator, Printer etc.
2. General Purpose: This is a type of computer that is designed to perform many

works, not mainly for one particular task like special purpose.
The general purpose computer can be used to many things like: Graphics,
Communication, Typing, Entertainment etc. Eg. Of GP computers are: (i) Micro-
computer (ii) Laptop computer etc.
TYPES OF GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

The personal computer (PC) is one of the latest computer technologies, they are different
designs but they still have the same functions
These are categorized by size –means physical structure which are:
1. Desktop computer: This is a micro-computer that has the monitor on top of the
system unit.
2. Mini-Tower Computer: Is a micro-computer that the system unit is at the same level
with the monitor. The system units stand beside the monitor.
3. A Full – Tower Computer: Is a micro-computer that the system unit is taller than the
monitor. It also stands beside the monitor.
4. Laptop Computer: Is the computer that smaller than all the above mention
computer. It is portable and can easily move, it has batteries that can last for some
time, low power consumption and the screen uses an LCD technology (Liquid Crystal
Display).
BOOTING: this is define as the act of putting on a computer system
TYPES OF BOOTING
1. COLD BOOTING: this is define as the process of putting on a computer system
for the first time
2. WARM BOTTING: this is the process of restarting a computer system. The
warm booting consist of three main keys: CTRL+ALT+DEL.
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COMPONENT OF COMPUTER
The computer has it components that help the machine to execute well. It made up of two
parts work together dependent on each other.
Component parts are:
 Software part.
 Hard ware part.
SOFTWARE
Software is a set of program/instruction that enables the computer to work. Without the
software, the computer cannot work
* Software is divided into two parts:
(A) SYSTEM SOFTWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM

This are set of instruction that enable and run the computer program. It is the master
software that gives access to application software.
E.g. Window XP
Window Me
Window 2000
Window 98, 95, 7, 8 etc
TYPES OF SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

1. Utility Software
2. The BIOS and Firmware Software
3. Language Software
 Utility Software: Is a special type of software that is used to protect and maintain
file from damages. E.g. (i) Anti-virus program (ii) Disk Cleaner (iii) Network
managers.
 BIOS and Firmware Software: Is used to identify system device like Keyboard,
Mouse, Hard Disk, and CD/DVD Drive.
BIOS – Means (Basic Input Output System)
Firmware – stored in a chip (semi –conductor IC) by the computer.
(B) APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

These are set of instruction tailored into a specific need of the users. It is software that
works with a user directly. E.g. MS word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, Corel draw,
Game and Media software, Web browser etc
HARD WARE
Computer hard ware is a part of computer you can see, touch and it’s made up of plastics
iron, and ceramic wire. E.g. Input device, Output device, Processing device and wire
cable etc.
Computer hardware is divided into two such as:
(A) System Unit.
(B) Computer Peripheral.
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A. System unit:
A computer system is a combination of C.P.U, V.D.U, Keyboard, and Mouse.
A system itself – means the combination of component attached to perform a specific

task.
CONTENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT:

*The casing, *Mother board, *floppy drive, *CPU, *Hard drive, *CD-Rom/CD-writer,
*Ram and Rom, *Adaptor, and Power-pack.
PART OF SYSTEM UNIT

The System Unit is divided into three main parts such as: ALU, CU, and Register
Memory.
 A. L. U (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): This part is play the rules of calculation in
the CPU i.e (central processing Unit or processor).
 C.U (Control Unit): The CU is the one that give time and controls all signals in the
computer. It also controls how data are transfer between micro-processor,
memory, and peripherals.
 Memory: The main memory is used to hold the instruction and information which
are being used by the computer.
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TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY/STORAGE DEVICES

There are two types of computer memory base on their ability to stored, and retain
information.
These are:
 Primary Memory (Main Memory)
 Secondary Memory
 Primary Memory: Primary memory is also called (Immediate Access Main Stored)
because it is faster than secondary memory and the CPU have direct access to it.
There are two types of primary memory
1. Ram: (Random Access Memory): it is a part of the main memory that stored the
programs inside the computer.
2. Rom: (Read Only Memory): it is the present instruction that tells the computer
what to do.
 Secondary Memory: This is the types of memory device which the CPU does not
have direct access to it. It has a bigger memory space than primary memory, very
cheap to buy.
Types of Secondary Memory

1. Magnetic Memory: This is the memory device that are used to magnetic, write
and read the information that are being stored in it. E.g. Hard Disk (H.D.D), Flash
Drive, and Floppy Diskette.
2. Optical Memory: This is a memory device that used optical lensed to read the
information. E.g. CD-ROM to read.
B. Computer Peripherals:
This is defined as the others component attached to the computer for proper functioning
of the computer. E.g. Scanner, Printer, Mouse, Camera, Microphone, Keyboard, Monitor
etc.
1) Scanner: This is a machine or devices that is used for scanning a picture or document
and send it to the computer. It is one of the (input device) in computer.
2) Printer: A printer is a machine or device that used to print or send information out
from the computer.
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Types of printer:
There are many types of printer, but I want to discourse on few of them which are:
(i) LaserJet Printer: This is one of the fastest printers that do not waste time to
print out the document. It uses cartridge and toner, and also printing document
in Black and White.
(ii) Multi-function Printer (MFP): This is types of printer that is used in many
functions like: to printing of document, Scanning, Photocopying, Fax and
Sending E-mail.
3) Monitor: this is called visual display unit (V.D.U). It is one of the output devices, and
is used to bring out the information that sends to it.
Types of Monitor:
i. CRT Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube): This is a vacuum tube monitor which
contains an electric gum that supplies electric charges to the vacuum tube and a
florescent screen.
ii. LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal Display): this is a current improve monitor
technology that does not consume much electric power. It is slim and very
portable in size, but it working the same way like CRT monitor.
4) Microphone: this is one of the output devices; it uses to bring out the sound out from
the computer.
How to Connect a Computer
Before a computer is set up or connect; there are certain things which are very important
to computer for a good connection. They are:
*The Monitor * System Unit *Keyboard *Mouse *Power Cables *Stabilizer *Speaker
*U.P.S (Un-interrupted Power Supply).
COMPUTER AND SOCIETY

The use of computer in our society is very important in our day-to-day activity. As a
matter of fact, the computers today are used to do a lot of things in our society today.
The usefulness of computer in society:
1. Hospital: the use of computer is very important in medical field because it does a lot
of things in the hospital such as:
a) It helps to make patience treatment faster.
b) It helps in treating a complex and complicated cases.
c) The computer is used to check some hidden infections or diseases.
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2. Industry: The computer is very essential in the industry. Some industry cannot do
without computer, it is important in industries because:
a) It makes the production faster.
b) It is accurate in operations.
c) It handles work diligently.
3. Agriculture: Agriculture is one of the oldest activities that human being is always
involves in the computer has been introduced to improve the productivities of
agriculture.
The uses of computer in agriculture are:
a) It makes the production very fast and diligent.
b) It is accurate in it operation.
1. Office and school: computer is not limited to a particular office, but is general both
for the government offices, business centre, and business office.
The computer is use in the office/business for:
1. Word processing.
2. Scanning of document and pictures.
3. Designing and Communication etc.
INTRODUCTION OF WINDOW
Window in computer application is a portion of the screen that contains its own
documents or message inform of icons. Windows are primary associated with graphical
displays, where they can be manipulated with a mouse cursor.
Also in window-base programs, the screen can be divided into several windows, and each
of them has its own boundaries or limit of operation and can also contain different
document or another view into the same document.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WINDOWS
There are some features or qualities a computer window possesses; the qualities are those
things that make you to recognize a small rectangular form as windows. The windows is
being designed by Microsoft cooperation, it introduce to make the use of computer easier
and interesting. It comes after the Dos technology.
The qualities of window are:

1. Icon: An icon is an interesting aspect of windows feature, is simply a picture
representation of a program, files, or document.
2. Pointer: A pointer in computer is an arrow headed symbol, which is used to identify
or select an icon, file, or program in the computer. It also used to selecting an object,
and it called a (cursor).
3. Menu: Is a list of option in which a user can use in selecting programs. As you click
on start button, you see a menu coming out.
4. Form: A form is a rectangular shaped graphical based computer environment which
has special character on it e.g. texture, option boxes to choose from.
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DESKTOP ICONS:
There are so many icons on the desktop environment, but we are going to recognize some
important ones:
 My Computer: The icon “My Computer” contains the components that make up the
system in use. For example: you used my computer icon to view or open files or data
in your floppy diskette, Hard Disk and CD-ROM.
Steps to open my computer icon: Double click on the icon to open it direct, or left
click and right click, then click “Open”
 My Document: The icon “My Document contains all the documents and files that are
saved inside the computer.
Steps: use the same method that used in opening “my computer” to open “my
document”
 Recycle Bin: The Recycle bin is a trash bin of a computer which all the unwanted
files or document are been kept.
FOLDER AND FILE

A Folder is a file that contains other smaller files stored on a disk. OR A folder is a box
of information which contains smaller boxes of information. This means that before you
open any smaller boxes of information i.e. (file), you have to open a (folder) first.
A File is a document that is been save inside the folder for personal utilize
HOW TO CREATE A FOLDER AND FILE

 To create a folder- on the desktop environment, right click the mouse
 Then a rectangular dialog form show up, move the mouse to New and move to a
Folder and left click
 Type the name you want to give your folder and press enter in the keyboard.
Note: You can also create a private folder inside “My Document”. After you open my
document icon, you follow the same steps above.
To change the icon of your folder:

 Right click the mouse on top your folder
 Left click on “properties” on the form that appear
 Left click on “Customize”
 Left click on “Change Icon”
 Select the icon you want and click on “Ok”
 Click Apply and click OK.
How to save a document inside the folder:

 After creating your document, left click on Office Button using MS word 2007
 Left click on “Save As”
 Then save as dialog box appear, click on Desktop and double click on you folder
to open
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 Go to file name and give the name of your document and click on save button or
press enter in your keyboard to save it inside your folder.
SETTING DISPLAY PROPERTIES

To set the display properties is to set the desktop background colour, or design of you
display, to select the screen saver picture on the monitor screen, to set window
appearance, to set or choose the icon pictures and others.
HOW TO SET DESKTOP BACKGROUND:

Right click the mouse on the desktop
Click on properties and click “desktop”
Select the background and click on your choice
Click on “Apply” and click “OK”
SCREEN SAVER:
This is a moving image, objects, or pictures that appear automatically on the screen
especially when the computer is idle. This was developed by software programmers to
prevent the monitor from being burnt when it is not use for some time.
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TO SET SCREEN SAVER

Right click the mouse on the desktop (using window XP)
In the dialog box, click on “Properties”
Click the screen saver box and make your selection
Click on “Apply” and click “OK”
HOW TO SET COMPUTER DATE AND TIME:

Left click on the start button
On the menu, click on the “control panel”
In the control panel dialog box, click on date, time/language option button
Click on date and time and make your setting and click “OK”
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INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD
Word processing
Word processing software is used to create and maintain electronic documents. Alteration
can easily be made to stored documents (instead of retyping them), and multiple copies
can be printed. Professional looking results can be obtained by using different fonts, and
by incorporating graphics in a document. But, as personal computers and word
processing packages become more powerful, so users continually need to update their
skills to get to grips with the next generation of software.
MICROSOFT WORD
This is an application package used in Creating, Editing, Formatting as well as printing of
information or document out.
ADVANTAGES OF MS WORD
1. Creating of document.
2. Editing of document.
3. Formatting of document.
4. Spell check.
Office Button Menu Bar
Ribbon Bar
FEATURE OF MICROSOFT WARD Quick Access Title Bar
1. The Title Bar Toolbar
Control Button
2. Quick Access Toolbar
3. Office Button
4. The Menu Bar
Top & Bottom Scroll Bar
5. Standard Bar Margin 2007 MS window
6. The Ruler Bar
7. Print layout or insertion point Print Layout
8. Top and Bottom Margin
9. The scroll Bar
10. The status Bar
11. The Task Bar
Zoom Area
Start Menu
Status Bar
The Title Bar:
The title bar is used to display or identity the application package you are working on.
Quick Access Toolbar: This bar provides a set of frequently used commands which a
user can use to access work faster, such as: undo, redo, open, save. New, print
preview and print etc.
The Office Button:

This bar is used to view or display the icons such as New, Open, Save, Save as, Print,
Close etc. 15
The Menu Bar:

This is the bar that helps the user to make it own choice showing on the careen or it is a
list of things or items that are available in the computer.
The Ribbon Bar:
The ribbon bar is display the icons that representing one task which are used in
formatting of document. E.g. Font, Font size, Bullet & Numbering, Alignment, Indents,
Line spacing Bold, Italic. Etc.
The Ruler Bar:
The ruler is used to extent the text to the right hand side and the left side of the page. By
pointing to the bar and drag it to either left or right side.
Print Layout:
This is the Microsoft word page that you are using to type in your document.
The Scroll Bar:

The scroll bar is used to scroll the page you are working on in order to view your
document
Status Bar:
In status bar, there are title like page that display the number of pages you working on
and other information that help the environment when typing such as Zoom button.
Task Bar:
The task bar is used to start programs. It also used to identify the document that opening.
HOW TO OPEN MS WORD

To open Microsoft word, the first thing to do is to point the cursor to the start bar, and left
click, then move the cursor to “All program” then the menu appear, you select to
Microsoft Office Word and brows to Microsoft word 2007 and left click on it to open the
page.
After opening your page, the first thing to do before starting typing is to set up the page
and format the page.
HOW TO SET UP PAGE AND FORMAT A PAGE:

Practical
 To set up a page in MSWord: means to set the paper size that you want to use
Steps:
i. point the cursor to “Page Layout” on Menu bar and left click
ii. On the ribbon bar that appear, click on “Page Set-up” from the look-in box
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iii. Then the dialog box appear, you click on letter box and select to A4 paper size
click on it, and click on “OK” to close the environment.
 To format the page: means to set the font character, font size, alignment
 To Set Font: Means to change the character of font style.

