i

The Construction of Femininity (ies) and Ideologies (ies) in Ibsen’s Modern Tragedy

“A Doll’s House”

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty

Of
Department Of English
National University of Modern Languages

Supervisor
Ms. Fatima Zafar Baig

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Of Master of English

By
Anum Altaf
June, 2013

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES, ISLAMABAD.

(MULTAN CAMPUS)
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ABSTRACT

The thesis is the study of “How do men construct femininities through linguistic choices and

speech acts in discourse of Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s House” It provides strong and broad over view of

the issues regarding gender identity, language and discourse ,femininities and masculinities

constructed by culture and language in patriarchal society. In this regard the researcher has used

doctrines propounded by researchers and scholars. They have worked extensively on the

construction of manifold femininities; gender identities through language .they believe that

femininity is social construct. According to Spencer language of literature is manmade language.

Ibsen being the feminist writer challenges the patriarchal discursive constructions of femininities

and identities and ideologies by the representation of female characters. The research explores

how femininities and masculinities are constructed via language. By using the methodology of

FCDA in Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s house” the researcher concludes that language is a powerful tool to

build femininities and identities in society.

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CONTENT LIST

Dedication i

Acknowledgement ii

Declaration iii

Approval Certificate iv

Abstract v

Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1.1 Significance of the Research 1
1.2 Limitation and delimitation of study 2
1.3 What is Feminism? 2
1.4 Historical Development of Feminism 3
1.5 Femininity (ies) & Masculinity (ies) 4
1.5.1 Femininity 4
1.5.2 Masculinity 5
1.6 Sex, Sexuality and Gender 5
1.7 What is Identity? 6
1.8 Gender Identity and Gender Role 6
1.9 Introduction to Henrik Ibsen 7
1.10 Ibsen‟s Literary Works 8

Chapter 2

2. Literature Review
2.1 History of drama 11

2.2 History of English Literature 11

2.3 Britton‟s Concept of (WE) 13

2.4 Femininity and Virginia Woolf 14

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2.5 Language and Femininities 15

2.6 Patriarchy and Its Discourse 16

2.7 Subjectivity Construction by Balscy 17

2.8 Mills Discourse 17

2.9 Classical verses modern patriarchy 18

2.10 Sapir Whorf Hypotheses 20

2.11 Gender and Language Theory 21

Chapter 3

3. Research Methodology
3.1 What is text? ............................................................................................... 23

3.2 What is deconstruction? .............................................................................. 24

3.3 What is CDA? ............................................................................................. 24

3.4 Feminist Critical discourse analysis............................................................ 24

3.5 Importance of FCDA .................................................................................. 25

3.6 Objectives of Research ................................................................................ 26

3.7 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 27

3.8 Research questions ..................................................................................... 27

3.9 Data collection ............................................................................................. 28

3.10 Data analysis................................................................................................ 28

Chapter 4
Data Analysis

4. Symbolism in drama
4.1 What is symbolism? ....................................................................................... 29

4.2 Ibsen‟s view about symbolism ......................................................................... 30

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4.2.1 Door ...................................................................................................... 30

4.2.2 Macaroons ............................................................................................. 31

4.2.3 Christmases Tree ................................................................................... 32

4.2.4 Squirrel/sky lark .................................................................................... 33

4.2.5 Title ....................................................................................................... 33

4.2.6 Toys....................................................................................................... 33

Chapter 5
5. Ideologies in drama ................................................................................ 34
5.1 Language, ideology and drama ....................................................................... 35

5.2 Ibsen‟s discourse and drama............................................................................ 36

Chapter 6
6. Linguistics choices and speech patterns in drama .............................. 37
6.1 Overlapping ..................................................................................................... 37

6.2 Back channel support ...................................................................................... 38

6.3 Tags ................................................................................................................. 39

6.4 Hedges ............................................................................................................. 40

6.5 Intensifiers ....................................................................................................... 41

6.6 Interjection and Exclamation........................................................................... 42

6.7 Repetitions ...................................................................................................... 43

6.8 Latching ........................................................................................................... 43

6.9 Lexical choices ............................................................................................... 44

6.10 Title ................................................................................................................ 45

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Chapter 7
7. Feminism in drama

7. Feminism and Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s House”............................................................. 47

7.1 Femininities in 19th century ................................................................................. 48

Chapter - 8
8. Influence of language and politics in drama ....................................... 51
8.1 Language and Power ............................................................................................ 52
8.2 Hegemony of language ........................................................................................ 53
8.3 Use of hegemony in drama .................................................................................. 53
8.4 Forceful domination of hegemony ....................................................................... 54

Chapter 9
9. Feminism in drama ................................................................................
9. Identity in drama .................................................................................................. 56

9.1 Nora‟s identity ..................................................................................................... 57

Chapter 10

10. Summary Of The Research ................................................................. 59

10.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 61

Bibliography/References
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Chapter 1

1. Introduction

1.1 Significance of the Research

Femininities and masculinities, ideologies and genders identities constructed by men in

male dominance society and culture. This also peep into the issue that how woman are

subjugated in different way by linguistic choices and discourse. There are many clues in

the talk of „NORA‟ as insecure and powerless women (Lakoff-1975) than 'Helmer‟ more

aggressive, powerful and assertive. Language is a sign of identity by which one expresses

and constructs ideologies. Gender construction is the notion of identity by which we

developed concepts (Eckert and Mcconnell-Ginett, 2003: 6).

The present research is important in the knowing of the discussion of patriarchal and

stereotyped man's society. Specialist discomfort to pressure and indicates the complicated

issue that has become most important since Nineteenth millennium. The research

provides obvious and simple image of discursive un-equaelance of sex and details in

Ibsen‟s A Doll‟s Home. It also is designed to deconstruct the femininities and details

of females through terminology techniques. The research is also important to rationalize

that how the sex of females is utilized in social and sociological sector via terminology.
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1.2 Delimitation of the Study

The research will concentrate at and find out the problems of detailed Indentity (ies),

philosophy (ies), sex, sexualities, Femininity(ies) and masculanity(ies) designed through

terminology and discussion. As terminology most important in individual interaction. So

the research will task the discussion by illustrative strategy. The research is

particularly delimited to the femininities and details designed by mean of terminology

by FCDA of Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s House”. The writing of the dilemma has been taken for

research by deconstructive technique.

1.3 What is Feminism?

According to oxford dictionary the term feminism means;

“The advocacy of women rights on the grounds of political social and economic

equality to men” (oxford dictionary)

Lewis (2005) factors out that feminism activity is a contradiction and irregular stasis

to females in patriarchal community on the platform of public, ideological, national,

ethnical and public perception. It is area rock for females. There has been different

movement‟s run by contemporary and publish contemporary feminists to create the

details and femininities desirable.

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1.4 History of Feminism

The term "Feminism" got popularity since Nineteenth millennium this was significant

activity for equivalent position of females that has missing in all factors since

development of men. British terminology is man-made and also stayed traditional

public examine over community in sex, identification and womanliness viewpoint.

Aristotle said “female is a women by benefit of a certain pond of features”. But later

authors, authors recognized the fact and began to deconstructed the missing identification

of females that is not a nut spend or amazing and of men popularity in terminology and

community it will depend on traditionally separated three surf and to be continue yet.

Though, feminism got path in 1700s from America and Britain. An activity “A

vindication of rights of women” was began by Wellstone art. Later on work also carried.

Suffrage activity was first speed at large level. Maggie mentioned about different

psychoanalytic language concepts in development of femininities by females activity.

Woolf performed an important part by creating conscious to females and had written “A

Room of One‟s Own “.

Second trend of feminism developed in 1960. Simone de Beauvoir released 1960. New

feminist news paper, Enouvelles feminism and a publication “questions feminists,

Marxism, capitalism, municipal right activity began.”The second sex is a master piece

that is remedy to seek the binary public development and men supremacy. Friedan‟s talk

for Heterosexuality and shaped the females.

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Third trend feminism is depending on structural and publishes architectural and Marxian

concepts that recognize the sex and sexual variations.

Elaine Showalter claims females reflection in literary works is covered with men

discussion. Spender (1980) recommended that females are under oppression of men

constructed by his terminology to. She views it a public development and complicated in

characteristics. Lackoff, female‟s terminology is substandard by men popularity in

patriarchal community (Cited in Afzal, 2007: 4). The idea of motherless and fatherless

discussion was affected by publish structuralism. We find a clear disruption in starvation

text depending on subjectivity after impact of third trend of feminism. This is the great

accomplishment of feminist motions that sexes is both men and women a public build

depending on scientific variations the sex and maleness and womanliness are more

elaborated and affected throughout societies. It also discovers the terminology part on

sex, identification philosophy and governmental reasons.

1.5 Femininity and Masculinity

Femininity and Masculinity deals with the ideologies constructed socially with in a

society on its ethnic, cultural and norms base. Following is the further elaboration of the

both terms.
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1.5.1 Femininity

So for, basically it is Ideology (ies) that produces culturally and types elegant femininity

(ies). This growth continues to be proceeding from child years to maturity. It is a

subjective quality which particular features are connected to females. Womanliness is

always designed by community and that is why in patriarchal community females are

regarded to hug subordination to man. All and centric cultures keep terminology of

binary resistance. It may be logical or unreasonable, aggressiveness and respect

and determine or subordinate. Even success of individual are indicated in men viewpoint

of terminology. Women are regarded as smooth, supportive, soothing and smooth verbal.

“It is actually a social construct .it is womanliness of women created discursively

by language and culture. Skaggs believes that it occur with little ethnical, social,

poetical worth” (Skeggs, 1997: 10).

1.5.2 Masculinity

It is associated to the actions of men designed by community with regards to au do not

keep this then regulators and energy. Male is regarded as fearless, powerful, competitive,

prominent, egoistic and separate. If he do not keep this then he is foppish and sissy.

“The differences between men and women have to be sharply emphasized and

feminine traits have to be kept their proper place in men. They were a sign of

weakness (Glover & Kaplan, 2000: 60-61)”.

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1.6 Sex, Sexuality and Gender

Sexuality (ies) and gender both conditions have dependency upon each other. The

research of sexuality includes Gender as a whole. The whole since is indicative in vice-

versa. Intimately men are regarded more competitive than females. Heterosexuality

creates a man an actual man, a lady an actual lady (Cameron & Kellick 2003: 6-7).

Sex-related desires are creating right from child years but community in itself power

these desires and pattern the part of sex as per to sex.

“Genetics and hormones countless in making a man more a women. Than does

socialization…..child born a male but raised a female becomes a heterosexual

female” (Sterling, 1995: 132).

Oakley (1985) says “sex is a term that represents the scientific (biological) variations

between men and women. The noticeable in vaginal the relevant variations in procreative

operate. “Gender” however is a matter of lifestyle. It represents a public category into a

Macho and Feminine” (cited in Afzal, 2012). So, Gender is in fact maleness and

womanliness designed by community while sex is genetic and scientific feature that is in

form of women or men.

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1.7 What is Identity?

It is a complex and controversial language. The problem of identification (identity) has

got its significance in the ideological globe. It may be relevant to a particular position or

community indeed. But unluckily, the issue is not yet settled. It has condition of

instability. (Stroller, 1968) proved helpful a lot and designed the phrase “identity” and

considers that identification produces from the aware or subconscious information and is

a flux and complex procedure.

1.8 Gender Identity

Stoller (1968) — Kapline & Glover (2000) originally presented and designed the phrase

“Gender Identity” and “Gender Role”. It indicates growth of kid's information keeping

one sex. It differentiates one sex to the others or elegant from macho. This attention

creates the identification.

“Gender identification begins with the information and attention, whether aware

or subconscious, that one connected to one sex not to others. Though as one

produces, sex identification become much complex so that, such as one may

feeling himself as a men but a macho man or an effeminate men or even as men

who dreams being a women”

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1.8 Gender Role

It has been got well-known and presented by psycholinguists to explain the “Behavioral

patterns”, appropriate to each sex. It may be explain through interaction, outfits, and

behavior. This part is pre-specified by sex. But Och (1995) is reverse in ideas and

considers in development and enactment via discourses. So as to interactionists strategy

tasks are not set to Gender. It is differ to one nation, lifestyle, competition and

competition.

1.9 Introduction to Ibsen

Henrik Ibsen was born in 20 Mar 1928. He was one of famous playwright of Nineteenth

century and a touch rock for his competitors and forerunners. Though in his age feminism

was not practice by authors but we discover close relatives matters based upon facts that

straight represents many issues of age like Marxism, capitalism. Masculinity, male

popularity etc. Hornby claims that Ibsen has multi perspective enunciation both graceful

and prose” The best since Shakespeare” Shaw, Wild, O‟Neill are strong dedicated of

Hornby view. As he connected to feudal close relatives and patriarchal close relatives.

His dad was a deliver leader and passed away in the sea. His auto biographical

elements are shown in his performs. His performs are written by him in Dano-Norwegian

because he live for twenty seven years in France and Malaysia. His dad discover

financial flattened situation, we discover same conditions in the tale of “A baby dolls
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house” that was worry by Ibsen close relatives, the bankruptcy, moving to small house,

and given up role of his mother (Hedwif).

He acquires feministic viewpoint regarding depressive disorders oppression by man, He

used the language to show details, femininities and maleness as a whole. He was

passed away on 23 May 1896 at 2.30 pm. The word “Ib, represents Vanante of Edward

that is patriarchal in characteristics, later on Ibsen‟s “Ib”, become close relatives

members man”

1.10 Ibsen’s Famous Works

Though in the early of his play writing was not successful he produced 145 plays at

Detnoske theatre. These build in him practical experience. He faced many financial

troubles after marriage. His famous play “Brand” 1965 lifted him fame and then “Peer

Gyned” 1867 was successful plays. After that he produced a series of plays based upon a

theory of realism, ideas, emotions language and power and patriaraichal dominance and

discourse. We find him throughout his life stereotyped that is why he was controversies

in Europe. When he published the drama “A Doll‟s house” he was bitterly criticized by

critics. He reflected the patriarchal factor of the society with a linguistic scalpel of irony.

He is the pioneer playwright that provided the language of power, politics and authority

over women in manmade society. The wild duck 1884, pillars of society 1890, the lady

from the sea, are his master piece of literature.

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Hedda Gabblers also a unique plays wrote Henrik Ibsen. This drama is also based upon

the theme of feminism. He realistically represents the female hood. The key female

character “Head” is as “NORA” of a “A doll‟s house”. Both character are created by

Ibsen and represent the identities and femininities of Ibsen age .he was the writer of first

rank. Ibsen was granted “Knight Grand Cross of the Grdery of ST. Olar” award.
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Chapter 2

2. Literature Review

2.1 History of Drama

A perform on a stage is called drama. In olden days it was conducted at level or known as

and later in community theatres and auditoriums. The drama has long record that begins

from Greeks. We discover mimetic dramas based upon community feasts and notify of

traditions. These types are regarded as the source of drama. It was begun from BC 525

and forward. The historical dramas are actually tragedy (disasters) or bravery in

characteristics. We discover „Oedipus Rex‟ and „Antigone‟ by Sophocles. These are

genuine historical oldies. There terminology, plots of area, styles all are exclusive and

valued by the modern tragedy and fictional experts. The Drama has two primary kinds:

Tragedy (disasters) and Comedy (funny in nature of perform). Both are similar to each

other. Comedy got began by Oltandish Buffoonery in 350 BC. Roman kingdom and

Puritans age is regarded one of the black area flat periods in the record of drama.

Elizabethan age is growing age in which Shakespeare had written comedy and tragedy

(disasters in characters). Each is has its particular concept of drama as traditional neo-

classical, authenticity and Marxism, capitalism, theatre of outrageous, existentialism and

published or performed contemporary drama. As for as the issue of females author is

involved in respect to feminism, we see that the mid of Sixteenth

millennium females authors began to play a role but with pseudonym. Romanticism

prospered in the 1700s that old to traditional and neo traditional ideas. Each author has

own viewpoint of composing and styles. Writing and novel also came to lifestyle to the
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starting o the Nineteenth millennium but we see the drama having the femininity; identity

(ies) and ideology (ies) were presented by Ibsen. He presented authenticity to back up the

suffrage activity for female‟s privileges. He provided with wonderful pen that become the

area rock for forerunners and female authors to join in the feminist motions for equal

privileges and complicated the man-made function on patriarchal community.

2.2 HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

The History of British literary works (literature) is started from 325 BC. The

earliest category of literary works is poems (poetry). Though there is no pet however

traditionally we split history in four groups as old English, Middle English, rebirth

(renaissance), Modern English, and as well included post modern literary works. We

have one of the old items (poetry literature) of literary works as “BEOWOLF”. Alfred

and Aelfric are the innovator of literary prose works that we have in Modern English.