Steps:
i. Highlight the text you want to change the font
ii. Move the cursor to the font box on the ribbon bar and left click on the look in
box as showing
iii. Under the menu drop down, make your selection of your font e.g. Time new
roman, Tahoma, Area black, Calibri, Cambria, Arial etc.
 To Set Font Size: the icon is use to increase or decrease the font size of the text.
i. Highlight your text, and point the cursor to the font size box in the ribbon bar by
left click the look-in box by the side
ii. In the drop down menu that appear, make your selection to font size of your
choice e.g. Font 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 etc.
 To Set Alignment of Text:

Alignment is all about arranging of text or document in a proper way or order.
There are four (4) types of alignment:
1. Left Alignment: This is used to set or align a text to the left side in a page by
highlighting the text and click on the icon on the ribbon bar.
2. Center Alignment: Alignment center is used to centralize a typed text to the center.
Highlight the text and left click on the icon on the ribbon bar.
3. Right Alignment: this is used to align a text to the right in a page. By highlighting
the text and left click on the icon to function.
4. Justify Alignment: Is used to align a text equally from the left the right side in the
page. Highlight the text and left click on the icon.
THREE SKILLS OF A GOOD TYPIST

1. Typing Level:
This is the system of typing a document speedily and accurately
2. Editing Level:
After typing of document, the process of going back and check and correct some
mistake is call editing level.
3. Formatting Level:
The process of making any changes either font or font size, bold, align text in any
form is called formatting level.
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Finally, Printing Level:

After editing your document and Format it, the next steps is to print it out.
OTHER TOOLS USE IN FORMATION OF DOCUMENT

 Change Case:
This is the process of changing the text from small letter to capital or from sentence case
to toggle case or capitalized each word.
Steps: Highlight the text, then move the cursor to change case icon as shown below: and
make your selection on the drop down menu that appear by clicking on it.
 Changing Font Color:

This icon is used to change the clolour of your text in a page
Steps:Highlight the text that you want to give a colour and left click on the font color
icon in the ribbon bar, then make your choice from the color box.
 Bold a text: To bold a text is to make the text to have thickness and darker that
others.
Steps: Highlight the text and left click on letter “B” in the ribbon tab.
 Superscript:
This is used when typing a numbers like mathematics, it is used to make the number
to claim up i.e (rise to power) e.g. 102, 61, 205, etc.
Steps: highlight the last number and click on the icon on the ribbon tab or use the
short cut: (Ctrl + shift + plus or minus sign in the keyboard).
 Subscript:
This is used to bring the number to down side i.e (base) e.g. 103, 205, 51 etc.
Steps: highlight the last number and left click on the icon in the ribbon tab or use the
short cut (Ctrl + plus or minus sign in keyboard).
Bullet and Numbering:

Bullet is a symbol used to listing an item. While Numbering is use to numbering the list
of items using numbers, roman figure or alphabet etc.
To apply Bullet & Numbering: Left click on the icon in the ribbon tab from the look-in
box and select the styles of bullet or numbering you want to use and lick on it.
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Copy, Cut & Past

 To copy a work means to duplicate.
 To cut means to delete something from a particular place.
 To past means to drop what you copy or cut to another place.
Note: to copy any document or cut and paste, you must do the following:
i) Highlight a group of text you want to cut or copy
ii) Left click on copy or cut icon showing below
iii) Place your cursor to a point you want to paste
iv) Left click on paste icon to drop what you copy or cut.
Indents: This icon is use to increase and decrease the level of paragraph text in the page.
There are two types of indents:
1. Increase Indent: Is used to move a paragraph text to the right side of the page
2. Decrease indent: Is used to move a paragraph text to the left side of the page
Steps: Highlight the group of the text and left click on either increase or decrease indents
in the ribbon bar to move it to the left and right.
Columns:
This is a process of dividing the text in different lines in a page like in Newspaper, and
Magazine. E.g. Column 1, Column 2, 3 and more etc
Steps:
1. Click on page layout, and click on column
2. Choose or select the column you want on either column 1, column 2, and 3 by left
clicking on it
3. If you want to set more than three column, click on more columns
4. Under the dialog box that appear, select to the number of column you want by
clicking the arrow up or down and click “Ok”.
Drop Cap:
This is a system of making the first letter in a text to enlarge than the others. You can see
in newspaper and magazine.
Steps:
1. After typing your document, you highlight the first letter you want to drop
2. Click on insert in Menu bar and click on drop cap icon.
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3. In the drop down menu that appear, click on dropped, if you want to change
soothing like: font character, font size, and distance from text
4. Click on drop cap option then select to font, font size and distant and click “OK”
to apply.
WORKING WITH TABLE (Practical)

A Table:Is used to presenting a record that contain serial number, names, figure, degree,
position etc. it can also use to prepare roster that schedule time, date in a particular order
like school roster.
NOTE: Before you prepare a table you need to know how many column and rows that
the table has before you proceed.
How to Insert a Table
1. Click on insert menu in menu bar
2. Click on insert table
3. On the dialog box that appear, select the number of column and rows and click on
“OK”
FORMATTING TABLE
To adjust a Cell or Column:
i. Point the mouse on the cell line
ii. The pointer will change to plus sign ( )
iii. Click and drag it to your desire position or
iv. Point your mouse pointer at the bottom right Conner part
v. Drag it to the left and centralize the table.
To Insert Line Thickness:

i. Select the all the table first before proceed
ii. Click on line weight – to increase the thickness of the table line
iii. Then select the line thickness and click
iv. Go to border and click on all border to have the effect to the table
Insert Border in a Table:

i. Click on the line style which is used to change the styles of the table line
ii. Make your selection of your lines style that is border
iii. Click on the style you want and click
iv. Go to border and select to either outside border, inside or all borders and click
to have the effect to the table.
Border Colour:
This is used to change the line color of the table.
i. Left click on the icon of the color
ii. Select the color of your choice in the color box and left click
iii. Then click on border to have the effect in your table.
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 Shading The Table:

This icon is used to shade or fill the color of cell in the table
Steps:
i. Highlight the table to the extent you want the color to effect
ii. Left click on shading color button and choose the color on the box by clicking
on it.
 Draw Table:
This icon is used to draw table by the use of cursor. It can also use to draw additional
lines to the table.
Steps: Click on the icon and point to where you want to draw, then click and drag
todraw you table.
 Eraser: Eraser is used to clean up the lines of the table and also use to delete the
table.
Steps: Left click on the eraser icon then click on the part of the line to delete or click
and drag to delete the entire table.
 Merge Cells: This is used to merge the cell or joining one or more cells together at a
particular point.
Steps: Highlight a group of cells to be merging and left click on merge cell icon to
merge them together to become one cell.
 Split Cells: This is used to split or divide a particular cell into two i.e. (column and
rows)
Steps:
Keep the cursor in the cell you want to split and left click on the split cell icon then
set the column and row in the box that come out and click “OK”
 Split Table: Split table is used to slit or divide the table into two.
Steps:
Highlight where you want to split or keep the cursor at the point you want to split, and
left click on the split table icon to divide the table into two.
WORKING WITH PICTURE, CLIP ART & SHAPES

(Practical)
To insert a picture from file:
 Left click insert menu from menu bar
 Left click on picture icon and select the folder you have pictures
 Click on the picture you of your choice and click on insert
 Then work on the picture by using picture style, picture boarder and picture effect
etc.
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To insert clip art:

 From the menu bar, click on insert and click on clip art icon
 Then from the task pane by the right side of the page
 Click on Go and make your selection from the picture art and click on it to insert
direct to the page
 Then to work on it, use the same method from the picture to work on clip art.
To insert a shapes
 Left click on insert on the menu bar and click on shape tool or icon
 Select the shape of your choice
 Click on it and draw on the page.
 HEADER FOOTERS AND PAGE NUMBERING

A header or footer is a text or footer is a text graphics that is usually appear or printed
at the top or bottom of every page in a document except you specify it.
 A Header: is appearing at the top margin of the page.
 Footer: appears at the bottom margin of the page. It also use as page
numbering because it allows a user to place a text with numbering or without
numbering.
 Page Numbering: is appears at the bottom margin which used to number the
pages that type from 1 to the end of the page.
How to create header, footer and page numbering

Steps:
i. Click on insert menu in menu bar
ii. Make your selection on either header, footer or page number
iii. On the drop down menu, select on either on top margin, center margin, bottom
right, top margin or bottom margin and left click
iv. Edit your text and click on close header and footer at the right hand side of the
ribbon bar.
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v. To adjust the text, click on header from top and make a selection of number if
you are using header or click on footer from bottom and make your selection of
number if you use footer or page number
vi. After making your changes, click on close header and footer at the right hand
side of the ribbon bar to close the environment.
WORD ART:
This is used to type a design text and insert in the page
HOW TO INSERT WORD ART: (Practical)
1. Click on insert menu in menu bar, and click on Word Art icon
2. In the word art Gallery box that appear, select word art style and left click on it
3. In Edit word art text box: you are to type your text, change font character, font size,
and click “Ok” to appear or insert to your page
4. To move word art text: in the page, click on text wrapping on the ribbon and select
on Behind text so that it will not scatter your other text in the page
5. To change word art shape: click on word art shapes and make your selection in the
drop down menu by clicking on the shape style to use.
6. Shape fill: this icon is used to fill a selected text with colors, gradient, texture, or
picture fill etc.
7. Shape Outline: is used to fill the color width, and outline of the selected text.
8. Shadow Effect: this is used to give a shadow and color shadow to the selected text.
Steps: click on shadow effect icon; give your color and selection by click on shadow
to left, right, center, bottom etc by clicking on it to move the shadow.
9. 3 – D Effect: this is used to transform the text and object in different direction.
Steps:
i. select the text or object
ii. Click on 3 – D effect, make you selection in the box and left click on it to
affect your text or object.
10. Rotation: the icon is used to rotate both text and object to different direction e.g.
rotate to right 90, rotate to left 90, flip vertical and flip horizontal etc.
11. Edit text: this is used to edit word art text by left clicking on the icon and start to edit
your text in the edit word art text box, then click “OK” to take it to the page.
12. Word art style: is used to change the word art styles of your choice, by left clicking
on it and make your choice.
13. Shape height: is used to change the height of the text or picture by clicking on the
arrow up and down in the box.
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14. Change width: is used to change the width of the picture or text; left click on the
arrow up and down in the box to extend it.
HOW TO INSERT SYMBOLS (Practical)