Middle English literary works is also res-circular poems or poetry, the key figure is

Chaucer with his popular work The Preface to "Canterbury Tales". Langland is also

modern to Chaucer. Once we journey to Sixteenth Century we get the spectacular

features of British literary works, Christopher Marlow, Sydney, Spencer and

Shakespeare, they provided a lot not only in poems but also trend of Drama was

presented about in the area of literary works. History, Tragedy (disasters in characters),

Comedy (funny) performs were performed or published. The 'King Lear', 'Othello' or

'Romeo & Juliet and 'Doctor Faustus‟ is the great dramas of the age. Poetry (poems) also

presented loving (romantic), classical, natural, metaphysical and extremely organic in

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topic; epics are also started by Dryden and Pope also got reputation in 1700s. Jane Austen

and Walter Scott are the popular numbers. Nineteenth Century presented minor changes.

Now females got joined in the author‟s family. Bronte Sisters also gained the popularity.

G.B Shaw and Foster attended the area of article (essay) composing. Though Puritan age

is one of the black age in British history but after the recovery British literary works got

prospered, female authors remaining the custom of pseudonym and the Twentieth

Century is heavy with females‟ authors. The realism (authenticity), romanticism, classical

documents, neo-classical literary works and after the world conflicts in wars the phrase of

existentialism got reputation. As far as the matter of females authors issue we discover

that after Henrik Ibsen,Virginia Woolf designed the phrase feminism to get freedom

and equivalent privileges as men had. Male popularity was pushed. The females were

always represented by men authors as household occupy but after the three waves of

feminism the men line community was modified to equivalent privileges of both sexes.

Now the femininities and masculinities are pushed. Ibsen is innovator in this respect to

feminism.
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2.3 Britton’s Concept of “WE”

Britton believes in regard to femininities and identities in what are those that “make the

world” and what are the bases to create distinctions behind.

“The subjects and events of the world do not present themselves to us ready

classified. The categories into which they are divided are the categories into

which we divided them”(1975: 23).

Spender 1975 also views that highly effective dedication is terminology. Men has created

globe to imprison females, culturally and locally. Popularity is of men. Britton claims that

females are populated and inactive in part in men created globe. The power value and

regulators shows actually. The value of men is anti to females.

No doubt that patriarchal society represent women in comparison to men as

„OTHER” and “I” is always in subjective position to men in ideologies and

discourse(Belsey, 1985, Mullinex, 1996, Orgell, 1997).

In the first wave of feminism, females are less separate as in Victorian community of

Ibsen that is actually the start of sex equalities in way of feministic views like Suffrage,

comparatively the dramas books of Victorian community of delayed Eighteenth and

Nineteenth Century of autobiographical works by females authors however men creates

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represents the community as art for art benefit while women authors use pseudo name to

cover up their identification under the supremacy of man in patriarchal community.

If we discuss the contemporary literary works the “WE” known by Britton, The

department and company is depending on which principles? Who make the world?

Spender claims that Britton actually represents men. So men are an excellent team

generating lifestyle, language…. Contradictive concepts of man are against to the

females. So that why females authors are always at wish to improve the set of standards

and concepts to generate detachment instead of subjectivity. Women of traditional

literary works are quite different than females of publish contemporary literary works.

Feminist movement has modified the ideology (ies) of women authors from life story to

authenticity, feminism and other public sketch supports. Modern females author it

depending than Victorian. Trend has been set by Woolf. Women is now composing for

females is task to beginning and women authors that use pseudonym to discover the facts

discursively designed by men.

2.4 Feminism and Virginia Woolf

One of the excellent feministic authors is Virginia Woolf. She is the innovator of the

literary works showing the females problems identification, inequalities, sex and detailed

variations, femininity (ies) and masculinity (ies) with real pen. Previously the females

was showed by the men author in literary works, that is why we discover “Pamela” and

Shakespearean females in „King Lear‟ and „Hamlet‟ as subordinate category. Even

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Donne females are no optimist in poems. The patriarchal discourses was first of all was

pushed by Woolf. “A ROOM OF ONE‟S OWN”

Feministic item of literary works causes the women by its remarkable discussion to

insurgent against patriarchy and looks for equal rights and insurgent to men popularity.

She was a “touch stone” for competitors and forerunners. Woolf considers that females

are culturally and financially turn off. Men have tendency and financial self-centeredness

(1992:14). She also uses the „Stream of Consciousness‟ by comprising the emotions and

emotions under control by men by actual pain and language options in discourses. She

conveys her sensation as

“A room which a women may call her own and which she can be inhabit with

same freedom as her brother” (1992: 191).

The men popularity and women subjugation is totally belittled by genuine pen. She

claims that fluidity comes if females have same independence of appearance like men.

She claims further that females will not play a role in literary works due to less

accessibility and content sources available to men. She totally follows the capitalism and

Marxism by saying that hardship has bitterly impacted the literary works.
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2.5 Language and Femininities

Spender (1980) declares in her most popular guide “Men Made Language” that

terminology in source and effects men-made. Men have tight management over

terminology as energy and declare to be expert and ladies are subordinate to men in all

patriarchal cultures. She informs that men build femininities through terminology.

Spender is distance rock in feminism.

Moorey & Soden (2010) claims in “Language, Men and Power” (an introduction), that

society, lifestyle, Race, category and Sex has powerful hold at believed. It is determiner

of category and position. Language build details and femininities. It is complicated trend

of public build.

Jenifer Coates, 2004 (women, men and language) rationalize that how male type

popularity by terminology and discuss in a different way and using terminology as energy

and tendency.

2.6 What is Patriarchy and its Discourse?

Beginning feminists of Victorian age revolted against patriarchal terminology but publish

structuralism feminists did not just targeted upon suffrage activity but the designed the

problem and insurgent against the men popularity. Iragery (1998) opinions that

patriarchal discourses are centered on energy and governmental determinism. The same

state policies and energy creating discursively femininities through terminology is in a

different way mentioned and considered by Julia Kristina, (Strangers to ourselves,1989),

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Gyatri Spivak (On other worlds, 1995), Catharine Clemet‟s (Opera, 1998 undoing of

women).

2.7 Subjectivity and Beasley’s View

Basely also opinions that females are regarded as pet animal to men. They have to work

the family and to create the children instead of the experts like physician and structure.

The stories must play part to create subjectivity regarding females. The term topic and

subjectivity relates that significance in written text is never set. It is people that build it.

The research is designed to examine the patriarchal results designed in the writing

designed by Ibsen in “A Doll‟s House”.

2.8 MILLS DISCOURSE

Sara Mills (2003, 1991) opinions that the females. About its significance feminism over

the documents of established through journey documents that was not previously

developed femininities within community. Women authors of Victorian age and

published modern age have noticeable topic variations in fictional performs (Morris,

1979: 23). She studies the female‟s journey author‟s concept of discourses. Though, all of

their performs are Hetrogenitic and complicated trend. Restrictions in documents have

been used by female authors (Hulme, 1986, O‟ Porter, 1982).

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Victorian age is considered that few feminist authors appeared at the outer lining area due

to the patriarchal oppression. Northeastern discourses and Victorian fictional performs

discovers less resemblances due to combination social effect and written text (Worley,

1986: 40). Spivak, Hulman and Jane Patricia used detachment, escapism and especially

personality is key topic that is contradictive to fictional performs of female authors of

Nineteenth Century. Imperialism showed the real image of the English females.

Foucault‟s work on power and terminology „he considers that power is economic system

(Focault, 1992a: 109). He further says that conversation functions of written text and

discourses signify truth by planning them and discovering fluidal and unmentioned

components of discourses. He indicates the indecisiveness in females‟ documents using

the terminology as power and energy.

The area and further level research forecasts the important points as “Hermeneutic”

research says that there is no written text, the thing is presentation.

“Power is assured as sort of huge, overall subject… who features what is not

allowed on the side on which energy is experienced. There is an equivalent

propensity to „subjective‟ it, by identifying the factor at which the approval of the

oblique happens, the factor at which one says „yes‟ or „no‟ to power”. (Foucault in

Morris and Patton, 1979: 54).

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Mills discovers out the failing of experts in figuring out the Sex identification and lack of

opinions. She specializes in short text messages and symbolizes the discussion research

of feminist viewpoint. She claims that female authors should structure different kinds of

discourses. The key kinds are Confessional discussion and Elegant discussion.

Acknowledge is there to conform the truth and confess the daily information that are not

revealed by authors. The second one she statistics that symbolizes the womanliness and

heterosexuality. She images the expression in popular book “Feminist Stylistics” 1995.

She clearly indicates that way of writing of females is different than male author. She

considers that foregrounding in text messages makes it different. In expression of written

text gender is necessary factor .the conversation acts; terminology of discussion is

actually expression of the writer‟s gender identification.

2.9 Classical vs Modern Patriarchy

It is an agreed fact by research and scholars that a woman is always taken as the

subordinate and inhabitant creature. Women have been represented by weak and negative

characters since the origin of the English literature.”BEOWOLF” and other ancient

vernaculars show the dominance and authoritative value of male being the patriarchal

society. On the other hand the famous writers like Shakespeare represents female in

comedies and tragedies “King Lear, Twelfth Night” in same boat,G.B Shaw in Major

Barbra and „The Arms and the Men‟, Ibsen in „A Doll‟s House while in poetry John

Donne in “A Farie Queen” and Chaucer‟s character „ A Wife of Bath” represented the

women in their patriarchal ideological sense. As far the modern dramatists concern we
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see after the third wave of feminism women is quite different in gender role. O Neil‟s

drama “Juno & Paycock” is one of the senile representations of women as domesticated

animal in male dominated society.

The stereotypical role of men and women is beautifully depicted by Virginia Woolf in

(women and fiction1998). She argues that our fathers are distinctive that made law but

what about our mothers that just a tradition.]

“One was beautiful, one was red haired, one was kissed by a queen, we know

nothing of them except their names and dates of their marriages and number of

children they bore”(Woolf In women and fiction, 1998).

It is described by different feminists that sex is biological category while gender is social

construct(Weedon, 1987, Millet, 1997). Modern male writers presents the role of the

female in society in real sense as Henrik Ibsen points out the gender role of „NORA‟.in

„A Doll‟s House‟. The terms got popular in 1960 by Lakoff‟s article “Language and

Women place”, he argues that both sex are different in talk and all is result of male

supremacy. Judith believes that modern feminists committed a mistake by talking female

common in character and objectives (Gender Trouble, 1990).

 22

2.10 SAPIR-WHORF’S HYPOTHESIS

Sapir-Whorf‟s hypothesis is focused upon the linguistic relativity and linguistic

determinism. They believe that language influence on thought. Chomsky rightly

expressed the cognitive domain of child psychology. Sapir-Whorf was the student of Bao.

The term linguistic relativity describes that behavior and thought is developed by

language. Both language and thought have are variable and mutual and nature indeed.

Bentmin Lee and Whorf and Edwards Sapir suggest that language develops through

thought and view of world is constructed by language (Carrol, 1956, Sapir, 1921). He

talks in context of connotative and behavioral perspective and contributes that language

determined thought and behavior. We think only the issues that are

2.10.1 LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM

Linguistic Determinism means that language determines interpretation of discourse. They

have distinctive addition in relation to the language and thought. They include the idea of

grammar that thought is influenced by Grammar so as a whole we may conclude that

linguistic and grammatical experience enhances the process of thought. The

Behaviouralism gradual develops the child‟s memory and language competency that is

why GTM Methodologists believe in acquisition of Grammar for L2 or FL learning.

2.10.2 LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY

 23

It contributes the idea of linguistic relativity of language with thought. They believe

differently than single language speaker due to their much enhanced vocabulary and

ideological development o language. Old English bearsless adjectives and pronouns and

gender words as compare to new English. Because NE is amalgamation of different

languages like French, Latin, Danes and Germanic.

2.11 GENDER AND LANGUAGE THEORY

Gender is a social construct and cultural construct while sex is sex is biological

distinction. On the other hand gender is quite different from sex. It is the quality referred

to a sex .since last two decades we that the term gender has got popular by the post

structuralism feminists. It is complex in origin and nature.

Swann, 1998 views that biological distinction is not enough to explore the differences in

sex. The variation of Masculinity and femininity develops from generations and cultures

these are not fixed and reversible (Wodak, 1997, Tulbot, 1998).

Language in itself is cultural and social reality. It is perception of oneself and others.

Speaker and listener are key agents that understand not only linguistically but also

lexically constructed upon ideological grounds. Language creates the gender identities.

Social status, power, authorities, identities within a particular society are constructed

through language. Language is the road map for understanding the feminist discourses

and texts.
 24

Antik views that language is not even but it is variable and complex. Linguistics

resources provide us choice to construct meaningful communication (Antik, 1994).

Suppose if there is a topic of “abortion” different classes of society like doctors, media,

and legislators will use different linguistic choices to construct language on the gender

ideologies base in a society.

As regard to femininities in a society gender and language plays pivotal role in

establishing and constructing these ideologies and identities (Graddol & Swan, 1989).

The same reflection is found in works of western writers, colonial literature and feminist

writers views all identities and femininities in their literacy works. There are two

different approaches feminist and non feminists regarding gender construction. Lexical

approach and generic discourse vocabulary usage is also socially construction (Lia

Litosselitti,Gendrer and Language Theory and Practice, 2006).

 25

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter provides detailed information about the method used by the researchers to

analysis and evaluate the statement problem by using different methodologies .the

feminist critical discourse analysis has been carried out by deconstruction of Ibsen‟s “A

Doll‟s House”. Furthermore this chapter provides also grass route knowledge about goals

of research, text and discourse in feminist prospect.

3.1 What is Text?

Text is not quite an extension of a familiar concept but a displacement or re-inscription of

it .text in general is a system of perceptions, references and written generation of marks

and traces of daily life issues.

“Deconstruction does not have a place for language over here which it refers to one

another for their identity and refers to non linguistic marks which refer in turn to their

identity and difference. There is no essential difference between language and to the

world. The one as the subject the other as object, there are traces” (Bennigton,1989: 84).
 26

3.2 What is Deconstruction?

It is a kind of methodology used to find out the depth of discourse by critical point of

view. No text has fixed shape or meaning .it involves the readers approach to texts

uttered by speakers. It reveals the salient features of text and discourses.

“Deconstruction signifies not the delimitation of what is constructing its self but

rather what remain to be taught beyond the constructive and deconstructive

scheme,(Derridan 1988: 47).

Deconstruction trace the language at deep level as Chomsky refers to deep structure

analysis. Deconstruction also gives comprehension about the form of language and its

effects.

3.3 What is CDA?

It is a post modern technique to analyze the text by applying critical thoughts and it

determines the all hidden situations within text or discussion. It follow the post

structuralism discourse theory and finds out the internal situations in literary texts and

discourses. CDA views the data analysis without any discrimination of sex and gender.

3.4 Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (FCDA)

 27

Feminist critical discourse analysis is a methodology to find out femininities constructed

through language in literary texts. It is critical perception of discourse and texts measured

on philosophical grounds. FCDA has become a global study of language of literature of

English man. The research is qualitative in origin. the data has been collected by Ibsen‟s

“A Doll‟s House” . FCDA facilitates the reader to understand clearly at philosophical

level, when ever reader proceeds to text.it is a mile stone in development of feminism in

society,

3.5 Importance of Feminist Discourse Analysis (FCDA)

After the third wave of feminism the study of discourse has become an important task.

Kitzenger (2000) views in “feminist con+versation analysis “the scholarly feminist

analysis in modern literary texts. It focuses upon the objective and un bias analysis. The

study of feminism is central theme in discourse and language used by the writers.

Cameron argues that “question the whole scholarly objective bias of linguistics and to

show how assumptions and practices of linguistics are implicated in patriarchal ideology

and oppression” (feminism in linguistic theory, 1992: 16). Feminists denounce the male

dominance in all fields of life and even in literature. And feminist movements are gradual

feministic efforts to eradicate the male dominance and seek equality in all fields of life.

Virginia Woolf bitterly criticized the male dominance and raised the flag of the feminism

by putting his self example. Fairclough and Wodak 1997 argues that why a feminist

critical discourse analysis? Actually it depicts all social affairs of women and seeks
 28

justice by using the feminist theories. Feminists are working world wide being

globalization of the world and self awareness of equal rights. FCDA is utmost important

need in modern century to find out the femininities and ideologies constructed by mean

of language in discourse and text.

3.6 Objective of Research

The objectives of research is to investigate the patriarchal oppression over women

through feministic critic analysis, whom Robin consider it as boredom and endless

monotonous (quoted in Fraser and Nicholson.1990:28). The FCDA has globalized now

that is creating developing feminism. Currently objective of research is to find out

complexities in discourse by mean of feministic approach. It aims to point out the gender

identities and ideologies constructed for women in a society.

The research evaluates the language power and politics used in Ibsen‟s A Doll‟s House

that represent the patriarchal culture and oppression of women. As gender identity is

complex issue in modern age due to variable across cultures and unfixed identities .other

purpose to develop the feminist CDA, in society, transformation of equal rights and to

denounce the injustice with women (Taylor and Francis, 2007).

The study also examine the hegemonic power relation with language, and view the both

perspective of language the criticism and information about usefulness of language. At

 29

also investigates the kinds of oppression by male that enforce the feminism movements.

This research also discusses the chronological history of feminism and use of language

by different feminist and non feminist writers.