Symbols tool or icons are used for searching of characters like Alphabets, vowel sounds,
wingding’s and others etc.
i. Open to insert menu in menu bar by clicking on it
ii. Brows to symbols and click on the look-in box to open
iii. The dialog box come out, you make your selection to the symbols of your
choice by clicking on it
iv. Then click on insert, click close the close the environment.
To insert equation
i. Click on equation and select the type of equation you want
ii. Left click on it and edit your text
WATER MARK:
Water mark is used to insert a text behind the content on the page. It is a kind of text that
is used for a special document.
How to Insert Water Mark in a Page (Practical):
i. Left click on Page Layout in menu bar
ii. Click on water mark and select to custom water mark to write your own special
text
iii. On the printed water mark dialog box, click on text water mark in the text box
and type your text
iv. Click on font box to change the font character type
v. Click on font size box to change the font size
vi. Click on color box to change or give the color of your text
vii. On the layout, make a choice on diaconal and click apply and close the
environment.
Page Colour:
Page colour serves as a background colour to apply to your page. It also used for a special
document like “statement of result”.
How to Insert Page Colour into a Page (Practical)
i. Click on Page Layout in menu bar
ii. On the drop down menu, select your color and click on it to apply to the page
direct
iii. To apply more than one color, click on Fill Effect
iv. Then under the dialog box, we have Gradient fill, Texture, Pattern, and Picture
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v. Select on Gradient fill, and click on two color and fill the color you want, click
on preset and select your color
vi. Select shading style on either horizontal, vertical, diagonal up, diagonal down,
from center or from corner
vii. After making your selection, click on Ok button to have effect to your page.
Page Border:
Page border is mainly used to decorate the front page of the document, postal or any
other materials.
Steps:
From Page Layout, click on page border, inside the dialog box that comes out, we have
other submenus which are: border, page border and shading;
You are to select:
i. Click on Box inside the dialog box,
ii. Click on style box to select the style of your border to be used
iii. Click on colour box to choose the colour of your border
iv. Click on Width box to make the border line Bold; select and click
v. Click on Art box - which is used to insert different types of border design.
Select it and make your choice
vi. Apply to – is used to specify the particular page you want the border to
function. Select in the box: First page – means that only first page that the
border will affect in all the pages
vii. All except first page – means the border will affect other pages except the first
page
Note: After making your selection, you click on “OK” button to have effect to your
page.
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SHORT-CUT KEYS IN MS WORD

SHORT CUT KEY FUNCTIONS
Ctrl + A select all document
Ctrl + B Bold a selected text.
Ctrl + C Copy a text.
Ctrl + D Font box
Ctrl + E Center alignment
Ctrl + H Replace
Ctrl + I Italic
Ctrl + J Justify
Ctrl + L Left alignment
Ctrl + N New page
Ctrl + O Open document
Ctrl + P Print document
Ctrl + R Right alignment
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + U Underline
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + Y Redo action
Ctrl + Z Undo action
Ctrl + 1 Single line spacing
Ctrl + 2 Double line spacing
Ctrl + 5 1.5 line spacing
Ctrl + F2 Print preview
Ctrl + shift + P Font size box
Ctrl + Open parentage Decrease font size
Ctrl + Close parentage Increase font size
Ctrl + shift + (- +) sign Superscript
Ctrl + (+) sign Subscript
Ctrl + F10 Restore/Maximize
Ctrl + shift + F Font box
Shift + F3 Change Case
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Mail Merge:
Mail merge is a process of typing a document and sends it to different people using
different address.
Steps:
1. Click on Mailings on the menu bar, and click on start mail merge
2. Under the drop down menu, click on step by step mail merge wizard
3. On the mail merge task pane, click on start document and also click on select
recipients and click type a new list then click on “Create”
4. On the new address box that comes out, type the recipient address inside the box
5. After finishing the recipient address, you click customize column to Add or Remove
the list (Field Name) that you don’t want, then click “OK” and Save
6. Click Ok on the Mail merge recipient box
7. Go to the ribbon bar, and click on insert merge field, click on the Title press entre and
insert other field like that
8. Finally, click on “finish and merge”, then click on Edit individual document and
click “OK” for all recipient lists to apply to the page.
PROTECT A DOCUMENT
This is a process of keeping the privacy of your document from unauthorized user. It is
also the process of protecting your document so that another user will not have access to
it.
Steps To Protect a Document (Practical):
1. After typing your document and save it, left click on “Review” in menu bar
2. Click on Protect document, then click on ‘restrict formatting and editing’
3. Click the box on allow only this type of editing in the document then click the
look-in box under and make selection on either filling in form, no change read
only, track change or comments
4. Click on Yes start enforcing protection
5. A dialog box appear, insert your password and confirm your password then click
“OK”
To Un-Protect a Document
1. Follow the steps on how to protect, and click on “Stop Protection”
2. A small box appear, you insert your correct password and click on “OK” to stop
protection.
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HOW TO PRINT A DOCUMENT

After typing or creating your document, go to Office Button, then proceed to Print and
click on it for printing environment to appear.
Under printing environment, there are four important stages to select which are:
1. The Print: This specifies the printer name you want to use to print. E.g. Hp Laser jet
P1005, Hp Desk jet 3845 etc.
2. The Page Range: This stage you are selecting the range you will like in printing e.g.
All, Current page, Pages.
3. Number of Copies: This gives you the opportunity to communicate between

computer and printer in terms of copies your document; means to be printout i.e.,
Number of copies you are to print each document will be indicated in the box.
4. The Properties: This item need to set as far as printing is concern “the properties bar
menu”. In the properties menu we have sub-menu; like Advance, Paper/Qualities,
Effects and finishing etc. More then, two main thing you are to set in order will be
“The Paper” and “The Print quality”
Remember that the properties are having its own separate environment after finishing
with that environment by saying “OK”.
Conclusively: To print a document, you first of all pick print from Office Button
in the left side of the window. And then move to print and click, the
environment of print appear, you set the printer name first, and select the page
range by choosing one of the rages either
 All–to print the whole document all.
 Current Page – to print the page that the cursor is beeping currently out
of the whole document.
 Pages – to select some page to print out of all the pages e.g. 2, 5, 10, 15
etc. this is how you type follow by commas to specifies the pages you
want to print.
 Then move directly to properties and select the paper size that is either
A4 or A3 in the dialog box and click “OK” to close the environment and
print the document out.
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INTERNET
Definition: Internet is also known as the net, Network of networks. The internet is
the largest computer network. Over 100 million of computers are network together
in the internet.
Intranet and Extranet

Intranet is an internal network. It is used by companies to connect their computers
on a network. It is a private network connection.
While An Extranet is an extension of an organization’s intranet that can be
accessed by users outside the organization usually partners which can only use the
username and password to access the intranet.
Internet Browsers
Definition: An internet browser is the program that you use to access the
internet and view web pages on your computer. Without the browser you
cannot launch into the internet. Below are top tem fastest browsers. The first
(4) four browsers are the most popular and most used browsers by internet
users
 Internet Explorer
Good:
Comes with Windows, and is a vast improvement over the I.E. that many
came to hate. All I.E. versions combined have the largest user base of any
browser.
Bad: Not all Flash is supported (“Metro” version for Windows 8).
 Mozilla Firefox:
Good: Easy to use, good security features, and very fast. Very customizable.
Bad: Simultaneous use of different user profiles a bit more tweaking than the
average user profile is capable of.
 Google Chrome:
 Good: Very fast, excellent security features. A multitude of other features for both
advanced and beginner users.
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Bad: No parental control options. If you’re paranoid of “the Man” (Google)

tracking you, better not use this.
 Opera Mini
Good: One of the fastest browsers available nowadays.
Bad: May conflict with other programs and certain file types.
 Avant Browser
Good: Can do pretty much everything an average computer use would have a
browser do, speed is acceptable.
Bad: May experience compatibility problems with some newer programs.
BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET

The origins of the Internet reach back to research commissioned by the United
States government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via
computer networks. While this work together with work in the United Kingdom
and France lead to important precursor networks, they were not the Internet. There
is no consensus on the exact date when the modern Internet came into being, but
sometime in the early to mid-1980s is considered reasonable.
In its infancy, the Internet was originally conceived by the Department of Defense
as a way to protect government communications systems in the event of a military
strike. The original network, dubbed ARPANet (for the Advanced Research
Projects Agency that developed it) evolved into a communications channel among
contractors, military personnel, and university researchers who were contributing
to ARPA projects.
The network employed a set of standard protocols to create an effective way for
these people to communicate and share data with each other.
The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the
1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to
worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and
the merger of many networks. Though the Internet has been widely used by
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academia since the 1980s, the commercialization of what was by the 1990s an
international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually
every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion
people—over a third of the world's human population—have used the services of
the Internet; approximately 100 times more people than were using it in 1995.
USES OF INTERNET
The internet has made a lot of things possible and simple; these increase the
importance of the internet to the world.
1. Electronic Mail (E-mail): This is the most widely used service. The e-mail is
used to send letter or information. The internet made it very fastest; it is the
fastest means of sending letters also receiving letters.
2. Business: the internet helps a lot in business; person can market his product,
advertise his product on the net or business contact.
3. Research: The internet helps in different idea from people in many fields of
life. It gives the privilege to search into those ideas and come out with a
solution on a particular research.
4. Education: The internet made possible on-line education
5. Leisure:
Leisure is the option that we in watching your favorite videos to listening songs,
watching movies, playing games, chatting with the loved ones has been possible
due to internet. Leisure is one of the most important uses of internet that attracts
people towards it. Internet is home of some of the excellent resources using which
you can freshen up your mood in minutes.
6. Blogging:
There are many people who are very much interested in writing blogs and for
them internet is the best place. Also publicize their work so that their work
reaches to most of the people and they get appreciated. There is huge number of
websites over the internet which allows you to write blogs. You just need to get
yourself registered as per their procedure and then start writing.
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7. Job Search
Job search is one of the required updated worldwide a person used in searching
for vacancy in various companies, government sectors, and organizations. An
internet has become an easier task.
You just need to get yourself registered at the website and they will do the rest.
They will only send you an email job vacancy according to your choice also
help you to select the best out of them.
8. Financial Transaction
Financial transaction is the term which is used when there is exchange of
money. With the use of internet in the financial transaction, your work has
become a lot easier. Now you don’t need to stand in the queue at the branch of
your particular bank rather you can just log in on to the bank website with the
credential that has been provided to you by the bank and then can do any
transaction related to finance at your will.
FEATURES OF INTERNET
1) The Title Bar: This display the program in the bar
2) The Menu Bar: a browser display its main menu in the bar
3) The Toolbar: A browser is equipped with small pictures called buttons.
4) The Address Bar: A browser is equipped with a wide box called the
address or address bar.
5) The Viewing Area: This display the result of what you are browsing in the
page.
INTERNET RESOURCES
There are two categories of internet resources, they are:
A. Conversation Resources.
B. Reference Resources.
A. CONVERSATION RESOURCES:
This internet resource provides the privilege for a person to have conversation
with anybody anywhere or at any location.
These conversations are on two types:
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i. Mailing List: The mailing list is an E-mail list server; it is a group of

people who are dedicated to communicate by e-mail. They make
everyone in the group to be used to each other’s messages. The computer
that automatically distributes all the communication is known as the List
Server and it acts as the reflector to send out all e-mail lists to every
members.
ii. New Group: The Mailing List and News Grouts look alike, but the
difference is that News group are electronic bulletin boards, anyone can
post an article on the boards. The article can be read by anyone who
chooses to read it.
B. REFERENCE RESOURCES:
The reference resources are made of text document, graphics, videos and sound
in the net. These resources can be accessed and downloaded.
INTERNET CONNECTION:
The process that make server available on the internet is what is called internet
service provider (ISP) which will establish the connection for you and will make
sure that your computer can get to the internet
 Website and Web Page:

Website: is a collection of related web pages, images, videos and other related things and
are given a single address or common uniform resources locator (URL)
OR
Website: is a web page that belongs to a particular section of the internet. It can belong
to one person, one company, one school and Government etc.
Web page: Is an area you see when you get to website on the internet.
INTERNET SEARCH
To search in internet means to look for a particular subject or things in internet. The most
popular search engines used in internet search are:
i. Google
ii. Yahoo
iii. Alexa
iv. MSN
v. Netscape
vi. Alta vista
vii. Search.
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How to Create an E-Mail

1. On the Address Box, type www.yahoo.com and press enter on the keyboard.
2. After sign in to yahoo box appear, scroll to create New Account and left click on
it.
3. Start to fill-in your name in the box provided and other information
4. Then at the end you click on (sign up).
How to Open Your E-Mail
1. After open a mail in yahoo
2. Left click on the yahoo box that appear and enter your E-mail address and your
password and left click on “sign in” and wait
3. After the yahoo page opening, left click on mail symbol to take you to your page
4. Click on inbox to check your message
5. Click on your text to open.
How to Search in Google:

 On the address box, type www.google.com press enter
 In the Google search box that appear
 Type in the key word you want to search and left click search.
SOCIAL NETWORK
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as
individuals or organizations) and a set of the dyadic link between these actors. "Social
networking" has been around forever. It's the simple act of expanding the number of
people you know by meeting your friends' friends, their friends' friends and so on. In fact,
many of us today use Twitter and Facebook to promote our existing and upcoming
businesses. And people looking to connect with other business-associated contacts
usually move to sites like LinkedIn, but one need to understand that social media is
beyond Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Blogs.
There are many social networks online and they redesigned for different purposes. Here
are the most popular social networks below:
1. Facebook: To access Facebook.com, you must create an account on the site

which is free. Face book’s terms of use state that members must be at least 13
years old with valid email. It is the popular social network. To get to sit type:
www.faceboo.com from address box and press enter form your keyboard.
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2. MySpace: On MySpace, your social network starts growing from the first day.
When you join MySpace, the first step is to create a profile. You then, invite friends
to join there and search for your friends on already profiled on MySpace these
friends become your initial Friend Space. Once the friendship is confirmed all the
people in your friends' Friend Space become part of your network. In that sense,
everyone on MySpace is in your Extended Network. As part of terms of MySpace, the
user must be at least 14 years old to register.
Twitter: Twitter is a very simple service that is rapidly becoming one of the most talked-
about social networking service providers. When you have a Twitter account, you can use
the service to post and receive messages to a network of contacts, as opposed to send
bulk email messages. You can build your network of contacts, and invite others to receive
your Tweets, and can follow other members' posts. Twitter makes it easy to select into or
out of networks. Additionally, you can choose to stop following a specific person’s feed.
To get to the sit type: www.twitter.com in the address box and press enter from your
keyboard.
4. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is an online social network for business professionals, which

is designed specifically for professional networking, to help them find a job,
discover sales leads, connect with potential business partners. Unlike most of the
other social networks, LinkedIn does not focus on making friends or sharing media
like photos, videos and music. To start using LinkedIn you need to register and
create a profile page. To register to LinkedIn, you need to provide personal
information. You can update the profile with your education and job details and a
summary. Additionally, you can also give and receive recommendations from co-
workers and bosses. There are more than 75 million professionals registered on
LinkedIn.
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5. Hi5: Hi5 shares many similarities with many social network sites; however, it
introduces some twists that make it worthwhile for people who love trying out
new and interesting online communities. However, it is not one of the popular
sites in the United States. This was a strategic move from the founder, therefore,
Hi5 claims around 60 million members from more than 200 countries other than
the US. One of the site's biggest transformations is the addition of many
entertainment options, including games.
HOW TOREGISTER FOR ANY OF THESE SOCIAL NETWORKS

Step 1: Log into the website of any of the social networks
(e.g. FACEBOOK, www.facebook.com)
Step 2: Fill in the required information such as your name, email etc
Step 3: Click on sign up and then wait for further instructions
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MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
Microsoft publisher is application software that is used for publication. It is also a
package used for editing of document such as creating of calendar, Newspaper,
typesetting and cards etc.
USES OF MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
1. It is used to create and edit Newsletter, flyers, website design
2. It’s used for advertisement
3. It is used for special design such as:
i. Birth-day card.
ii. Invitation card.
iii. Certificate.
iv. Complementary card.
v. Wedding card.
vi. Programs etc.
COMPONENT OF MICROSOFT PUBLISHER

1) Title bar
2) Menu bar
3) Standard tool bar
4) Formatting tool bar
5) Ruler bar
6) Tool box
7) Publication types
8) Publication sheet
9) Scroll bar
10) Status bar
11) Task bar
CATEGORIES OF MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
 Publication by wizard.
 Publication by design.
 Blank publication.
 Open an existing publication.
Publication by Wizard
This is the type of publication that display the categories of publisher which a user
can used to achieve a text e.g. Calendar, Newsletter etc.
Publication by Design
This display the categories of design which a user can also use to achieve a design
template that is available in the computer e.g. flyers, invitation cards,
complementary card, certificate, etc.
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Blank Publication
This display an empty publication which has no design available like other for a
user to make used of, it come with a blank page.
Existing Publication:
An existing publication display a publication that has already saved and its display
at the right hand side of the screen.
HOW TO CREATE A NEW PUBLICATION
From the start bar, click on all programs
Point mouse on Microsoft office and select to Microsoft word publisher and left
click
Select your publication type from the template and click on “Create”
ICON ICON NAME DESCRIPTION
Select Object Select text boxes
Text Box Insert text box by

clicking and drag in the page
Insert Table Insert table frame by clicking and

drag to draw the size you want with
number of row and column.
Word Art It used to insert a text that has been
preformatted with enhance features.
Picture frame click to insert picture from clip art

from file
Line Click to draw line
Arrow Click to draw an arrow
Basic Shapes Click to select your shapes.
Book Mark Click to create a book mark then will

dump to a specific location in a
publisher.
Design Gallery Object To select design object available in
The inside the computer
Items from content library to create or add shapes for use
38
Setting All The Tool Bar Items:

 Using the menu bar and click on tools,
 Point the cursor to customize and click on the Options tab,
 Click to place a check mark in front and show standard and formatting tools
bar on two rows click on close button
 Task Pane: The task pane offers help with selecting publications and setting of
documents or template.
The drop down menu at the top, offers a quick way to navigate through the task
pane screen. Using the upper left corner to move and view recent task pane
screen.
 Grid Guide Lines:

Viewing grid guide line, to create a layout using the menu bar
i. Click on Arrange, click on Layout guide and click the grid guide tab
ii. Click on the column guide box to increase the number of column
iii. Click on the row guide box to increase the number of rows, then click
“OK”
 Removing Grid Guide Line

i. From Arrange in menu bar, click on Layout Grids
ii. Click the grid guide tab
iii. Under column guide in the column box, change the number of column to
1
iv. Under row guides in the row box, change the number of rows to 1
v. Then click on OK or right click the mouse and choose undo layout guide.
Note: Before setting all these, you must work on something to see the effects.
39
Text Box:
Text box is one of the important tools that areuse in creating a document in
publisher.
Steps:
i. Creating text box, point mouse to tools box and pick text box icon
ii. Click and drag on the template to create a text box and type in your text
inside the text box.
iii. Or you can click insert in menu bar, and click on text and drag it on the
template to draw a text box, is the same.
Working With Pictures / Clip Art

TO inserting a picture into your publication, you can use tool box or insert menu.
i. Click on insert in menu bar
ii. On the drop down menu, Point mouse to picture and select to from file
iii. Pick your picture from file and click insert
To Insert Clip Art

i. Click on either tool box or insert menu and select to picture
ii. Click on clip art, then the task pane appear
iii. You select the clip art picture and click on it.
Working with Shapes

i. Click on Auto shapes from the tools box
ii. On the menu that open, make your selection on either: lines, connectors,
basic shapes, block arrow, flowchart, star and banners, callouts then click
on your choice and draw on the page.
Inset Word-Art
The word art is similar to a picture you insert; you can click and carry from one
place to another.
i. Using the object tool bar, click on word-art icon
ii. In the word-art window, click to select a style
iii. Type the text in the box, change the font character and font size
iv. Click “OK”
v. To edit word-art text, use the word-art tool bar to edit.
40
PRACTICAL STUDIES
1. To Design Complementary Card.
2. To Design Flyers.
3. To Design Certificate.
4. To Design Invitation Card.
To Open Publication:
i. Click on File in the menu bar
ii. Click on Open icon
iii. Select your document name and click
iv. Click Open from the box.
TO CREATE A CALENDAR
From the four categories of publisher, click on Calendar on the list which is
publication by wizard, the at the right hand panel scroll to see the design of your
choice and set the following:
i. Time frame: which is one month calendar or one year calendar, click on
the one you want to prepare.
ii. Set calendar date: click on set calendar date to set the calendar year
starting and the year ended and click “OK” then click “Create Button” to
set your calendar.
iii. Make your formatting insert pictures and other things.
How to Change Case

i. Highlight the text that you want to change from capital to small letter
ii. Left click on Format in menu bar, and click “Font”
iii. Under font dialog box, select to ‘All Cap’ or “Small Cap” by clicking
the box and click OK.
To Save A Publication:
i. Click on File in menu bar
ii. Click on Save icon
iii. In the save box, give a name of your publication
iv. Click save button.
41
 News Letter Options:

i. From the template, click “Newsletters”
ii. Make your selection from Design template and left click on your choice
and click on Create.
To insert a new page
i. Click on insert in menu bar, select to page and click
ii. On the dialog box that appears, click on OK to creates an additional page.
To delete a page
i. Using the page navigation at the bottom of the screen
ii. Click on the page number that is to deleted
iii. Click on Edit menu, and click on delete page. Or right click on the page
to be deleting, then on the fly up menu, left click on delete page.
Drop Cap:
Drop cap is used to insert or enlarge the first letter character in a page.
After creating your text, you highlight the first letter that you want to enlarge and
follow the steps:
i. Click on “Format” in menu bar
ii. Under the drop down menu, click on drop cap
iii. Make your selection to drop, then click on Apply and click Ok button
iv. If you want to make a change, you go back to format and click on drop
cap
v. In the dialog box, click on Custom drop cap
vi. Make your selection on font, font size, font color in the boxes, then click
on Apply and click OK.
42
SHORT CUT KEY IN MS PUBLISHER

SHORT CUT KEY FUNCTIONS
Ctrl + A to select all text
Ctrl + B bold a selected text
Ctrl + shift + C copy a selected text
Ctrl + shift + V past function
Ctrl + E Centre Alignment
Ctrl + L Left Alignment
Ctrl + J Justify
Ctrl + R Right Alignment
Ctrl + I Italic
Ctrl + P to print
Ctrl + U Under line a selected text
Ctrl + S Save document
Ctrl + shift + F select font on the formatting tool
Ctrl + shift + K Change to small or capital letter
Ctrl + shift + D Distribute Alignment for paragraph
Ctrl + shift + P Selecting the font size box on formatting tool bar.
Ctrl + shift + Y Return character formatting to the current text style.
Ctrl + shift + (=+) sign Apply or remove superscript formatting.

Ctrl + (=+) sign Apply or remove subscript formatting.
Ctrl + shift + (+]) sign Increase space between letter in word
Ctrl + shift + ([+) sign Decrease space between letter in word.
Ctrl + (+]) sign Increase font size by 1.0 point.
Ctrl +(+[) sign Decrease font size by 1.0 point.
Ctrl + shift + > sign Increase the next size in the font box.
Ctrl + shift + < sign Decrease the next size in the font box.
43
Ctrl + shift + J to set new paper alignment

Ctrl + Z or Alt + Undo the last action.
Backspace
Ctrl + Y or F4 Redo the last action.

Ctrl + P Insert the current page number.
Ctrl + 1 Single ling spacing
Ctrl + 2 double line spacing
Ctrl + 5 1.5 line spacing
Alt + F6 Bring object to front.
Alt + shift + F6 Sending object to back.
Ctrl + shift + G Group selected object/ungroup.
Ctrl + shift + N to insert a page or two pages spread if arecreating a
Newsletter
Ctrl + shift + U duplicate page after the selected page

Ctrl + page down go to the next page
Ctrl + Page up go to the previous page
Ctrl + shift + O Turn boundaries & guide on or off.
Ctrl + shift + L zoom to full page view
F9 Switch between the current view & actual view.
44
INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT POWER POINT PROGRAM

Power point program is a Microsoft application package; they are all
together called Microsoft office.
Power Point: Is an application package used for presentations. The

presentation may include: text, graphics, clip-art, drawing and chart.
USES OF POWER POINT PROGRAM

1. It use for Slide presentation
2. It use for Movies presentation.
3. It use for Advertisement.
4. It use for Announcement/Programs.
5. It use for Entertainment etc.
FEATURE OF POWER POINT

1. Title Bar: This bar displays the application that a user is dealing with. It
also has a control button such: Minimizing, Maximizing and Close which
is use to control the window.
2. Menu Bar: These bars display the list of items that are available in the
computer.
3. Ribbon Bar: These bars display the tools use in formatting.
4. Ruler Bar: The ruler helps in setting side margin.
5. Note Pane: This bar display the presentation page open at the left side
panel.
6. Slide Pane: A slide pane is a presentation page.
7. Task Bar: This bar use to selecting the programs.
45
CATEGORIES OF POWER POINT

In Microsoft power point 2007, we have many categories but we are going to
deliberate with view of them which are:
1. Design Template:
The Design template gives you all the design style that is available in the
computer for you to use in working on your presentation.
2. Two Content:
The auto-content give you an idea of the sample that are stored in the
computer and allow you the present your text too.
3. Blank Presentation:
In blank presentation, it does not give you any organized idea or designed
to help in your presentation. It gives you a blank sheet for you to design
your presentation.
4. Title And Content:

In this type of presentation, it allows a user to write title and also insert
something inside the page and play.
TO CREATE A PRESENTATION BY USING “DESIGN TEMPLATE”

i. After opening a new slides, on the menu bar, left click on “Design”
ii. Select your design you want to use and left click on it.
iii. Start to design your presentation.
iv. Click on F5 to view you presentation.
Note: Design template give you the sample of design that available in the
computer.
46
TO CREATE A PRESENTATION USING BLANK PRESENTATION

i. On the ribbon bar, left click on “New Slide”
ii. On the menu drop down, click on Blank Page.
iii. Start to design your presentation by using Word Art or Text Box to
type.
Note: In Blank Presentation you are to create your presentation on your own.
Formatting Text:
 To change case: highlight your text and left click on change case icon in
the ribbon bar, and make your selection on either: sentence case, lower
case and upper case by clicking on it.
 To change font size: highlight your text and left click on font box and
select your font and lick.
 To change font characters: highlight your text and left click on font
character box and make your selection of your font style and left click.
 To bold text: highlight your text and left click on letter B on the ribbon
bar to bold your text.
HOW TO ANIMATE YOUR PRESENTATION:

Animation: This is simply means to make an object or text to be moving,
when designs are made to be moveable; it is said that the display has been
animated.
Using Slide Transition in Animation:

Slide transition is another tool used to effecting animation in presentation.
To start transition:
i. Select your text or object that you want to apply transition
ii. Left click on Transition and make your selection by clicking any of
the transition to have the effect in your text or objects.
47
Custom Animation:
Custom animation is used to apply an effect to the text or object for more
than one.
To apply custom animation:
i. Select the text or object, then click on “Custom Animation”
ii. On the task pane, click on “Add Effect”
iii. Makes selection on Entrance, Emphasis, Exit and motion paths,
click on each and click to apply to your text.
How to Insert a Page Layout

1. Left click on Design in Menu bar
2. Click on page setup
3. Select the Orientation or slide
4. Select or increase the height and weight
5. Click on “OK” button.
How to Insert a Picture into a Slide:

1. Click on insert menu
2. Click on picture and select the picture from file and select the picture
3. Click on the picture you want and click insert
4. Click close.
To Work On Clip Art

1. Click on insert menu and click on clip art
2. On the task pane that appear, click on go to search for all
3. Select the picture you want and click on it
4. Close the environment.
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How to Insert a New Slide:

1. On the ribbon bar, left click on New Slide
2. Make a selection on either: Title slide, two content, blank pages etc.
3. Click on the one you want to use, and start to design.
How to Change Slide Background:

1. Left click design on the menu bar.
2. Click on background style.
3. Click on format background.
4. Make your selection on either: solid fill, radiance fill, picture or texture
fills.
5. Select the color and ix it to your own choice and click “OK”
How Insert Word Art:

1. Click on insert in menu bar
2. Click on word-art and click word art style
3. Type in your text and format it by changes the color, change the styles.
Slide Show:
Slide show is used to display your presentation after finish designing
whatever you have design. Click on slide show on the menu bar
ii. Click from the beginning, to play. Or press F5 as short cut key.
To Previewing Presentation:
i. Click on Office Button
ii. Point the mouse to print and left click on print preview to view your
presentation works.
49
To Print:
i. Click on office button
ii. Left click on Print icon
iii. Set the printer name, and other setting and click on OK
SHORT CUT KEY FOR POWER POINT

Ctrl + A Select all text.
Ctrl + B Bold text.
Ctrl + C Copy text.
Ctrl + V Paste text.
Ctrl + E Centre alignment.
Ctrl + J Justify alignment.
Ctrl + L Left alignment.
Ctrl + R Right alignment.
Ctrl + S save
Ctrl + P print presentation
F5 Start presentation from the beginning.
Ctrl + F2 to preview your presentation
Shift + F3 Change from capital to small letter.
Shift +Right Arrow Go to the next slide.
Shift + Left Arrow Go to the previous slide.
50
MICROSOFT EXCEL
Microsoft ward excel is an application package use for arithmetic calculation. It is
simply means a package used for calculation only and it contains column and rows.
Terminologies:
MS Excel worksheet consists of column and rows.
 The Column - Is a vertical group of cell in a worksheet which are label from A,
B, C, D etc in a single line. The column consists of 256 columns.
 The Row - Is the horizontal group of cell in a worksheet, and label from 1, 2, 3,
etc. the rows consist of 16, 384 rows. therefore the intersection of column and
row form “A Cell”
 A Worksheet – is a single spreadsheet page you are working. While
 A Workbook – is a collection of all the worksheet in a single file. In other way
a workbook contains worksheets and given a single file name.
 A Cell Range – Is a group of selected text in a worksheet.
USES OF SPREADSHEET
1. It is used for the preparation of budget.
2. It is used for tax planning
3. To prepared income, expenditure and profit.
4. Spreadsheets are used to analyze the result of experiment and for record
keeping.
5. It can also use for calculating of pay-row of the company or an organization.
Element of Excel
1. Title Bar
2. Quick Access Toolbar
3. Office Button
4. Standard Bar
5. Name Box
6. Formula Bar
7. Spreadsheet
8. Horizontal & Vertical Scroll Bar
9. Work sheets
10. Status Bar
11. Task Bar
51
Spreadsheet Uses Three Distinct Types Of Data:

1. Labels: Labels are text entries that describe the contents of other cells. E.g.
Names, income, expenditure and month are labels.
2. Values: Values are numeric information most commonly numbers. They may
be added, subtract, multiplied, divided, square or used in any other
mathematical operation.
3. Formula: Formula is special types of value designed to manipulate data in cells
that contain values.
Formula definition:
+ - Adding or addition
- - Subtraction
/ - Division
* - Multiplication
% - Percentage
^ - Exponentiation
& - Ampersand connects two text values to produce one continuous text
value.
PRACTICAL 1:
A B C D
1 ITEM QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL
2 Executive Chair 4 160
3 Executive Desk 6 200
4 Table 7 100
5 Side Chair 3 150
6 Cutton 2 200
7 Bag 8 150
9 Capet 3 190
10 Cabin Biscuit 5 50
11 Fan 2 300
12 Grand Total
SOLUTION:
To calculate Total:
Place the cell pointer in the cell D2 and type: =B2*C2 press enter.
To calculate Grand Total:
Place the cell pointer in the cell B12 and type =Sum (B2:B11) press enter in your
keyboard.
52
HOW TO FORMAT TEXT:

1. Highlight the range of cells you want to format and change your font size, font
characters or you also change the font color, set alignment, and bold font etc.
TEXT ORIENTATION:
To set text orientation:
i. Highlight the labels in horizontal line
ii. Right click the mouse and click format cell
iii. Set orientation and click OK or from the ribbon bar, click orientation
icon and make your selection.
To wrap text:
i. Highlight the labels
ii. Left click Alignment from the look-in box in the ribbon bar
iii. Click on wrap text in the dialog box and click ok.
To set border:
i. Highlight the range of cells.
ii. Right click the mouse and click format cell.
iii. In the dialog box, click on border.
iv. Click on border style and click outline.
v. Pick another border style and click inside border.
vi. Click OK.
To merge and center a text:

i. Highlight the group of cells.
ii. Click on merger and center icon.
iii. Then click merge and center from the drop down menu.
To fill color/background:
i. Highlight the range of cell.
ii. Click on Alignment form the look-in box in the ribbon bar
iii. Click on fill icon the dialog box, and select your color.
iv. You can also click “Fill Effect” to fill two colors.
53
To expand cell height:

i. Highlight the range of cells
ii. Left click on Format in the standard bar
iii. Click on cell height
iv. A small box appear, type the number of height and press enter.
To extend the width:

i. Highlight the range of cell, and left click format on the standard bar.
ii. Click on width, and set the number of width in the small box that appear
and click ok.
How to apply chart / Graphs

To apply chart in excel, you need to do the following:
 You are to highlight the name & the score only
 Left click on insert menu and click on chart
 Select your chart types & click “Ok” to display
 To protect your work sheet

- Highlight your worksheet, then click on ‘Format’ on the standard bar
- From the dropdown menu, click on “Protect sheet” then enter your password in
the box provided & re-enter the password and click OK.
 Un-protect sheet
- Go to Format on the standard bar and click un-protect sheet
- Enter your correct password and click OK.
 How to hide sheets

- Highlight your work sheet
- Left click on Format on the standard bar & click on “Hide Sheet”
 Un-hide sheet
- Go to format & point mouse on hide & un-hide icon, then click on ‘un-hide
sheet’.
54
EXCEL PRACTICAL 2:
1 A B C D E F G
2 NAMES RENT TRANSPORT FOOD CROSS SAL. TAX NET SAL.
10%
3 BRIGHT 30,000 20,000 14,000
4 HAPPY 40,000 15,000 18,000
5 GIFT 60,000 17,000 25,000
6 CHRISTIAN 35,000 18,000 30,000
7 LUCY 50,000 30,000 20,00
8 COMMY 60,000 25,000 18,000
9 GLORIA 70,000 20,000 20,000
10 BLESSING 65,000 19,000 15,000
11 JOY 48,000 18,000 15,000
12 EMMY 50,000 20,000 10,000
FORMULA:
To calculate Cross Salary:
(Two methods involve)
1. Highlight from Rent, Transport, Food to Cross salary; then click the summation sign (
∑ ) on the standard bar to get the result OR
2. Point the cursor in the cell E3 i.e Cross Salary and type =sum (C3:E3) press enter.
3. Copy the formula across and past to the entire cell in that column.
To calculate Tax:
1. Point the cursor in cell F3 and type = (E3*10%) press enter.
2. Copy the formula across to get all at once.
To calculate Net Salary:

This is simply as Gross Salary – Tax. i.e. (E3-F3)
1. Point the cursor the cell G3 and type = sum (F3 – G3) press enter.
2. Copy the formula across
Automatic Sum:
Automatic sum is used when you want to sum or calculating all figures in the cells faster
and at once.
A. To calculate- using Formula tool bar to calculate by sum

 Keep the cursor in the formula bar and type = sum (B2:D2) because of adding
value.
B. To Multiply different values:

- Before you multiply any value in the cell, this multiplication sign (*) must be used to
multiply the values.
55
EXCEL PRACTICAL 3:
A B C D E F G H I J
1 NAME BASIC ANNUAL HOUSE TRANSP GROSS TAX LOAN REDUCTION NET
SALARY SALARY ALLOW ALLOW SALARY 1O% 5% SALARY
10% 5%
2 SHOLA 50, 000
3 MARK 90, 500
4 IGBOLO 80, 000
5 SCOLA 17,000
6 JOHN 27, 500
7 LAMCY 10, 600
SOLUTION:
Annual Salary
Place your cell pointer in cell C2 and type
=12*B2 or B2*12 press enter.
House Allowance:
Place the cell pointer in Cell D2 and type
= 10% *B2 Press enter.
Transport Allowance:
Place the cell pointer in Cell E2 and type
= 5%*B2 press enter.
To Calculate Gross Salary: This is simply means adding all the allowances including
Basic Salary.
i.e. place the cell pointer in cell F5 and type =B2+D2+E2 press enter.
To Calculate Tax:
Place the cell pointer in Cell F2 and type
= 10%*B2 press enter.
Loan:
Place the cell pointer in cell H2 and type
=5%*B2 press enter.
Reduction:
Place the cell pointer in cell J2 and type
=G2+H2 press enter.
Net Salary: This is calculated as Gross salary – Tax. Place the cell pointer cell I2 and
type =(F2-I2) press enter.
56
PRACTICAL 4
A B C D E F G H
1 QTY DISCRIPTION PRICE VALUE 5%TAX 3%VAT TOTAL NET PAY
2 1 Pillow 120
3 3 Biscuit 150
4 5 Garri 140
5 6 Maggi 160
6 9 Packet of Sugar 110
7 11 Bags 115
8 13 Minerals 105
9 16 Books 128
10 17 Packet of pen 200
11 19 Bread 190
12 20 Gum 300
SOLUTION
Value: place the cell pointer in cell D2 and type =A2*C2 press enter.
Tax: place the cell pointer in cell E2 and type =5%*D2 press enter.
Vat. Place the cell pointer in cell F2 and type = 3%*E2 press enter.
Total: place the cell pointer in cell G2 and type = E2+F2 press enter.
Net pay: place the cell pointer in cell H2 and type = D2-G2 press enter.
PRACTICAL 5: STATISTIC FUNCTION