3.7 Research Methodology

The research follows a descriptive approach, and its findings are based on an in-depth

critical study of the drama. Since Ibsen‟s drama “A Doll‟s House” has been written with

a strong feminist perspective. The methodology of FCDA is used to deconstruct the text

of drama.

3.8 Research Question

1. How does Ibsen represent Speech patterns reflecting gender identities of patriarchal

society through his characters in “A Doll‟s House”

2. What is the impact of cultural constraints in constructing femininities and

masculinities in “A doll‟s house”?

3. How Ibsen‟s uses of language in a dolls house represent different ideologies

prevailing in patriarchal society?

4. How Ibsen portrayed hybrid identity (ies) of female characters in “A Doll‟s house”?.

5. How do men construct femininities through linguistic choices and speech acts in

discourse of Ibsen‟s “A doll‟s house”

 30

6. How does patriarchal society exercise language as power to construct femininities

discursively with reference to Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s house”?

3.9 Data Collection

The primary source of data collection includes the text books of Ibsen‟s A Doll‟s House”

while secondary data has been collected by articles, monographs, doctoral thesis,

autobiographies containing information and acceptable references from tertiary books.

However internet as an informational tool, helpful data by search engines, web portal are

used at maximum level to made the research more effective and incredible.

3.10 Data Analysis

The study is analyzed by keeping in view the method of FCDA for the interpretations of

text without over generalization from ingredient study. The credibility and quality is

confirmed by putting the method of deconstruction as model for finding out the

discursive femininities and identities constructed through language by Ibsen in “A Doll‟s

House”.
 31

Chapter 4

Symbolism in Drama

Definition: the term symbol is Greek in origin. It has been derived by “Symbolism”

means „to through together‟. It is a mark a sign. It may be living, non living animate or in

animate that represent reality in hidden or mysterious form.

4.1 What is Symbolism?

Symbolism is literacy device used by prominent playwrights in history of English

Literature. Keats, Blake, Shelly, O‟Neil and Henrik Ibsen used symbolic representation

of subject matter in conventional or unconventional forms .poet explores mysteries

through symbolic representation. In this context “Symbolist Manifesto” was written by

(moreas, 1986). Jane Austin‟s pride and prejudice, T.S Eliot‟s “The Waste Land” and

Ulllyses 1992 by James Joyce is the best symbolic works.

Ibsen significantly uses the symbols to represent the identities and ideologies of 19th

Century. He uses different symbols that relate to not only culture, religion, politics but

also that bears the psychological effects indeed. It is unique developed myth of literature

that illuminates the hidden facts un-utterly. Symbols like door, macrons, embroidered

dress, tree, and even the title itself is symbolic and influence at society.
 32

“In theatre image and object, pretence and pretender, sign-vehicle and content,

draw usually close” (Bert, 1996: 20).

Symbols are the portrays of the illusions and bounds of society, here Ibsen is constructing

in form of „NORA‟ in A Doll‟s House. Though Shakespeare plays are beyond to Ibsen

age but both uses theatrical symbols even one is Norwegian and other is Englishmen.

4.2 Ibsen’s View about Symbolism

Ibsen himself says‟

“To try and give the reader the impression of experiencing a piece of reality”

(Ibsen qtd in Homer: 72).

The language, setting and even dress, parties are realistic features shown in symbols.

Ibsen portrays the bourgeois features and fined femininities, ideologies and identities in

this drama and believes in the freedom and equality of woman.

Following are the symbols used by the Ibsen.

 33

4.2.1 Door

Play open with door in setting, Nora walks towards door is sign of imprisonment of

woman of 19th century under the bond of marriage. She seems to be happy but in fact

critics peep inside the door and find the femininities and identities of domesticate woman.

―A room furnished comfortably and tastefully, but not extravagantly. At the back,

a door to the right leads to the entrance-hall, another to the left leads to

HELMER:'s study. Between the doors stands a piano. In the middle of the left-

hand wall is a door, and beyond it a window. Near the window are a round table,

arm-chairs and a small sofa. In the right-hand wall, at the farther end, another

door; and on the same side, nearer the footlights, a stove, two easy chairs and a

rocking-chair; between the stove and the door, a small table‖.(Ibsen, A Dol’ls

House: 2)

The whole drama is performed inside the room. That also brings the capitalistic

perspective of the society. The door opening is actually view of the domestic situation in

patriarchal society we find at the dismissal of the relations again the door is in front of

Nora to celebrate freedom as earlier she entered in cage created by men

4.2.2 Macrons

Ibsen provides non verbal feministic clues as Nora‟s shawl, macrons, tree etc.
 34

―Just now, [Puts the bag of macaroons into her pocket and wipes her mouth.]

Come in here, Torvald, and see what I have bought‖.(Ibsen, A Dolls House:4)

The self independence is governed by Torveld is depicted by Ibsen. Suffrage movement

was one of the central reactions against this male monopoly. Woman was not free

physically and oppressed psychologically too. That is why Nora is subordinate creature to

Helmer.

―She shut the door, she continues to laugh, she takes off her things, she takes a

bag of macrons out of her pocket and eats one or two‖

In the male dominance the issue of identities and femininities is at the verge of collapse

and the gradual intensity of this tyranny make persuade to other sex to rebel and snatch

the freedom that was got by Nora at the end of play. She transgendered her identity

4.2.2 Christmas Tree

Christmas tree is symbolic representation of the Nora‟s personality. It is decorated as

Nora would be on Christmas day and there is a star twinkle top of the tree that represent

the hope and ambitions of Nora. The New Year that starts from Christmas is symbolic to

the feminists‟ movements that give liberty to Nora against the male dominance. Nora is

as attractive in multidimensional identity, a mother a daughter, a wife hence she is a

pleasing object constructed by Ibsen as religion refers to Christmas.

 35

John Northon argues that,

The symbols is for the first time, a physical reality on the stage, a mere enough to

it suggest actual presence. It is therefore both fact and symbol and from that

fusion emerges the closure union of symbolism and reality which makes the play

so complexly significant (Duck, 1884: 105-06)

4.2.3 Squirrel Skylark

―Is that my little lark twittering out there‖?(Ibsen, A Doll’s House:5)

Ibsen uses the animated and in animated choices and also refers Nora to innocent bird like

skylark. The linguistic choices in symbolic representation are patriarchal in nature has

Sapir whorl hypothesis languages is determined by thought and that thought gives strength

to male to manipulate and enjoy the power of language Nora is inhibited in Helmer‟s

house and she is praised by him in metaphoric speech pattern but at the end the same

skylark is ready to fly for freedom autonomy

4.2.4 Title

The title is in itself a symbolic reference describing the femininity and identity of the

Victorian society doll is a playful object for everyone and even that is a decoration piece
 36

feeling less and emotionless she is a puppet in the hand of Torveld who want to push the

strings according to his wish. Nora also apparently functions as commanded doll but in the

end of the play writer is succeeded to awake her from subordination and rebel from the

male dominance. She is now independent and making her decision according to her will

and choice. The last line she uttered is sign of change bringing the equal rights without

gender segregation. The whole drama is full with linguistic lexical and symbolic

references representing the female of Ibsen‟s “A Doll‟s house”.

4.2.5 Toys

―Yes, yes, it will. But come here and let me show you what I have bought. And all

so cheap! Look, here is a new suit for Ivar, and a sword; and a horse and a

trumpet for Bob; a doll and dolly's bedstead for Emmy,—‖ (Ibsen, A Doll’s

House:5)

Toys are the clear picture of thee development of ideology and identity. Nora has bought

“a horse and a sword” for her earlier son so that male is initially represented as holder of

power and authority while the gifts for Emmy are dolls that is the significant example to

construct femininities and masculinities culturally that is why Emma is gifted by a doll.

Ibsen says that a woman of his century is much advanced and womanhood is a socially

constructed phenomenon created by men and female writers.

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Chapter 5

Ideology in Drama

Ideology is a key term in feminist CDA. It is complex issue that is based upon the social

construct. Ideology may be defined as it is a mixed set erected upon the socially

constructed beliefs ,norms ,cultural values, point of view of people belonging to

particular community of society. It based upon the idea that how people construct

concepts. Each society has society has its own values and ideologies.

Rehman (2002) argues that the term ideology is based upon three things specific beliefs,

falls or distorted beliefs, manifold beliefs true or falls (Aithusser, 1976: 155). It is not a

set of illusions; it is a specific way of representation that is related to popular living in

society.

Language and discourse constructed through the influence of ideology .the text and

discourse of Chaucer is not similar in construction due to cross cultural ideology.

Rehman concludes the discussion that…

“The language of domain of power is empowering device, those who know it,

controls it; it has an obvious advantage over those who do not” (Rehnan 2002)
 38

5.1 Language, Ideology and Drama

Languages the key tool to represent ideologies in society. The person, who have strong

command at use of language play well with language. It is a kind of politics and power.

Henrik Ibsen in “A Doll‟s House” develops different ideologies regarding femininity and

gender role. We find that discourse of opposite sex describes the femininity (ies) and

ideologies. The title for the drama is significant interpretation of the society of 19 th

century. The role of the women is inhabit creature to run the domestic affairs but do not

have the decision power. Husband is the master of the house, women are traditionally a

cook, she has o take care of children at home. Nora represents the early feminist society

of Norway. The issue of identity is also discussed in the drama in form of multi

dimensional role of Nora as wife, mother , daughter and as social animal. in the

beginning of drama Ibsen portray Nora as domestic pet

―[following her]. Come, come, my little skylark must not droop her wings.

What is this! Is my little squirrel out of temper? [Taking out his purse.] Nora,

what do you think I have got here‖?

The realities are controlled by ideologies in any era. Ibsen‟s women is sacrifice,

subordinate, her domination by men is fruit of age tendencies. Sestutt de Tracy supports

the idea of ideology by Foucault that ideologies are influenced under traditional systems ,

as Nora at the start of the play is willing subordinate to Helmer and is worried about the

domestic affairs, she is presented as sign of attraction but nothing beyond this status all
 39

the decisions are patriarchal . The second act of the play refers to the women awareness

that seems to be a revolution in this context. Nora‟s rebellion onto be harnessed by male

dominance is challenged and she is seeking liberty from imprisonment, even she is

challenging the constructed identities and ideologies by Victorian society.

5.2 Ibsen’s Discourse in Drama

The evaluation reveals the fact that ideologies are not self developed elements of society

but infect these ideologies are generated by language, thought, norms and traditions in a

society. Once Nora was adhered to the patriarchal society she was an oppressed and

caged women whose self recognition was nothing except a source of pleasure and sex

tool, nothing more than that but as she rebel the ideologies constructed by men made

society and language. As she rebel those patriarchal dominance she was significant as

autonomous lot whose strings are not in hands of male, she was no more puppet.

Althusser views that we cannot say illusion is ideology, but it follows a system based on

relations constructed within a society there we live (Althusser, 1976: 155) The fact we

cannot deny that women in modern society women has gained the equality to human

being that was not earlier available. We find a woman of Ibsen is not the head of family.

Nora was strictly asked to not be extra-vignette was critically checked by Helmer about

the daily expenses.

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Chapter 6

Linguistic Choices And Speech Patterning Drama

Since the linguistics has got since status and stylistics has got popularity of the study of

speech patterns and text and discourse, the issue of the linguistic choices by the writers

has critically observed by critics. It provides the surface and deeper level evaluation of

the texts and discourses. Language is a complex phenomenon. In order to understand the

actual context Chomsky, Palmer and Holliday has presented the models for such analyses

in form of field, tenor, mode, traditional generative and transformational grammar, the

objective correlative theory by Eliot all are the efforts to unveil the facts and explore the

hidden contexts within texts. Ibsen uses speech patterns and linguistic choices to

construct femininities and identities through language in his famous drama “A Doll‟s

House”. Following are the speech patterns and lexical choices of Ibsen.

1. Overlapping

2. Back channel support

3. Tags

4. Hedges

5. Intensifiers

6. Interjections &Exclamations

7. Repetition

8. Latching

9. Lexical choices
 41

6.1 Overlapping

Ibsen presents the character of Nora and Mrs. Linde in feminist perspective. The

language he uses is unique and pure feminist in origin. Wareing views that it is key factor

that playwright use overlapping in female dialogues, because overlapping construct

feminine identity in any society. He argues that

women particularly in single sex conversation are more likely to over lap to one

another’s talk than men are‖ (Waering, 1999: 76).

Overleaping occurred when participants are over joyed. The same we observe in the

discussions of female characters of “A Doll‟s House”.

―[counting]. Ten shillings—a pound—two pounds! Thank you, thank you,

Torvald; that will keep me going for a long time. [putting her hands over his

mouth]. Oh! don't say such horrid things‖.(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Nora is frequent in utterance, same femininity is constructed by Ibsen in his female

characters. He shows them hasty and passionate and sharp in dialogues. Nora is hasty in

counting of pounds without caring of the discourse pause or completion by Torvald

 42

6.2 Back Channel Support

It is common fact that women are more active than men in their conversation and observe

back channel support. They always use back channel like “mmm, ya, ;yum. This is

actually the feedback which female use to make confirmation due to lack of confidence.

Ibsen uses this back channel support in the dialogue of Nora and Mrs. Linde, this is

constructed by patriarchal society of Ibsen showing subordination and attention of

speaker and listener.

―[humming and smiling with an air of mystery]. Hm, hm! Aha!‖show(Ibsen, A

Doll’s House)

Nora is always conscious about the conversation with Torvald in order to show his

obedience as patriarchal women. In other discussion with Krogstad she gives maximum

attention due to the fear of his threat about the declaration of loan. Ibsen beautifully refers

the view that in male dominated society women are much conscious and deliberate in

discussion.

6.3 Tags

Using of tags is a social domain that is constructed in the drama a doll‟s house. It shows

the femininities, masculinities, ideology (ies) and identity (ies) constructed by men. Lack

of 1995 believes that women are using more tags as compared to men. It is a sign of
 43

speakers of insecurity (Lack of 1975, in Cited Eckert and McConell-Ginett 2003). Such

insecurities are at high verge in the Ibsen‟s society in the character of Nora. Holmes 1982

argues that tags are used in different situation it may be for insecurity or uncertainty. It is

lack of courage as well as use for reasons. Women are polite and soft in speech. Tags

have the effect making women sound more hesitant and unsure than men.

―Oh, well, don't be alarmed! You couldn't know that Torvald had forbidden them.

I must tell you that he is afraid they will spoil my teeth. But, bah!—once in a

way—That's so, isn't it‖,(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Ibsen provides many instances about the tags within the text of doll‟s house. Actually

Nora remains insecure and hesitant from the beginning of the play to quit.

6.4 Hedges

It is evident that in patriarchal society women uses much hedges. This is basically make

the authenticity and power of conversation less inform lack of 1995 argues that US

women tend to hedge their utterance with qualifier as a sort of like, you know, well.

―NURSE:Very well, ma'am.[Shuts the door.]‖(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Ibsen represents female characters to show their subordination as above quoted the

character of a nurse. She is obedient and polite in tune in response to Nora‟s fury in rebel
 44

male dominance. Here is contradiction we see even the Helmer is using the hedges once

the ideology and identity is changed.

“HELMER: Ah! well, it's very likely I may be able to find something for

you‖.(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

So it would be wrong to classify this speech act particularly to the women. Because it is

purely based upon the ideology discursively to one sex. It may be used in conversation by

male or female.

6.5 Intensifiers

Intensifiers speech act. It is referred to female as they are weaker linguistically within a

culture or society as Nora in the Victorian age represented by Ibsen. The feelings are

oppressed by men that create the intensifier in discourse or text. It is a kind of hyperbole

that we find through the drama in Nora‟s character.

“Pooh! we can borrow till then.‖(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

The stereo typical nature and multidimensional identity create this depressed feeling and

sign of fear under the influence of male dominated culture. Intensifiers are socially

constructed phenomenon that shows the feelings and emotions in the shattered form

while conversation
 45

6.6 Interjection and Exclamation

Ibsen creates the exclamations and interjections to represent the femininity and ideologies

prevailed in 19th century by giving the words Ah!, Alas!, Oh!, Wow!. It is specific to

female that they are impulsive in reaction of any happening they utter these sounds to

express their core feelings due to their less passion.

―NORA:

Ah, I wish I had inherited many of papa's qualities‖(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Nora throughout the drama expresses her inner feelings by these interjections and

exclamations to make her relax and this is the significant factored of the patriarchal

society that power of languages is associated to man because they believe that language is

manmade and the issue of politics and hegemony is referred male discourses. They hide

their expression and made the lexical choices to express inner instead of using

exclamations and interjections.

6.7 Repetition

Repetition is associated to the female speaker since the history of available literature

.women use to repeat the words frequently in order to show the expression of stress

because they seek the attention of listener. Holmer 1984 believes that repetition indicates

the stress of discourse and it makes the language stuffed force. Repetition may be happen

syntactically, lexically, semantically.