We are going to discuss on the function that include: Sum, Average, Maximum,
Minimum, Range, Median, Count, Geometric, Standard Deviation and Variance.
A B C D E F G H I
1 NAME MATH ENG AGRIC BIO HIST. CHEM. ACC. COUNT
2 EUNICE 73 81 68 37 87 69 33
3 GRACE 68 84 79 55 52 45 50
4 HAPPY 57 77 46 58 57 70 90
5 FEMI 80 67 58 70 65 57 58
6 TINA 91 64 77 91 64 43 38
7 AKPAN 56 78 46 60 57 70 57
8 TOTAL
9 AVERAGE
10 MAXIMUM
11 MINIMUM
12 MEDIAN
13 RANGE
14 STAD. DEV.
15 VERIANCE
16 GEOMETRIC
57
SOLUTION:
Total: place the cell pointer in cell B8 and type = Sum (B2:B7) press enter.
Average: place the cell pointer in cell B9 and type =Average (B2:B7) press enter
Maximum: place the cell pointer in the cell B10 and type = Max (B2:B7) press
enter.
Minimum: place the cell pointer in cell B11 and type =Min (B2:B7) press enter.
Median: place the cell pointer in the cell B12 and type = Median (B2:B7) press
enter.
Range: Place the cell pointer in cell B13 and type = B10-B11 press enter.
Count: Place the cell pointer in cell I2 and type = Count (B2:H2) press enter.
Standard Deviation: Place the cell pointer in cell B14 and type = Stdev (B2:B7) press
enter.
Variance: Place the cell pointer in cell B15 and type =Var (B2:B7) press enter.
Geometric: Place the cell pointer in cell B16 and type =Geomean (B2:B7) presses
enter.
PRACTICAL 6:
The functions that will be discussed include: Sum, Product, Cosine, Sin, Tan, Log10,
Logarithm, Square root, Degrees, Radian, and Romans.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
Fin art
Log10
Square
Name Bio Eng. Econ Int.sc Phy. Sum Product Cost Sin Tan Logarithm
root.
1 Blessing 52 48 39 18 60 44
2 Tina 63 52 42 28 70 38
3 Biola 67 64 50 43 38 50
4 Chika 60 50 70 50 43 67
5 Femi 53 44 41 50 39 49
6 Emmy 64 61 39 40 62 50
7 Total
8 Degrees
9 Radians
10 Roman
SOLUTION:
58
Sum: Place the cell pointer in cell H2 and type: =Sum (B2:G2) press enter.
Product: Place the cell point in cell I2 and type: = product (B2:G2) press enter.
Cosine: Place the cell pointer in cell J2 and type: = Cos (H2) press enter.
Sine: Place the cell pointer in cell K2 and type: = Sin (H2) press enter.
Tanget: Place the cell pointer in cell L2 and type: = Tan (H2) press enter.
Log10: Place the cell pointer in cell M2 and type: = Log10 (H2) press enter.
Logarithm: Place the cell pointer in cell N2 and type: =Log (H2,2) press enter.
Square Root: Place the cell pointer in cell O2 and type: =SQRT (H2) press enter.
Total: Place the cell point in cell B8 and type = Sum (B2:B7) press enter.
Degree: Place the cell pointer in cell B9 and type: = Degrees (B8) press enter.
Radian: Place the cell pointer in cell B10 and type: = Radians (B8) press enter.
Roman: Place the cell pointer in cell B11 and type: Romans (B8) press enter.
PRACTICAL 7:
Calculation of Text Confirmation, Exams Confirmation and Total Using (If Function).
A B C D E F
1 NAME TEST TEST EXAM EXAM TOTAL
SCORE CONFIRMATIION SCORE CONFIRMATION
2 DORAH 28 62
3 AGUSTIN 41 75
4 LAMI 35 55
5 BELA 37 45
6 FLORA 43 63
SOLUTION:
Test Confirmation:
=if (B2>=40,”True”,”False”) press enter.
Exam Confirmation:
= if (D2>=60,”True”,”False”) press enter
Total Scores:
= (B2+D2) press enter.
59
PRACTICAL 8:
LOGICAL FUNCTION:
These are used to evaluate condition that depends: on one out of two outcomes, the
most versatile and frequent logical function is(if function).
The general syntax for using this command is = if (condition, x, y,). If the
condition is True x is accepted, while y accepted, if the condition is False.
The use of logical function can be illustrated as follows:
Example: VSAC Computer Institute is a marketing institution employing the
services of five salesmen who are place commission as follows:
 The sale of N500, 000 and above will attract 20% commission, while the sales
below will attract 15% commission.
 Each of the salesmen was given the following target according, 550, 000, 750,
000, 800, 000, 950, 000, and 1, 000, 000.
At the end of the month, the following actual sales were recorded for each
salesman:
100, 000, 760, 000, 750, 000, 980, 000, and 450, 000
You are to calculate the Evaluation, Rate, and Commission payable.

Showing below:
A B C D E F
1 Salesmen Target Actual Evaluation Rate Commission
2 CHIKA 550, 000 100, 000
3 DANIEL 750, 000 760, 000
4 JOHN 800, 000 750, 000
5 JUBAR 950, 000 980, 000
6 LOVETH 1, 000, 000 450, 000
SOLUTION:
EVALUATION:
Place the cellpointer at the cell D2 and type:
= if (C2>B2, “Yes”, “No”) press enter.
Note: (No) will display to anyone who did not meet his target. Then copy the
formula across and past.
“Evaluation” is to determine if the actual sales at the end of the month is greater
than the target salesmen.
60
To determine the “Rate of Commission” payable to each Salesman:

Place the cellpointer at E2 and type:
= if (C2<=500, 000, 15%, 20%) press enter.
To compare the “Actual Commission” to be pay to each salesman:

Place the cellpointer at cell F2 and type:
= if (C2<=500, 000, C2*15%, C2*20%) press enter.
LINKING OF SHEET IN EXCEL

Linking of sheet simply means to connecting or comparing of sheet one to sheet
two(1 -2) etc.
Prepare the following students record in sheet one below:

A B C D E F G
1 NAME MATHS ENG. A/C COMM. C.R.K CHEM.
2 LAURENCE 50 90 80 90 72 60
3 CLEMENT 60 77 40 86 60 75
4 VICTOR 78 50 33 69 55 77
5 JAMES 90 65 50 50 49 59
6 REJOICE 48 50 49 40 60 80
7 BLESSING 69 90 90 39 33 91
8 JOHN 80 71 80 29 50 97
After finishing the above in sheet one, you enter sheet two to make calculation to
know how many students pass or fail the exams.
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 To link sheet 1 – sheet 2:

After preparing your data or information in sheet one, you click on sheet two and
point the cursor in cell A1 and type: = sheet1!A1 then press enter to get the
information from sheet 1 to sheet 2.
(Drag it vertical and horizontal to get the students name and the labels).
 To make calculation for each subject:
Example: the following are given for calculation:
90=A1, 80=B2, 75 = C4, 50 = D7, 40 =E8, 33 = F9.
Place the cellpointer in cell B2 and type:
= if(sheet!B2>=90, “A1”,if(sheet1!B2>=80, “B2”,if(sheet1!B2>=75, “C4”,
if(sheet1!B2>=50, “D7”,if(sheet1!B2>=40, “E8”, if(sheet1!B2>=33, “F9”))))))
press enter.
Note: After typing your formula, you count the number of open bracket and close it
with the number. Then copy the formula across for all.
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MICROSOFT ACCESS
Microsoft access is a package that can construct, expand, maintain and manage
your database. OR
Microsoft access is a database tool designed to store large amount of data, extract
information from a database.
Terminologies:
 A database management: is a collection of one or more tables.
 A table: is a building block of a database. It arranged in column and row.
 Column: is horizontal group of cell that identifies the content of other field while
Rows: is a vertical group of cell that identifies the record.
A table contains the following:
 File Name
 Field
 Data types
 Character
 Description
 File Name: is used to identify the name of a table. It can be alphabet or number.
 A Field:
A field is the horizontal record in a table. It is a label that describes the record in the
table.
 Data Types:
Data type are use to describe the types of data that are to enter in the field
Types of data type:

- Auto-number
- Text
- Number
- Memo
- Date/time
- Currency
- Yes/No
- OLE object (Object Linking and Embedding)
- Attachment etc.
 Character:
Character is the smallest unit of data in a table is either an alphabet or numbers that enter
to the cell.
 Description:
This is used to identify the particular location of something in a table.
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TYPE OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

(1) MS Access
(2) Fox base
(3) Fox pro
(4) Database version ii, iii,& iv
(5) Oracle
USES OF MS ACCESS
(1) It’s used for personal information
(2) It used for keeping customer record in the bank
(3) It used for pay roll of a company.
(4) It help to store information for reference, reporting and analysis
(5) It also helps to analyze large amount of information and manage related data
more efficiently than MS access.
FILE CONCEPT IN MS ACCESS

(1) Design view
(2) Datasheet view
(3) Relationship
(4) Query
(5) Form
(6) Report
DESIGN VIEW:
This is used to enter data first in table view and also used to editing data field in
the table
DATASHEET VIEW:
Is used to view or transfer all the field record in design view into the table view.
QUERY:
Query is used to accessed and co-ordinate data and display in a table.
It can access a single table or multiple tables’ e.g to access customer who live in
Nigeria or U. K.
DESIGN QUERY:
Query Design has two major sections to display;
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(1) It displays the table that is used for the query with the available fields.
(2) It displays those fields that have been selected for used in the query output.
Field options associated in query design are:

(1) Field: This is the name of the field from the table to appear.
(2) Table: The table that the field comes from.
(3) Sort: To arrange the field in alphabetical order.
(4) Show: To display that field in query output.
(5) Criteria: These indicate and filter the records in the query output.
Eg (1) to display those customers who are on saving
FORM:
A form is used to specify the fields from the customer & account table to make simple
calculation and display in the table output.
REPORT:
The report is similar to query, it display data from one or more tables and display the
record. The report is printed out on paper.
HOW TO CREATE A NEW DATABASE:
STEPS:
 Click on the start bar
 Point mouse to all programs, & point to MS office word,
 And click on MS access.
 The Access Open
 Click on blank database
 At the right hand side, give the name of the database from the file name box.
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 Clicks create.
 Click on view, & click design view.
 Give a name: (Customer Table) click OK.
Design view table appear with file name, data type, description. As shown below:
 After filling the Field, click on save icon
 Click on view again and click on datasheet view for the entire field to appear in the
table.
Then start to fill the information on the table layout as showing below:
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Step2: create another table i.e. (Account Table)

 Click on create on the tab bar
 Click on table
 Click on view & click on design view, give a name (Account Table)
 Table design view appears
 Fill in the field name, data type as shown below:
 After filling your field

 Click on save icon
 Click on View again
 Click Datasheet view for all the field to display in Access table as label
 Start to fill you information
 Click save
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Next steps:
Creating Relationship:
Creating relationship means to link two or more table together to become one table
Steps:
 Click on Database tool on the tab
 Click on relationship
 Then show table dialog box appear
 Click on customer table and click Add
 Click on Account table and click Add
 Click close
 Click on Customer ID field and drag it over on top of the customer ID field on the
Account table
 Click create
 Click on save icon and click close.
Relationship
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Next step:
Creating Query :( Using query wizard)
Steps:
 Click on Create tab
 Click on Query Wizard
 The query dialog box appear
 Click OK
 Click on Customer table and pack all the field from available field to the selected field
by clicking this sign: (>>)
 Click on Account table and click on account name pack them one after the other by
clicking this sign: (>)
 Click Next button

 Another box appear, click Next button
 Give name of the query and click Next
 Click Finish for the information to appear in the query output.
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Next step:
Creating Query Design:
To “Creating the Customer and Account Query” follow the steps:
 Click on Create tab, and click Query Design
 A dialog box appear
 Click on Customer table and click Add

 Click on Account table and click Add
On the Design query box that shows below:
 you are to select the Field on either Customer or Account table
 Sort the table and filter the record on Criteria. E.g. filter the record to display those
customer that lives in Nigeria and those customer that are on Saving account
 Under the Criteria where you want to filter out, type this: ‘Saving’ in that criteria
 Then click on Run to display those customers that are on saving account.
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Next step:
Creating A Form :( using form wizard)
Steps:
 Click on create tab and click on “More Form”
 Click Form Wizard and click OK
 Move the fields from the available fields over to the selected side
 Click on Next button
 Choose Layout on either:
i. Column – Place the labels to the left field and view one record at a time
ii. Tabular – Place the field labels at the top screen while the record display below
and this display all the record at the same time
iii. Datasheet – this display data labels as the table at the same time
iv. Justify – it display a single record at a time
 After choosing one of the layout above:
 Select the style to use in the table and click Next button
 Give a Name, and click on Finish button to display the records.
How to format the record in (Form and Report)

- After creating form or report, click on View and click on ‘Layout View’
- The environment will change, then click on the field and make an adjustment
- Click on View again and click on Form Viewto view your record.
To Adjust the Height or the Weight of the cells in (Form or Report)

- After creating your form, click ‘Design View’
- Click on ‘Property Sheet’@ the right hand side of the standard bar
- Select all the items and move the cursor to height box, and type-in the number and
press enter in your keyboard to increase your height and do the same to the weight.
- Click on View again and click on Form View
How to apply chart in Access:

After you create your form or report:
- Left click on view and click on Design View
- Click on chart icon in the bar and drag the mouse to draw it on the page
- In the chart wizard box that appear, select the table you want to use
- Click Next button
- Select the name field from the available side to field for chart side and click Next
button
- Pick your chart type & click Next, Next again & give the name for your chart, then
click Finish.
Note: After you click finish, you have to go back and click on View, & click Form View
to view your chart.
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Final stage:
Create A Report :( using report wizard)
Steps:
 Click on Create and click report wizard
 New Report Wizard box appear
 Select Customer table and click “OK”
 Select the fields from the customer table that will display on the report and click Next
button
 Another box appear, click Next
 Specify the layout of the report, and click Next
 Select the style of the report and click Next
 Give report a Name: (Customer Report)
 Click Finish button to create your report and click save icon to save your report
To Edit or Format a Report:

 Click on View
 Click on “Layout View” and make your necessary formatting and click on Report
View to display it out.
MULTIPLE TABLE QUERY

Multiple query is created to joint two account together (Customer table and Account
table)
Steps:
Create a New Query Table Name: “Account Summary Query” that joins the “Customers
table include customer ID and Name field” with “Account table include the Balance field
only”.
Next step on the wizard, click on Summary Options button.
Check off all the summary option boxes such as: Sum, ACG, Min and Max.
Then follow up by clicking next and click “OK”
Practical Work 2:
 Create Customer Table with the following information below:
Customer ID - Number
Surname - text
Other Name - text
Gender - text
Marital Status - text
Date of Birth - date & time
State of Origin - text
Local Govt Area - text
Nationality - text
Contact Address - text
Telephone No - Memo
E-mail - text
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 Create Account Table with following information below:

Account Name - text
Account Number - Number
Date Opened - Date & time
Branch - text
Account Balance - Currency
Picture - Attachment
 Create the following below:

1. Relationship.
2. Query Wizard.
3. Query Design.
4. Form (using form wizard.
5. Report (using report wizard.
Practical 3:
 Create the first table: Name “Staff Record” with the following field
Staff ID - Number
Surname - text
Other Name - text
Gender - text
Nationality - text
Religion - text
Date Employed - date & time
Telephone No - Memo
E-mail - text
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 Create the second table: Name “Next of kin Details” with the following information:
Person ID - Number
Next of kin Name - text
Gender - text
Age - Number
Person - Brother/Sister
Telephone No - Memo
E-mail - text
Picture - attachment
 Create the third table: “Account Table” with the following field:
Account Name - text
Account Number - Number
Account type - text
Date Opened - Date & time
Branch - text
Balance - Currency
 Create the following below:

1. Relationship.
2. Query Wizard.
3. Query Design.
4. Form.
5. Report.
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PRACTICAL 4:
(To make calculation on Access)
 Create the first table Name: “Worker Details” with the following field:
Workers ID - Auto Number
Surname - text
Other Name - text
Gender - text
Local Govt Area - text
Nationality - text
Phone Number - Memo
E-mail Address - text
Picture - Attachment
 Create the second table: “Workers Allowance” with the following field:
Basic Salary - Currency
Transport Allow - Currency
House Allow - Currency
Medical Allow - Currency
Food Allow - Currency
Tax - Currency
Gross Income - Currency
Net Pay - Currency
Annual Salary - Currency
Manager Comm - Currency
NPHC - Currency
Note:
After creating the worker Allowance with the field Name, click on view and click on
Datasheet view, then enter your record on the Basic Salary field only while others are
going to be calculating on form or report.
Steps to follow:
 Go to create tab and click
 Click on form wizard
 Form wizard dialog box appear
 Click workers query
 Pack all the items from left side to the right hand side
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 Click on Next button

 Give a Name “Workers Form”
 Click Finish
 Then form environment appear
 Click View and click Design view
 Click on “properties sheet” and click on Data at the right panel
 Click on three dotted line (…) at the right hand side
 A dialog box appear
 Delete the items inside the box and type-in the item you want to calculate e.g. =
Basic salary + House allow + Transport allow + Medical then click on “OK” to
give Gross income answer
Note: you are to use this process to calculate all the items you want to calculate, then
after you have done with all,
 Click on view
 Click Form view to view the result.
To make the following calculation

Examples:
 House Allowance = 10/100*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Transport Allowance = 7/100*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Medical Allowance = 5/100*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Food Allowance = 8/100*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Tax = 10*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Gross salary = Addition of all the allowances including Basic salary (click Ok)
 Net Pay = Gross salary – Tax (click Ok)
 Annual salary = 12*Basic salary (click Ok)
 Manager commission = 10/100*Gross salary (click Ok)
 NPH =5/100*Tax (click Ok)
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CORAL DRAW
This is an application package that is mainly use for graphical designing. It is a
window based graphics design application that is used to organize text and
graphics
Use of Coral Draw

1. Its use to design cards such as: Invitation card, ID card, Complementary
card, Wedding card, etc.
2. It also used to design flyers.
3. Programmes
4. Book covers
5. Sticker
6. Poster
7. Calendar
8. Letter head
Features of Coral Draw
1. Title bar
2. Menu bar
3. Properties bar
4. Ruler bar
5. Tool box
6. Page layout
7. Color pallet
8. Status bar
9. Task bar
Uses of Tools in Coral Draw
1. Pick Tool: It serves as highlight, select in coral draw such as:
(i) Text or object
(ii) Rotation (both object and text)
2. Shape Tools: It is used to shaping of object. It also use for line spacing
between one line and another.
3. Freehand Tool: It helps in drawing lines in coral draw.
Under freehand tool, there are other sub-tools that also use in drawing other
line such as:
(i) Bezier tool
(ii) Artistic media tool
(iii) Dimension tool
(iv) Connector tool
(v) Interacted connector tool
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4. Zoom Tool: It use to zooming an object or text in a page in other to make it

clearly and bold come out on the screen.
5. Rectangle Tool: This tool is used to draw a rectangle, polygon size, also used
to draw a star of different types
6. Text Tool: This tool is only use to type in Corel Draw.
7. Interactive Blend Tool: This tool is use to blend a text or object.
Under interactive blend tool we have other sub- tool such as:
(i) Interactive contour tool
(ii) Interactive distortion tool
(iii) Interactive envelop tool
(iv) Interactive extrude tool
(v) Interactive drop shadow tool
(vi) Interactive transparency tool
8. Fill Tool: This is used to fill color inside the object as background, also used to
fill colour in a text
9. TEXT TOOL: it’s use to creating a text directly on the screen.
10.Out Line Tool: used to fill colour outside the object or text and also used for
thickness of the text outline.
PRACTICAL OUTLINE
1. HOW TO DESIGN ID CARD
Steps:
(i) Draw a rectangular shape on the page
(ii) Point the mouse in objects size box in the properties bar and type the height
size 2.2 and type the weight size 3.5 then press Enter to get the size of the ID
card depending on the type of ID card you design.
(iii) Copy the shape of ID card into two to get back and front, then start to
design. OR
You design the front in one page while the back should be in the second
page.
 To blend text inside the ID card:

(i) Type the text you want to blend
(ii) Fill the color you want to use and copy it i8nto two
(iii) Keep one copy on the top of ID card size and other one at the
bottom of the page size ID card
(iv) Select the first text, hold down the shift key and select the second
text
(v) Go to “Effect” and click on blend
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(vi) In the blend task pane, select the number of rotation in the box
and click on Apply to blend
(vii) Click on interactive transparency tool in tool box, point it on top
of the blend text and drag it down
(viii) Click on transparency type in properties bar and click on
“Uniform” to blend them together
2. HOW TO DESIGN LETTER HEADED PAPER

- Pick text tool from the tool box
- Click on the page and type your heading of your letter head
- Format it by changing the font, font size, font color and position it as well
- Type the address/e-mail and phone number
- Position it well and preview your work.
3. HOW TO DESIGN ZENITH LOGO

1. Pick Bezier tool from tool bar
2. Point to the angle at the bottom left corner in the page, chick opposite angle
to the right top, click to the left side top and curve it, then return to the
bottoms to join the point
3. Fill the color black
4. Duplicate that one by pressing plus in keyboard
5. Fill that duplicating one with red color
6. Go to Mirror button in properties bar and click the down mirror one time and
click the upper mirror to fixed it automatically
7. Group them together.
4. HOW TO DESIGN NNPC LOGO

1. Pick Ellipse tool, and draw a round shape in the page
2. Pick a rectangular shape and draw it across on top of the ellipse shape and set it at
the center
3. Highlight both of them together and click “Weld” icon on the properties bar
4. Click “Arrange” in Menu bar, and point to transformation and select rotation
5. Set the angle degree, the number you want and click apply to duplicate until it turn
round the shape
6. Finally, highlight the shape again and click on weld the second time to finish the
process.
79
TIONAL PE
NA TR
N
RIA
OL
NIGE
EUM
CO
- OPERATION
N. N. P. C. LOGO
5. HOW TO MAKE A REDEEM LOGO

1. Pick a rectangular tool and draw
2. Click on Arrange and click convert to curve or press Ctrl + Q as short cut or
point the mouse in the shape and right click and convert to curve
3. Pick shape tool, point at the button of the shape and give three node by
double clicking to give a node in three places, then click the middle node
and drag it down to form the mouth of the bird
4. At the right and left side of the mouth, right click and click “convert to
curve” and drag that side down, and do same to the left side
5. Point the mouse to the right side of the shape and right click and click “To
curve” drag it inside, then do the same to the left side of the shape
6. Then at the top side of the shape, double click one step after another to keep
a node
7. Drag one node down after one node till the end to form the tail of the bird
8. Do the same to the hand of the tail.
6. HOW TO CREATE BADGES

Steps:
1. Draw a rectangle shape on a page
2. Convert it to curve from Arrange or press Ctrl + Q as shortcut key
3. Pick shape tool, then point the mouse on the line on top, double click to keep 3
dotted nodes
4. Then at the bottom line of the shape, keep one node in the middle, then by the
right side click the mouse and click ‘To Curve’ and drag the side inside
5. Do the same to the left side and make an adjustment to make a badge as shown
below. & CO PR
IMARY SCHO
IME OL
BADGES GRAPHICS
80
7. HOW TO MAKE CALENDAR

Steps:
1. Click on tool in menu bar
2. In the drop down menu that appear, point the mouse in Visual Basic and move
to play and click it
3. A dialog box appear, click look-in box from macro-in box and select “Calendar
Wizard” and left click
4. Click on “Run” to run the calendar
5. On the calendar wizard dialog box that appear, you are to set everything you
want to set concerning the calendar such as:
a. Select the year of calendar
b. Click “All” to select all the month automatically
c. Select the calendar style from layout box
d. Set the margin
e. Click on large heading/small heading and set the text colour, background,
font style/font size and click show year
f. Finally, click on “Generate” to create the calendar then click close
CATCOM
IFI
N
PU
MAG
TER
RA
E
T
ININ TR
G CEN
TO FIT TEXT TO PATH
8. HOW TO CURVE TEXT TO PARTH

1. Point mouse on ellipse tool and it
2. Type your text and colour it
3. Select your text
4. Go to Text and click on “fix text to path”
5. Point the arrow to the circle or shape you draw and click
6. Then set the following from the properties bar
i. Text placement – use to turn the text to the bottom side
ii. Text orientation – use to set the style of the text.
iii. Vertical placement – use to set the text to either inside the shape or
outside or at the line of the shape
iv. Distance from path – use to shifting the text out from the line a bit
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v. Horizontal offset – to rotate the text to the right or left

vi. Place on other side – is to turn the text from upside to normal
9. HOW TO EDIT PICTURE

1. Select the picture
2. Click on shape tool
3. Right click on picture and click convert to cure
4. Point your cursor to the line and double click and to picture at the point you
want
5. Do it like that round the picture
10. TO FIXT THE PICTURE INSIDE SHAPES