 46

―NORA:

[hiding the packet]. Hush! Hush! Hush! [HELMER comes out of his room, with

his coat over his arm and his hat in his hand

Yes—yes, I can—although‖(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Nora often uses the repetition of the words in single utterance to seek the attention the

Torvald. This is the social constructed femininity that women insist in dialogue and twice

or thrice repeat the key words to make confirm that their discourse is understood by male

characters. That is why Nora tries to convince Krogstad, Mrs. Linde and even her

husband by the repetitive, stuffed dialogue. Repetition is emphasis upon theme and depth

of the discussion. Ibsen refers this speech pattern only to female character because

Victorian age was the initial stage where women started to get release from the cage of

patriarchy and mould femininity, identity, ideologies discursively formed and established

by men made society.

6.8 Latching

It is fact that women are more fluent and frequent than men in discourse they are low

context while male are high context (Georgeyul, 1985).

Latching refers to the women talk production rapidly due to insecurity. Women use long

sentences as compared to men.

 47

[speaking quickly]. You might give me money, Torvald. Only just as much as you

can afford; and then one of these days I will buy something with it‖(A Doll’s

House, 13).

Ibsen shows the latching in dialogue of Nora in the beginning of the drama. She is low

context and more elaborative in dialogues she uses long sentences being pure patriarchal

lady and conveying her message with stuffed latched and long discourse undoubtedly this

was the effect of ideological development of a child to lady in male dominated society.

But at the end of the drama identity are challenged by Nora. She uses the monosyllabic

language instead of latching.

KROGSTAD:

May I make so bold as to ask if it was a Mrs. Linde?

NORA:

It was‖.(Ibsen, A doll’s house)

It proves that latching is dependent upon the ideologies and identities constructed by

men. It would be wrong to suggest that latching is particular attribute of female that is

pure social amen cultural based within a society.

 48

6.9 Lexical Choices

Lexical choices selection of words for feeling and emotions expressions. Mostly it is used

by men. They use more words for colures dresses, expressions as sweet, lovely, beautiful

etc. Ibsen represent the character of Helmer in 19thcentury .he uses lexical choices for his

wife under the title of “baby doll,” sky lark.

HELMER:

[following her]. Come, come, my little skylark must not droop her wings. What is

this! Is my little squirrel out of temper? [Taking out his purse.] Nora, what do you

think I have got here?‖(Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

Belsy argues men mad e language that language is constructed by men and all the

reservation lies with men that is why Ibsen protects Helmer by giving the bulky with

lexical choices. He manipulates language as per his wish and play with words even then

non living and in animated objects are used tactfully to show his affection to Nora and in

response she is agree to be titles as sky lark and even then she is accepting this title

happily. His psychological acceptance is constructed only on the basis ideological

development of patriarchal female.

―NORA:

[smiling quietly and happily]. You haven't any idea how many expenses we

skylarks and squirrels have, Torvald‖. (Ibsen, A Doll’s House)

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6.10 Title

Headline for the dilemma is exclusive sentence options by Henrik Ibsen it forecasts the

femininities, maleness, details and camp designed in patriarchal community. Females are

regarded as household creature. She is emotionless passionless and a puppet in the side of

men popularity who is feeless and subordinate item. She has performed only for the

satisfaction of men. It may be spouse, sibling or dad. She is regarded as sex to. The doll‟s

home represents toys in way of Nora who is performing for the well wish and satisfaction

of Torvald and allows everything stand up or nasty. She is like a toy that draws someone

and become a device for performing. The Woolf vary herself from this patriarchal

attitude and requirement “a space of here is own. This is the motto of feminism against

the terrible camp of men taken over community. It brings women of recent and publish

contemporary age to insurgent the unfair and increase speech and equal rights and

freedom being the same creature and sex.

Anne. My sweet little baby doll! [Takes the baby from the MAID and dances it up

and down.] Yes, yes, mother will dance with Bob too. What! Have you been

snowballing? (Ibsen 47).

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CHAPTER 7

Feminism and Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House”

Ibsen‟s declares that problem of womanliness is complicated in characteristics. These are

the standards, traditions and traditions referred to women by community on the platform

of lifestyle and race. Henrik Ibsen symbolizes the females of Nineteenth millennium as

trained caged fowl. He has the genuine pen to unhide the rim. The first trend of feminism

has its origins from end of the Nineteenth millennium. Women had less position and

power and were subordinate. Creon, considers that feminism was created by females in

the mid of Nineteenth millennium. As far as the issue of dilemma is involved we find that

Ibsen is powerful suggesting of feminism. He generates personality of Nora in the Doll‟s

House in unique and real feeling. The problems proven by author in way of Nora is

expression of the neglect of regulators by men mad community of Norwegian. He images

that major power and independence is the top of patriarchy while oppression,

compromise and behavior are the conditions that remove to women. Feminism is

centered on authenticity. It includes all the problems unfair inequality powerlessness and

restricted females under the outdoor offset umbrella phrase of feminism. Women are

covered with the men.

William Archer claims that

"...primary concern is the projection of character, and its development by aid of

an interesting, moving, absorbing action" (Archer 145).

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The projector screen which Ibsen taken in the personality of Nora and Mrs. Linde is

resulting from the patriarchal argument over the females of Victorian community. They

are supporters of the standards, traditions and custom set by man-made community. The

separate independence of thought, option of work, investment control and option of

composing will depend upon the community and that is simply designed by man. His

opinions, that womanliness, maleness, identification and camp are designed by

patriarchy. Feminist activity was powerful response against that tyranny made patriarchy.

The headline of dilemma, signs used in the dilemma cartoon or in cartoon living or

nonliving are reflection of females position. Sentence options create the binary

parallelism that how men of Ibsen community exercise his power and state policies of

terminology to imprison the females according to his wish and desire.

7.1 Femininity in the 19th Century

As powerful men popularity grip over the females the literary works of this century is

also patriarchal in styles and terminology. There are few illustrations that offer details

how females of this age was welcomed. It becomes the community since first trend of

feminism got source. Ibsen was bitterly belittled due to his feminist perform. He provided

unexpected task to patriarchy. It is the truth begins of dilemma reveals the satisfied

lifestyle with the icon of charismas shrub. But later on the ejaculation became troublous

once Nora gets the cash to preserve her spouse. Even experts are not yet accept to

consider this perform as feminist perform. They believe that it includes the styles of
 52

Marxism and capitalism. However the terminology tale styles all are certainly feminist in

source.

[counting]. Ten shillings—a pound—two pounds! Thank you, thank you,

Torvald; that will keep me going for a long time.(Ibsen, A Doll’s House).

The cost-effective control of females of Nineteenth century was in the hand of men. She

was limited to cost money as required by their spouse even then the spend thrift; Ibsen

uses the icon rabbit and sky lark in order to show the state policies of terminology and

ladies position as the sex device. He says that men compliment the elegance women his

sex-related wishes females is attractive broker to man. He shows the social glimpses and

provides the truth of feeling and ideas. Nora is genuine household lady. She is

mentioning her kids under the identification of house maid slave.

―NORA

Yes, yes, it will. But come here and let me show you what I have bought. And all

so cheap! Look, here is a new suit for Ivar, and a sword; and a horse and a

trumpet for Bob; and a doll and dolly's bedstead for Emmy,—they are very plain,

but anyway she will soon break them in pieces. And here are dress-lengths and

handkerchiefs for the maids; old Anne ought really to have something better (A

Doll’s House 11).

 53

The responsibilities allocated to Nora were inside home. She was limited to a crate as a

Doll‟s home a puppet that do not have believed and feelings but later on at the end of

dilemma she got feministic viewpoint and comprising the females separate and totally

exempt from problems. Here the modification of identification is clearly portrayed by

Ibsen. Nora who was handled as idiotic now increased younger, older self relined in

dependent choice manufacturer, set identification and complete of assurance. This was

the preface of recent lady having all the equivalent privileges provided by Ibsen. At the

end once she remaining the home is shuffled of a household lady for the feministic

activity indeed.

“[Pale with terror]. Deprave my little children? Poison my home? [A short pause.

Then she tosses her head.] It's not true. It can't possibly be true” ( Ibsen, A Doll‟s

House, 68)
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Chapter- 8

Influence of Language/Politics in Drama

Terminology (Language) is the system of arbitrariness. It may be a way of sign/symbols

(chimes) and alphabetical in composing type (English). It is the way of interaction that

provides the emotions, emotions, ideas and emotions in text messages or discussion. It is

God blessed components to human being since the development around the globe.

Terminology is always a creating process, if any language around the globe that is

regarded as deceased-language. Terminology offers flexibility (in hopi). It is based upon

high and low perspective. Terminology is an indication of identity (ies) as the issue of sex

philosophy, womanliness and maleness designed by the community on social reasons.

The primary key aspect behind these problems is believed that make such concepts. Sapir

Whorf speculation best hint in regards to language and believed. It makes a group that is

recognized on the reasons for such womanliness and identification (Rehman, 2002).