1. After cropping the picture
2. Draw an ellipse
3. Chick on the picture
4. Go to effect in the menu bar and click
5. Select power clip, then click on place inside content
6. Go back to effect, to power clip and click edit, to edit the picture
7. Finally, go back to finishes this level
11. HOW TO TRANSPARNENT TEXT OR SHAPE

1. After typing or creating shapes
2. Go to total box, and chick interactive transparency
3. Drag it across the text or shape
4. Chick on uniform and make your setting to blend it equally
12. HOW TO DESIGNED INVITATION CARD

1. Take measurement (7by 5in size )
2. Make your background
3. Present your text in a normal passion
13. TO PRODUCE A STICKER WITH PASSPORT

1. Take measurement (3by 2)
2. After on the designing
3. Chick on the picture you want to use
4. Go to effect, select power chip
5. The point the arrow to your circle and chick to enter insides
6. Edit it and finish the level.
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14. HOW TO DESIGN FLYRES

1. Select to A5 paper size
2. Design your background
3. Present your text properly
Note: Use sample flyer to learn how to present your text.
15. PAGE CURL

1. After making your design
2. Go to making bitmap and covert to bitmap
3. Go to bitmap again and chick edit bitmap
4. On edit bitmap that open, chick on effect
5. Chick on 3D effect and chick page curl and make you’re your select on the
side you want to curl.
16. HOW TO APPLY VIGNETTE

1. Use rectangle tool to draw the shape
2. Give fill colour
3. Chick on bitmap on the menu bar
4. Chick on covert to bitmap and chick ok
5. Chick on bitmap again & point to creation and chick on vignette
6. Select your shape and chick ok.
17. HOW TO APPLY A FRAME

1. Draw your shape and fill a colour
2. Chick on bitmap
3. Chick on convert to bitmap & chick ok
4. Chick on bitmap again
5. Point to creative and chick on frame
6. Set your off set and chick ok
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18. HOW TO APPLY PLASTIC

1. Types your text and give colour
2. Chick on bitmap & covert to bitmap
3. Chick ok
4. Chick on bitmap again & chick on edit bitmap
5. Chick on effect and point to texture
6. Chick on plastic
7. Chick on save and close
Trimming an Object: This is a form of shaping two objects or joining two objects
to form one object
Weld: To weld two objects together to became one
Trim: Using two objects to add with another one and trim in different form
Intersect: To joint into another one in the same form
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SHORT-CUT KEY FOR COREL DRAW

SHORT CUT KEY FUNCTION
Ctrl + D Duplicate a selected shape or text.
Ctrl + I Import picture from file.
Ctrl + J Option box.
Ctrl + P To print document.
Ctrl + Z Undo action
Ctrl + R Redo action.
Ctrl + Q Convert the selected text to curve.
Ctrl + 4 Decrease font sizes to previous setting.
Ctrl + 6 Increase font sizes to the next setting.
Ctrl + 8 Increase font size to the next font size.
Ctrl + C Copy a selected text or graphics.
Ctrl + V Past text.
Ctrl + N Open new page.
Ctrl + O Open graphics.
Ctrl + Break artistic text.
Ctrl + E Export.
Ctrl + F4 Exit program.
Ctrl + F11 Insert character.
Ctrl + shift + T Edit text box.
Ctrl + shift + P Show action font size.
Shift + F2 Zoom page.
Shift +F11 Apply uniform color fills object.
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F11 Applies fountain color fills object.
F12 Outline pen dialog.
F10 Shape tool.
F9 Full screen preview.
F8 Text tool.
F7 Ellipse tool.
F6 Rectangle tool.
F5 Bezier tool.
F2 Zoom tool.
F4 Zoom page.
F3 Un-zoom page.
Alt + F8 Transformation
L Left Alignment.
R Right Alignment.
P Align the selected object to the centre of the page.
E Align the selected object horizontal.
C Align the selected object vertical.
T Align text to top
B Align text to the bottom.
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INTRODUCTION:
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Networking is defined as a set of independent interconnected computer and other
devices, and allows users to shares resources within other users.
In other word:
Networking is a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are
connected together by a communication channel that allow the sharing of resources
and information.
Data Transmission
Data transmission refers to physical move of data over a point-to-point or point-to-
multipoint communication channel. E.g. copper wire, optical fibres, wireless
communication channel and storage media.
There are three ways for transmitting data from one point to another which area:
1. Simplex: In a simplex mode, the communication can take place in one
direction. The receiver receives the signal from the transmitting device.
A B
Simplex A to B only
2. Half-duplex: In half-duplex mode, the communication channel is used in both

directions, but only in one direction at a time. Thus a half-duplex alternately
send and receive data.
A B
B A
Half-Duplex A to B or B to A
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3. Full-duplex: In full-duplex, the communication channel is used in both

directions at the same time. The uses of full-duplex line improve the efficiency
as the line turnaround time requires in half-duplex arrangement is eliminated.
E.g. of this mode of transmission is the Telephone line.
A B
Full-duplex A to B and B to A
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION
CONNECTION METHOD:
Connection method is a method in which hardware, software and other devices are
interconnected in the Network.
There are two major communication channels for Networking
Which are:-
1. WIRED TECHNOLOGY:
Wired technology is a system in which computers and other devices
interconnected by the use of cable wire to connect or Networking them.
2. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY:
Wireless Technology is a system of internetworking the computer and
devices without using cable wire to connect.
FUNCTION OF NETWORKING:
 To enable personal communication like: E-mail, Chart, Audio/video
conferences.
 Allow Remote Data/file Access.
 Enable sharing of files, data, and information.
 Also enable sharing of software and hardware.
88
STAGES OF NETWORKING
Users
Application Package MS word, MS Excel
Operating System Window XP,

Window Vista, etc
Hardware Printer
MERIT OF NETWORKING:
 Name the systems
 Share your CD drive.
 Sharing your document.
 Share your hard disk.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
1. Personal Area Networking (PAN):
This is the type of networking that can be used personally typical 10
meters distance from one system to another.
2. Local Area Networking (LAN):

It is a network which generate at a particular place such as school
organization or company, it contain about 30 computers and it develop
in 1970.
3. Campus Area Networking (CAN):

Campus area networking is made up of interconnection of the local area
networking e.g. Network between 2 schools, which is very large distance
than local area network.
4. Wide Area Networking (WAN):

This is the network that cover large distant like State, country and it develop
in 1960.
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5 Global Area Networking (GAN):

This is the type of network that support mobile communication across on a
bat ally number of wireless covered area.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
The way in which network connection are made is called “Topology of the
network”.
Network topology specifically refers to the physical layout of the network,
especially, the locations of the computers and how cable and other media are run to
link the computer together.
TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

1. The Star Topology.
2. The Bus Topology.
3. The Ring Topology.
4. The Mesh Topology.
STAR TOPOLOGY
In a star topology, all cable run from the computers to a control location where
they are all connected by a device called “A Hub”.
Stars are used in connected network when the endpoints are directly accessible
from a control location when network expansion reliability of star is needed.
Star Topology:
THE BUS TOPOLOGY:

This is often used when a network installation is small, simple or temporary. It
consist of cable of one or more wire, with no action electronics to amplify the
signal or pass along from computer to computer
Fig. Bus Topology:
90
RING TOPOLOGY:
In a ring network, each computer is connected to the next computer while the last
computer is connecting to the first.
Ring Topology:
Intranet and Extranet

Intranet is an internal network. It is used by companies to connect their computers
on a network. It is a private network connection.
While An Extranet is an extension of an organization’s intranet that can be
accessed by users outside the organization, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers
with a username and password to access the intranet.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP (Network Architecture)

The term Architecture is referring to hardware and software or the combination of
both. There are two type of Architecture:
- Open Architecture.
- Close Architecture.
Open Architecture:
This is one of the network architecture which allows system to be easily connected
to devices and programs made other manufacturers
Close Architecture:
The close architecture is an opposite of open architecture; which will not allow the
systems to be easily connected to devices.
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKING ARCHITECTURE:

Networking Architecture can be broadly classified into the following:
1. Peer-to-peer Architecture.
2. Client/Server Architecture.
 Peer-to-peer Architecture:
This is the type of networking in which each work station has equivalent or
equal capabilities. It’s different from Client/Server architecture which some
work stations are dedicated to serving the other. 91
 Client/Server Architecture:
This is a networking architecture in which computer are process on the network
is either a client or a server.
Server: A Server is a powerful central computer or processor that dedicated to
managing disk drives. (File servers) printers (printer server) or network traffic,
network server.
Client: A client is less powerful work stations such as files devices and even
processing power which has no power to server others.
THREE WAY OF CABLING SYSTEM

 Straight through cabling and computer switch.
 Crossover cabling and computer.
 Run-over cabling and Router computer.
NETWORKING PRACTICAL
How to network a system by using wire connection:
Steps:
 Click on start button
 Go to my network place
 Click on setup home or small office network
 Follow the instruction by clicking Next
 Change your computer Name, Description and Work group
 Re-start your system
 Go to your network icon on the task bar and double click
 Click on properties
 Click on internet protocol, then click on properties again
 Click I.P Address and insert the IP address (192.168.10.1)
Note: when you network with the (Router or Hub) you obtain I.P address
automatically, but if otherwise insert the first (8) eight digits and press the tab key
for the subnet mask to appear before you insert 1 or 2 or 3 etc. depending on the
number of system you are networking, then click on “OK” button for your system
to network.
92
HOW TO SHARE FILES OR HARDWARE IN NETWORKING

To share your document, hard disk or your folder is very simple. Do the following
below:
 Go to my computer
 Right click on what you want to share e.g. hard disk, my document etc.
 Click on share and security
 Click on share this folder on my network
 Click Apply and click close.
TO SAVE FILES IN NETWORKING

After typing your document or open an existing document.
Follow these steps:
 Click on office button
 Click on save as icon
 Click on my network place
 Open the server you want to save your file
 Click on “Save” button.
HOW TO OPEN FILE FROM MY NETWORK

 Click on start button
 Click on my network place
 Open the server that you saved your file
 Select your file name and click
 Click “open”
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…… making your dreams visible

The mouse has two main buttons called:

TYPES OF COMPUTER MOUSE

TYPES OF MOUSE CONNECTION

There are three types of wire mouse connection:

MERIT OR CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPUTER

2. General Purpose: This is a type of computer that is designed to perform many

TYPES OF GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

BOOTING: this is define as the act of putting on a computer system

(A) SYSTEM SOFTWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM

TYPES OF SYSTEMS SOFTWARE

(B) APPLICATION SOFTWARE:

A system itself – means the combination of component attached to perform a specific

CONTENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT:

PART OF SYSTEM UNIT

TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY/STORAGE DEVICES

Types of Secondary Memory

COMPUTER AND SOCIETY

The qualities of window are:

FOLDER AND FILE

HOW TO CREATE A FOLDER AND FILE

To change the icon of your folder:

How to save a document inside the folder:

SETTING DISPLAY PROPERTIES

HOW TO SET DESKTOP BACKGROUND:

TO SET SCREEN SAVER

HOW TO SET COMPUTER DATE AND TIME:

The Office Button:

The Menu Bar:

The Scroll Bar:

HOW TO OPEN MS WORD

HOW TO SET UP PAGE AND FORMAT A PAGE:

 To Set Font: Means to change the character of font style.

 To Set Alignment of Text:

THREE SKILLS OF A GOOD TYPIST

Finally, Printing Level:

OTHER TOOLS USE IN FORMATION OF DOCUMENT

 Changing Font Color:

Bullet and Numbering:

Copy, Cut & Past

WORKING WITH TABLE (Practical)

To Insert Line Thickness:

Insert Border in a Table:

 Shading The Table:

WORKING WITH PICTURE, CLIP ART & SHAPES

To insert clip art:

 HEADER FOOTERS AND PAGE NUMBERING

How to create header, footer and page numbering

HOW TO INSERT SYMBOLS (Practical)

SHORT-CUT KEYS IN MS WORD

HOW TO PRINT A DOCUMENT

3. Number of Copies: This gives you the opportunity to communicate between

Intranet and Extranet

Bad: No parental control options. If you’re paranoid of “the Man” (Google)

BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET

i. Mailing List: The mailing list is an E-mail list server; it is a group of

 Website and Web Page:

How to Create an E-Mail

How to Search in Google:

1. Facebook: To access Facebook.com, you must create an account on the site

4. LinkedIn: LinkedIn is an online social network for business professionals, which

HOW TOREGISTER FOR ANY OF THESE SOCIAL NETWORKS

Step 3: Click on sign up and then wait for further instructions