Terminology is a resource of adjustment and exercise of energy and state policies as

Torvald did in a doll‟s house. The surf of feminism discovers that language motions

recognized these problems since Nineteenth Century. Governmental floor of language

examines the distinction between people within a group linguistically. The issue is that

how someone use language as device by means of discussion. The political sense of

language originates the sign-up of language to confirm how it is used by the presenter

and understand by the audience. This is the energy and state policies of language that

Ibsen shown in “a doll‟s house”.

 55

Black Native indian language they provides the variations of categories discussing in

same regional area use different language (Yule, 2007) BEV (considered many cartoon

things animate. Rocks are cartoon and residing creature they believe, while the issue of

sound/R/ is also taken in the United States as icon of position or power and state policies

of language. Torvald represents the creature and non residing things to Nora and use state

policies of language.

8.1 Language and Power

Power the phrase training the power by presenter or the leader. It is satisfied with state

policies and identification. The terms symptoms, which a presenter affiliate with other or

type of terminology power. Ibsen make the personality of Torvald who complete the

terms (sky lark, invest second position to Nora) adjustment of the terminology is also flux

that we see at the end of the play. Nora identification modified and she used to exercise

the ability of terms by saying words value belittled by his other S.T Coleridge in

(Biographia Literaia) only on the problem of terminology. The state policies and power

terminology was used by terms value are traditional in characteristics. That is why he was

denounced by Coleridge. Record also performs a critical part in the ability of

terminology. English and United States English regarded excellent than Canada or Danes.

'languages' become on the platform of traditional value. Sentence choice, idiomatic

appearance phrasal Spanish verbs, proverbs, adjective, icon, feature and terminology is

not typical in information from wide range of category.

 56

In Ibsen‟s doll‟s house, Helmer and Nora do not have same lexical choice in their

discussion.

8.2 Hegemony of Language

The identity (ies), ideology (ies) and designed concepts and Power of terminology make

reference to the hegemony power and terminology is change in impact in characteristics.

The phrase hegemony have been produced by Ancient term “Hegeistha”, that method for

lead/. It may be described as impact or power of one number of or a state or other one. It

may further intricate these words

―a concept that have been used to describe the existence of dominance of one

social group over another –refers to hegemony.‖

The people of the ruling or the dominant class is welcomed and accepted by the

subordinate groups is the power and hegemony of language. Gramsci believe that

―Social-political power is hegemony.‖

So hegemony may be call social , cultural, political, and lexical in sense.

 57

8.3 Usage of Hegemony in Drama

The individuals of the judgment or the prominent category are approved Ibsen is one of

the excellent authors who used „Power‟ state policies in his writings. In “A Doll‟s House”

specialist get the personality of Torvald as men prominent personality that operate and

work out of terminology at most (Rehman, 2000). This is the „Power‟ feeling of the work

out of regulators by Ibsen that Torvald appreciate by terminology innate categories is the

„Power‟ and hegemony of language.

―Don't disturb me. [A little later, he opens the door and looks into the room, pen

in hand.] Bought, did you say? All these things? Has my little spendthrift been

wasting money again? (Ibsen ,A Doll‟s Hous, p. 4)

Ibsen clearly indicates how Torvald being the patriarchal primary personality impacting

Subordinate Nora by his popularity „Power‟ of hegemony and energy. The second men

personality Krogstad also blackmail Nora by hegemony of terminology verbal and

showed in latter.

― Nothing but dry business matters, Mrs. Helmer; absolutely nothing else‖

(Ibsen, A Doll‟s House, p. 17)

 58

It is politics over gender identity, feminism, power and gender role are key facts of the

drama . researcher find Nora „s political role to save her husband but failed to save the

home. Krogstad search for job, letters as sign of politics and power in drama.

8.4 Forceful Dominance of Hegemony

The whole drama comprises upon the political aspects of the language. The discourses

developed by Ibsen is based upon the relations of gender within a society itsthe

hegemony that truly practiced by Torvald and he exercises the power of language by

sticking influence over Nora personality. This is the political aspects of the drama that

createfemininity and ideologies a real reflection of society based upon the relations

between male and female. Marx elves says

Ideology is distorted values or, presupposed beliefs of people. Ibsen discussed

that femininity in drama from start to end with keen observation of differences

between male and female at psychological and linguistic level. The economical

control is significant patriarchial Ibsen’s drama. Nora is secondary to Helmer.

This intact of hegemony of the language that researcher explores from the Nora’s

situation. She is eating macrons in absence of Torlvad but at inquire she deny that

she has not eaten macrons she is not self governed .even the desires are under

control of patriarchy. Once she adopts the hegemony. Consequently every

situation, identity is found changed.

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Chapter 9

Identity and Drama

Problem of identity (ies) is a key controversial factor in the history of feminism. It

decides identification (identity) of a specific sex not on the scientific reasons but at public

build. Stoller, (1968) developed the term identification (identity) and the part of sex

under significant Ideology (ies). Identity got significance for linguistics, publish

architectural feminists right from the source of the problem of identification (identities).

Womanliness and Ideology (ies) become the hot topics throughout the globe under the

banner of waves of feminism. Though it is not settled discussion and the characteristics

of issue flux.

Ibsen carefully views the Victorian community and created feminist „Drama‟ on the floor

of public and governmental, social, ethnical and cost-effective issues propagate in

community. It‟s a decided fact all the described aspects are interconnected and signed up

with together and reliant upon each other. Identity is varying and unfixed form. Due to

uncertainty in identification and transmitting of public conditions identification is

transgressed. Each factor of the community produces details started by Ideology (ies).
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9.1 Nora’s Identity

Ibsen mentioned revealed the femininity (ies) and identitity (ies) in the personality of

Nora in organic and genuine feeling. The begin of dilemma, increasing activity,

ejaculation of dilemma discover the facts in same row but at the ejaculation we discover

that details are not set and or going to modify progressively. The wish of Mrs. Linde to

Krogstad is an indication of creating the bachelor's identification to matrimonial

identification. Specialist get the conversion of identification at the starting of the

dilemma Nora is a household, wedded, accountable and obedient spouse since the begin

to the ejaculation of the perform she is having many flip culturally designed details but at

the following activity of the perform according to the „Aristotle‟s idea of story‟ she is

dropping the details progressively. This conversion of identification is occurring due to

the public restrictions. At the end of the dilemma the scenario of details is modified. It is

not as the “Oedipus Rex‟ starting and the end at same position here contemporary

dramatists insurgent the custom and under the idea of existaniontalism the identity (ies)

of Nora in the begin of the perform as obedient, courteous, subordinate, mom and little

girl modified to severe, dejected, separate, self major. The hegemony recognized by

Helmer is at the end moved to modify. Now the „Power‟ of the terminology is not there.

The conversion of details is progressively designed by Ibsen. Each personality is moving

by the conversion of recognize. The originally the establishing of the dilemma indicate

the identity (ies) of each character in purposeful feeling but yet details are flux. It shuffles

and reformed itself with trend of your struggle and effort. Nora at the end of dilemma

stop different from begin. Certainly identity (ies) is modified transsexuality is another
 61

aspect of creating identity (ies) in community. It consists of upon the concepts of (FTM

and MTF). They always go to odd their sex on scientific feeling. It is announced upon the

lesbos, gays and transsexuals are odd in their scientific identity (ies). Ibsen designed the

problem of identity (ies) that is not in characteristics transsexual are transgendered or

lesbian and gay. He researched patriarchy that how details, maleness, womanliness or

designed by lifestyle and terminology in community with example of Nora and Torvald

of “A Doll‟s House”.
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Chapter 10

Conclusion

The researcher concludes that women are always subordinate to men. Male dominance is key

factor in patriarchal society. The constructions of femininity (ies), ideology (ies), identity (ies)

are constructing. Ibsen is pioneer feminist in the history of feminism. The research examines that

certainly community and lifestyle intervene the details but on the other hand feminist motions

has shown that females is similar to men. She has control over herself and once identity (ies) to

do something than can make it possible. Nora is patriarchal woman, she rebel against men

popularity. She introduced modify in her everyday life and made herself separate. Furthermore

details are flux, these are not factors that got modified on the platform of public and public

effect. Ibsen magnificently raised the problems of identity (ies), sex partition, femininity (ies)

and philosophy designed by men. The researcher examined the discussion on the language

critical concepts to discover the facts of oppression of patriarchal cultures. Terminology

performs main part to marginalize the females to particular limitations set by the community.

The personality of Nora is obvious image of the men taken over community. Male use power and

state policies of language to develop femininity (ies) and Ideology (ies) and identity (ies) as per

their own wish however these are flux indeed.

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